Josias : Josiah

9. Et . . . pousse. An untranslatable, colloquial expression. The nearest English équivalent would be : and on he goes in an easy jog-trot way. Jules Lemaître uses it in order to emphasize the extrême simplicity and familiarity of Renan's language in his lectures.

10. Des " En plein I " des " Pour ça non 1 " Very familiar and almost untranslatable expressions. En plein : you hâve hit it ; pour ça non : not a bit of it.

11. Etant . . . vif: kaving been drawn from life, i.e. / hâve been a ivitness ofwhat I relate.

Page 6. — 1 . Ça pa' été : for cela n'a pas été. A familiar pronunciation in which the s of pas is not carried over to the / of été.

2. Oh I i' sont artistes : for ils sont artistes. Familiar pronunciation. Page 7. — 1. Ben Oui! for eh bien/ oui! Familiar.

2. Labiche. A French dramatist, born at Paris in 181 5. He died in 1888. His comédies are full of sparkling wit, and the dialogue is lively and crisp. His best-known pièces are : Le Voyage de M. Perrichon, La Cagnotte -, Les Petits Oiseaux, Le Chapeau de Paille d'Italie, Le plus heureux des trois.

3. Lhéritier. One of the best actors of the Palais-Royal. He has created a great many characters, especially in Labiche 's comédies. He was particularly good in the characters called ganaches, a word for which there is no adéquate translation; it means an imbécile graybeard, an old dotard.

4. Ramus. Pierre de la Ramée was born in 151 5. He was very poor and had to work his way to collège by acting as a servant to a rich student at the Collège de Navarre. In 1551 he obtained the chair of éloquence and philosophy at the Collège Royal. He took a great part in the literary and scholastic disputes of thèse times and embraced Protestantism. He perished in the massacre of Saint Bartholomew, 1572. He wrote a great many treatises on geometry, algebra, and arithmetic, on rhetoric, morals, and theology ; he won great réputation, and left many disciples.

5. Vatable. L'abbé François Waterbled, surnamed Vatable, was born in Paris. He was appointed professer of Hebrew at the Collège Royal at the very opening of that famous establishment of learning. He died in 1547.

6. Budé. A Greek scholar and philologist, born in 1467 in Paris ; one of the greatest scholars of his time. He made use of his influence over King François I. in advising him to found the Collège Royal, afterwards Collège de France.

7. M. Renan . . . bonhomie : M. Renan does not overstep the limits of familiarity, i.e. does not fall into vulgarity, keeps short of vuîgarity. Bonhomie : simplicity, good-nature. Bonhomie derived from bonhomme: simplicité familière, aimable. Word of the eighteenth century. Admitted by the Academy in 1762. (Hatzfeld and Darmsteter.)

Page 8. — 1. MM. Reuss, Graff, Kuenen, Welhausen. Thèse men are well-known orientalists, interested in the same studies as Renan. They hâve made themselves famous by their works on the Old Testament.

a. Des . . . forts : men who are authorities.