LETTRES ÉCRITES DE FRANCE ET D'ITALIE

P. il. I. Chlewaaki : a learned Pôle whose acquaintance Courier made in a bookshop at Toulouse, and to whom three of his earliest and most brilliant letters are addressed. Several years later we find another letter to the same (see p. 19), after which his name does not appear among the author's correspondents.

P. I 1. 9. sine sede, ' without fîxed habitation ' :

Sine re, sine fide, sine spe, sine sede, sine fortunis.

CiC. Fro M, Caelio, 32.

quorum plaustra . . . , * whose wagons duly drag their wandering homes ' :

Caïupestres melius Scythae

(Quorum plaustra vagas rite trahunt domos) Vivunt ...

HOR. Cartn. m. xxiv. 9.

P. 2 1. 26. morte venaUm^ * purchasable by death ' :

Herculis ritu modo dictus, o plebs, Morte venalem petiisse laimim»

Caesar Hispana repetit Pénates Victor ab ora.

HOR. Carm, m. xiv. i.

P. 2 1. 3a Garigliano : the Neapolitans, under the Austrian gênerai Mack, invaded in November 1798 the territory of the newly founded Republic of Rome (see Introd. p. xv), but were disastrously defeated by the French troops under Championnet. Courier reached Rome soon after the battle.

P. 2 1. 35. Je m^en tais ... : Courier substitutes ici for aussi. i

L'histoire ne dit point, ni de quelle manière Joconde put partir, ni ce qu'il répondit,

Ni ce qu'il fit, ni ce qu'il dit ; Je m'en tais donc aussi, de crainte de pis faire.

La Fontaine, Contes et Nouvelles, L i (Joconde).

P. 2 1. 48. pour bien vivre avec les Français : the Republic of Rome was established Feb. 15, 1798, by a French army under Berthier, acting in concert with the local Bolshevists (see Introd. p. xv).

P. 2 1. 56. famosissima mulier^ * most notorious woman/ Altered in édition of 1834 io formosissima mulier^ * most beautiful woman/ an equally applicable epithet, substituted by the publisher as less risky, the princess and her son being still alive at that time.

P. 3 1. 58. Borfirhèse : see Note on p. 10 1. 290.

P. 3 1. 63. Le reste ne vaut pas ... : firom the great scène in Cinna (v. i), where Augustus contemptuously enumerates the names of the chief conspirators :

Le reste ne vaut pas l'honneur d'être nommé : Un tas d'hommes perdus de dettes et de crimes, Que pressent de mes lois les ordres légitimes, Et qui, désespérant de les plus éviter, Si tout n'est renversé, ne sauraient subsister,

P. 3 1. 81. primae admissionis^ *of first admission,' *earliest audience ' :

Non sunt isti amici, qui agmine magno januam puisant, qui in primas et secundas admissiones digeruntur. — Seneca, De Bene/iciis, vi. 33.

P. 3 1. 87. conversazioni \ plural of Italian conversazione, 'social gathering/ *at-home/ lit. * conversation.' Has been in English use since Sheridan.

P. 4 L 93. Maury: Church orator (1746-18 17), famous for his éloges and panégyriques^ his masterpiece being his panégyrique de Saint Vincent de Paul, Was made cardinal in 1794, and, despite the Pope's prohibition, became Archbishop of Paris under the Empire (18 10), but left France after the Restoration and died at Rome.

P. 4 1. 94. forsan et haec . . . , * perchance one day it will be a pleasure to remember thèse things.' Aeneas to the Trojans after the shipwreck :

O passi graviora ! dabit deus his quoque finem. . . . . . Revocate animos, maestumque timorem Mittite. Forsan et haec olim meminisse juvabit.

Verg. Aen. i. 199.

P. 4 1. 119. panent et circenses (se. ludos)^ *bread and games,' the demand of the Roman plebsy corresponding more or less to the béer and football of modem England :

Nam qui dabat olim Imperium, fasces, legiones, omnia, nunc se Continet, atque duas tantum res anxius optât, Panem et circenses.

Juv. X. 78.

P. 5 1. 125. non des plus huppés :

Qu'est ce qu'un gentilhomme ? Un pilier d'antichambre.

Combien en as- tu vu, je dis des plus huppés,

A souffler dans leurs doigts dans ma cour occupés !

Racine, Plaideurs, i. 4.

Peut-être y tint-il lieu d'un prince ou d'un héros Des plus huppés et des plus hauts.

La Fontaine, Fables, xii. 12.

P. s 1. 127. r univers vaincu : apparently an écho of Racine :

J'ai vengé l'univers autant que je l'ai pu.

Mithridate, v. 5.

P. 5 1. 129. colonne Tisane: erected (a.d. 114) to commemorate the victories of the Emperor Trajan over the Dacians.

P. S 1. 137. Deiphobus de Virgrile : Deiphobus, son of Priam, married Helen after the death of Paris, and was slain by Menelaus :

Atque hic Priamiden, laniatura corpore toto, Deiphobum vidit, lacerum crudeliter ora, Ora, manusque ambas ; populataque tempora raptis Auribus, et truncas inhonesto vulnere nares.

Verg. Aen, vi. 495.

P. 5 1. 144. Lugete, Vénères Cupidinesque^ * mourn, Venuses and Cupids ' :

Lugete, o Vénères, Cupidinesquc,

Et quantum est hominum venustiorum :

Passer mortuus est meae puellae.

Catullus, Carm. 3.

P. 5 1. 145. Mènera : German painter, died at Rome (1779).

P. 5 L 146. Winckelmann : German archaeologist and historian of art (1717-68), spent many years at Rome and was employed in the Vatican. To his discovery there of the famous Laocoon group is due the title of Lessing's Laokoon (1766), on the relative limits of plastic art and poetry.

P. 5 1. 148. Chartreux : Carthosian monastery at Rome. The order, established at La Grande-Chartreuse (Isère), was founded (1086) by Saint Bruno. Hence the name of a liqueur, and our Charterhouse, the latter due to folk-etymology.

P. 5 1. 149. Muséum Clëmentin : founded (eighteenth century) by Pope Clément XIV.

P. 5 1. 150. les Angrlais ... : Courier apparently suggests that some of the French commissioners had carried on with English coUectors an illicit traffic in the plunder of Rome.

P. 5 1. 155. Bembo : Cardinal and grcat Latin scholar (i470-i547) of the Renaissance period. The allusion is to a MS. of Terence.

P. 6 1. 158. Diomède : Diomedes, king of Argos, wounded Aphrodite at the Siège of Troy {Iliad^ v. 335).

P. 6 1. 159. immane nef as! * monstrous crime ' :

Ausi omnes immane nefas, ausoque potiti.

Verg. Aen. vi. 624.

P. 6 1. 169. Antënor : Le voyage cTAnténor en Grèce, by E. F. Lantier (1798), a novel imitated from Ana^harsis (v,i.), It had much success and was translated into most European languages. Antenor was a Trojan prince mentioned séveral times in the lliad,

P. 61. 17a Anacharsis : Le voyage dujeutte Anacharsis en Grèce, vers le milieu du iv siècle avant Vère vulgaire, a didactic novel (1788) by Barthélémy (1716-95).

P. 6 1. 182. par raison démonstrative :

Êtes-vous fou, de l'aller quereller, lui qui entend la tierce et la quarte, et qui sait tuer un homme par raison démonstrative? — Molière, Bourgeois Gentilhomme^, ii. 3.

P. 7 1. 192. bailler quelque petite signifiance : peasant French Kv.i.)',

Quand en a de l'amîquié pour les personnes, l'en en baille toujou queque petite signifiance. — Molière, Don Juan, ii. i.

P. 7 1. 195. Liefirouvë : poet and dramatist (1764-1812), author of a number of successful tragédies, which are now forgotten, and of a didactic poem, Le mérite des femmes, which enjoyed immense popularity. As a poet he belonged to the descriptive school of Delille.

P. 7 L 217. Blanche et Montcassin : or Les Vénitiens, tragedy by Arnault (i 766-1834). It belongs to the sentimental, rhetorical type of drama popular under the First Republic.

P. 7 1. 221. genre : Courier regards the use oi genre in this sensé as an objectionable neol(^ism. See his views on eighteenth-century style (p. 86 U. 2727-34). But genre is used in this sensé by Voltaire and admitted into his Dictionnaire philosophique.

P. 81. 225. DucIb: French dramatist (1753-1816), attempted to popularize Shakespeare in France by means of mutilated adaptations of Hamlet, Romeo andjuliet, King Lear, Macbeth, King John, Othello, Courier, a pure classic, would hâve been equally contemptuous of the undisBgured original (see Introd. p. xxv).

P. 8 1. 228. Racine : in the fàmous dream of Athalie :

Mais je n'ai plus trouvé qu'un horrible mélange D'os et de chairs meurtris, et traînés dans la fange, Des lambeaux pleins de sang et des membres afïreux Que des chiens dévorants se disputaient entre eux.

Athalie, ii. $.

P. 8 1. 231. une femme somnambule qui ëgorfire un enftuit ... : Courier's détails of the performance are probably exaggerated and confused. As a classic, he is as horrified as Boileau would hâve been at action on the stage instead of the traditional récit iraitated from Greek drama :

Nec pueros coram populo Medea trucidet.

Horace, De Arte Pœt. 185.

Ce qu'on ne doit point voir, qu'un récit nous l'expose.

Boileau, Art Poét. iii. 51.

P. 81. 235. Philozène: Greek poet (435-380 b.c.), contemptuous critic of the works of Dionysius the Tyrant.

P. 8 1. 236. la lansrue moderne : cf. p. 7 1. 221.

P. 8 1. 238. Talma: famous actor (1763- 1826), said to hâve been employed by Napoléon as teacher of impérial deportment. Courier's eulogy is of course ironical. In 1818, writing from Paris to his wife, he says : * On donnait Andromaque. Je n*ai rien vu au monde de si pitoyable. Tout était révoltant : Andromaque avait dix-huit ans, et Oreste soixante. Tantôt il hurle, il beugle ; tantôt il parle tout bas, et semble dire : Nicole^ apporte-moi mes pantoufles. Tout cela est entremêlé de coups de poing et de gestes de laquais dans les endroits de la plus noble poésie.'

P. 8 1. 244. Nicole^ apporte-moi mes pantoufles \

Quoi ! quand je dis : Nicole, apportez-moi mes pantoufles et me donnez un bonnet de nuit, c'est de la prose? — Molière, Bourgeois Gentilhomme, ii. 6.

P. 8 1. 247. /> style le moins noble ... :

Quoi que vous écriviez, évitez la bassesse :

Le style le moins noble a pourtant sa noblesse.

Boileau, Art Poét, i. 79.

P. 8 1. 249. M. N. : a iîctitious correspondent. See Introd. p. xvii.

P. 8 1. 250. Plaisance : Piacenza in Lombardy.

P. 8 1. 252. d'Anthouard nous assemble : colonel of Courier's régiment, and an officer whose later career was very distinguished, * mais, suivant la remarque judicieuse de M. Chuquet, combien ne le connaissent aujourd'hui que par la lettre de Courier?* (Gaschet,

Jeunesse de Paul- Louis Courier^ p. 175). Courier's famous account of this meeting bas been criticised by bistorians, but is confîrmed by the évidence of bis comrade Noël in bis Souvenirs militaires et un officier du Premier Empire,

P. 9 1. 273. ad rem f *to tbe matter, point.'

P. 9 \. 286. il aspire à descendre : from tbe great speecb of Augustus to Cinna and Maximus :

L'ambition déplaît quand elle est assouvie ; ' D'une contraire ardeur son ardeur est suivie, Et, comme notre esprit, jusqu'au dernier soupir, Toujours vers quelque objet pousse quelque désir, Il se ramène en soi, n'ayant plus où se rendre. Et, monté sur le faîte, il aspire à descendre.

Corneille, Cinna, ii. i.

P. 10 1. 290. sa petite sœur : this was tbe beautiful Marie- Pauline, widow of General Leclerc. Prince Borgbèse (see p. 3 1. 58) belonged to a well-known Roman family wbose résidence was famous for its art treasures.

P. 10 1. 295. Chacun baise ... : spoken by Brutus :

Quels restes, justes dieux, de la grandeur romaine ! Chacun baise en tremblant la main qui nous enchaîne.

Voltaire, Mort de César, ii. 2.

P. 10 1. 299. Cësai* : Courier's favourite among the great men of antiquity (cf. p. 54 L 1730). The cognomen of Gaius Julius Caesar was the first Latin word adopted by the Teutonic races {Kaiser), The Russian form — czar^ tsar^ Old Slavonic césare — was first used (1547) as impérial title by Ivan IV.

P. 10 1. 303. Danse de Villoison : properly d'Ansse de Villoison, famous Homeric scholar (1750-1805), wbose lectures at the Bibliothèque Nationale Courier had attended during bis stay in Paris (1800).

P. 10 1. 305. Barletta : on the Adriatic. It was the headquarters of Gouvion-Saint-Cyr, commanding in Apulia, to wbose army Courier had been dispatched from Piacenza. He went north with the army and was présent at tbe battle of Castelfranco, where Saint-Cyr defeated the Austrians. He then accompanied Reynier*s expédition into Calabria.

P. II 1. 321. vil métier: used by Athaliah in référence to the position of the child Joash as servitor in the Temple, but applied by Courier to bis own profession of arms :

Vous voyez, je suis reine, et n'ai point d'héritier.

Laissez-là cet habit, quittez ce vil métier.

Je veux vous faire part de toutes mes richesses.

Racine, Athalie, ii. 7,

P. II 1. 323. vieillir dans les honneurs . . . : from Agrippitia's speech of reproach to Burrhus :

Certes, plus je médite, et moins je me figure Que vous m'osiez compter pour votre créature. Vous, dont j'ai pu laisser vieillir l'ambition Dans les honneurs obscurs de quelque légion.

Racine, Britannicus, i. 2.

P. II h 327. la Grrande Grèce: Southern Italy, i.e, Apulia and Calabria, was called by the Romans Magna Graecia from the numerous Greek settlements it contained.

P. 1 1 I. 329. le plus savant dans Tart de maasacrer : this was Gouvîon-Saint-Cyr (1764-1830), one of the most dîstinguished Napoleonic soldiers, made marshal in 18 12 :

Les assaillants, faits aux combats de mer.

Etaient les plus experts en l'art de massacrer.

La Fontaine, Contes et Nouvelles, ii. 14 {La Fiancée du Roi de Garde).

P. 1 1 1. 342. Thucydide : Thucydides held a command in the Peloponnesian War.

P. 1 1 1. 344. Salluste et Tite-Llve : Sallust fought with Caesar in his African war and was made proconsul of Numidia. Livy had no military expérience.

P. 12 1. 359. rinstitut : in 1793 the five Académies (française, des inscriptions et belles-lettres, des sciences, des beaux -arts, des sciences morales et politiques) were united under the title Institut de France^

P. 13 1.382. Clavier: Hellenist (1762-1817), professor of history at the Collège de France. Courier made his acquaintance when in Paris, and later on married his daughter (see Introd. p. xix).

P. 13 1. 400. il y a plus de vérité dans Joconde ... : Joconde, by La Fontaine (Contes et Nouvelles ^ L i), is a free translation from Ariosto {Orlando Furioso, xxviii).

P. 13 1. 401. Mézeray: author (1610-83) o^ ^ ^^gc Histoire de France, which long continued to be regarded as a standard work* For Courier's contempt for history see also p. 31 11. 976-86. He ends his préface to La Luciade, ou F Ane, with a variant of the same phrase, ' Il y a plus de vérités dans Rabelais que dans Mézeray.'

P. 13 I. 403. rezpédition d'Égrypte : this expédition is the subject of a well known, but very feeble, epic poem (1828), Napoléon en Egypte, by Barthélémy and Méry. Courier was thinking, of course, of a prose monograph.

P. 13 1. 404. le Jugurtha de Salluste : see Note on p. 11 1. 344.

P. 13 L 411. peu de matière et beaucoup d'art: Courier 's favourite literary maxim (see Introd. p. xviii). Racine, in his first préface to BritannicuSy defines the classic tragedy as consisting of * une action simple, chargée de peu de matière.'

P. 14 L 420. bipèdes eans plumes : définition of man, attributed to Plato— ^Av^/i)«ir6s icri ^<}ov Ôltrow Airrepav.

p. 14 1. 422. Sainte-Croix: scholar and antiquary (1746- 1809), whose acquaintance Courier made in Paris. Several letters are addressed to him.

P. 14 1. 427. bataille : Courier was now with Reynier in Calabria (see Note on p, 10 1. 305). The * bataille ' was the combat of Campo- Tenese, where the French under Reynier defeated the Neapolitans under Damas, after which they marched on to the little town of Morano. This small victory put an end for the time to organized résistance in Calabria. Reynier then occupied Reggio, where Joseph Bonaparte was proclaimed King of the two Sicilies, i,e, of Naples and Sicily,

P. 14 1. 429. Reynier : in command in Calabria, and often mentioned by Courier. He appears to hâve been spoilt by his small success, which was quickly foUowed by the disaster of Maida (see pp. 35-38). He was, however, an experienced and capable officer (1771-1814).

p. 14 1, 440. brindisi : an Italian word used in health-drinking. Probably from German {icK) bring' dir's, * I bring it you,' used in the same way. It was former ly used in English {vJ,) :

Einem eine gesundheit bringen : to drink a brindice or health to one. — LUDWIG, Germ.'Eng. Dict., 1716.

p. 14 L 443. Zapolitainsx for Napolitains^ the reading of the Sautelet édition. It is apparently some nickname devised by Courier, who was fond of such witticisms, e,g. he calls the kaiserlicks^ ùe. Impérial (Austrian) troops, the quinze reliques (see Note on p. 38, I. 1207). Probably such corruptions were current among the soldiers of the time, as in the vocabulary of our own army to-day.

P. 15 1. 471. le mouchard : apparently the nickname of an officer, Cerisier, mentioned by name in the Sautelet édition.

p. 16 1. 480. marquerai : Courier often uses marquer in this unusual sensé. The Sautelet édition has manderai,

P. 16 1. 500. nous triomphons en courant :

Achille va combattre et triomphe en courant.

Racine, Iphigénie, i, i.

P. 16 1. 501. OÙ terre nous a manqué : a réminiscence of the French dramatist Regnard at the North Cape :

Nous fûmes occupés le reste de ce jour, et toute la matinée du mardi, à graver sur une pierre des monuments éternels, qui devaient faire connaître à la postérité que trois Français n'avaient cessé de voyager qu'où la terre leur avait manqué, et que, malgré les malheurs qu'ils avaient essuyés, et qui auraient rebuté beaucoup d'autres qu'eux, ils étaient venus planter leur colonne au bout du monde, et que la matière avait plutôt manqué à leurs travaux que le courage à les souffrir. L^inscription était belle :

Gallia nos genuit ; vidit nos Africa, Gangem Hausimus, Europamque oculis lustravimus omnem : Casibus et variis acti terraque marique, Hic tandem stetimus nobis ubi defuit orbis.

De Fercourt, de Corberon, Regnard, 18 Augusti 1681. Regnard, Voyage en Laponie.

P. 16 1. 507. à Joseph ou à Ferdinand : Joseph Bonaparte (see Note on p. 14 1. 427) and Ferdinand of Naples, ex-king of the two Sicilies.

P. 17 1. 512. Tuileries : separated from the faubourg Saint- Germain by the Seine.

P. 17 1. 520. Proeerpine : Greek Persephone, daughter of Zeus and Demeter (Jupiter and Ceres), carried off by Pluto to be queen of the underworld. Sicilian myth located the event in the fields of Enna (p. 21 1. 645).

P. 17 1. 523. Je préfère Aréthuse à la fontaine des Innocents : the fountain of Arethusa, on the island of Ortygia in Syracuse harbour, marks the spot where the nymph escaped the pursuit of Alpheus (see Shelley, * Arethusa arose *). The Fontaine des Innocents^ at Paris, is a famous Renaissance monument.

P. 17 1. 531. Oaëte : Gaëta, on the coast of Campania.

P. 17 1. 533. Oapoue : Capua, capital of ancient Campania, had capitulated to Reynier in February.

P. 17 1. 535. les troupes en Allemasrne ... : allusion to the moral effect of Napoleon's great victory over .the Austrians and Russians at Austerlitz (Dec 1805).

P. 17 1. 540. botte : allusion to the shape of Italy. Cf. p. 46 1. 1470.

P. 19 1. 595. ch&le : spelt schâU by Courier. The word was still a neologism when he wrote, Littré's earliest quotations for it being later than this.

P. 19 1. 599. Tarente : Courier had been sent to Taranto (Latin Tarentum) to procure arlillery for Reynier's coast batteries. He sent

l80 PAUL-LOUIS COURIER

off several cargoes to Crotona, but the last load, which he accompanied himself, was captured by a British brig, Courier escaping ashore (see p. 32 1. 1023). He made his way back to headquartcrs on foot, being twice held up by brigands and narrowly escaping wîth his life.

P. 19 1. 606. trop loncrtemps interrompu : see Note on p. il. i.

P. 19 I. 608. selon le précepte :

Omne tulit punctum, qui miscuit utile dulci.

Horace, De Arte Poet. 343.

P. 21 1. 645. Bnna: see Note on p. 17 1. 520. P. 21 L 648. che ttUto vedâf poco compra e mena paga^ * who sees everything, buys little and pays less.'

P. 21 1. 651. le roi de Suède : Gustavus III., reigned 1771-92. P. 21 1. 658. Monte Testaccio\ from Latin testa^ tile, pot, potsherd:

We were now got to Mons Testacaeus, an heape of potshards almost 200 foote high. — Evelyn's Diary.

P. 21 I. 659. Montmartre : a hill on the outskirts of Paris, traditionally the scène of the martyrdom of Saint Denis.

P. 21 1. 670. ex ungiu leoneniy *by the claw (you detect) the lion.* A Latin proverb. Cf. ex pede Herculem,

P. 21 1. 676. le cuvler de La Fontaine: Le Cuvier {Contes et NoiwelîeSf iv. 14), imitated from Boccaccio, vii. 2, is firom the taie found in Apuleius, Metamorph, ix. There is also an Old French fabliau with the same subject and title.

P. 22 1. 682. cruche : Courier plays on its secondary sensé of

* duUard,' * fool. ' Cf. English * crock ' :

Le grillon repartit :

• Cornes cela ? Vous me prenez pour cruche ; Ce sont oreilles que Dieu fit.'

La Fontaine, Fables, v. 4 (Les oreilles du lièvre).

P. 22 1. 684. Oalèse : Latin Galaesus. See Note on 1. 687.

P. 22 1. 685. rivière des Gobelins : the Bièvre, a tributary of the Seine, on which stands the tapestry manufàctory des Gobelins, founded (1476) by Jean Gobelin, and revived by Colbert

P. 22 1. 687. Qua nifirer humectât flaventia culta Oalesus :

* where the dark Galesus moistens the yellow fields.' Courier substitutes piger, * sluggish,' and arentia, * parching,' which nécessitâtes kumectans for humectât, metri gratia :

Namque sub Oebaliae mémini me turribus arcis, Qua niger humectât flaventia culta Galaesus, Corycium vidisse senem, cui pauca relicti Jugera ruris erant,

Verg. Georg. iv. 125,

NOTES l8l

P. 22 1. 692. dulce pellitis cvibus GcUesi^ * the (river) of Galesus sw«et to the sheep clad in skins * (to save their wool) :

Unde si Parcae prohibent iniquae, Dulce pellitis ovibus Galaesi Flumen et regnata petam Laconi Rura Phalantho.

HOR. Carm. il. vi. 9.

P. 22 1. 697. Blanduse : Latin Blandusia or Bandusia :

O fons Bandusiae, splendidior vitro, Dulci digne mero non sine floribus.

HoR. Carm. m. xiii. i.

P. 22 1. 698. sans le tëmoignaffe de Tite-Uve : this is obscure. Livy mentions Tempe, a Happy Valley in Thessaly, between Olympus and Ossa, several times, but only describes it once (xliv. 6), and then firom a military point of view.

P. 22 L 705. ce Juffe superbe :

Quamvis enim suaves, gravesque sententiae, tamen si inconditis verbis efferuntur, offendent aures, quarum est judicium superbissimum. — Cic. Orator, 44.

P. 22 1. 706. quand Horace nous dit ... :

Vixere fortes ante Agaraemnona Multi ; sed omnes illacrimabiles Urgentur ignotique longa Nocte carent quia vate sacro.

HOR. Cartn. iv. ix. 25.

P. 22 1. 710. Ohildebrand: supposed brother of Charles Martel (8th cent.). Jacques Carel de Sainte-Garde published (1666) an epic with the title Childebrand^ ou les Sarrasins chassés de France :

La fable offre à l'esprit mille agréments divers :

Là tous les noms heureux semblent nés pour les vers :

Ulysse, Agamemnon, Oreste, Idoménée,

Hélène, Ménélas, Paris, Hector, Énée.

O le plaisant projet d'un poète ignorant

Qui de tant de héros va choisir Childebrand 1

BoiLEAU, Art Poéi, iii. 237.

P. 23 1. 725. c'est donc vous qui fentes prendre nos canons ? see Note on p. 19 1. 599. Courier refers to his sea adventure Êirther on (pp. 32, 37). The speaker is Reynier (see p. 14 1. 429).

P. 23 1 728. je lui dis bien son fait :

Il me donna un soufflet ; mais je lui dis bien son fait. — Molièrk, Monsieur de Pourceaugnac^ i. 6.

l82 PAUL-LOCIS COURIER

P. 23 1. 739. le roi et Pétat-m^Jor ... : Courier ascrîbed the delays of his mission at Taranto to the arrivai of King. Joseph and his court : * Sitôt que le roi parut, il ne fut plus question que de lui baiser la main ... il n'y eut ni maire ni adjoint, pas un ouvrier de la ville, du port, de l'arsenal, que je pusse faire démarrer de l'antichambre ou de Pescalier, tant qu'a duré ici le séjour de Sa Majesté' (Letter to General Dulauloy, May 28, 1806).

P. 24 1. 764. haro sur U baudet : from La Fontaine, Les animaux malades de la peste^ in which the ass confesses to hâve nibbled some grass in a monastery meadow, and is straightway offered up as a victim :

A ces mots on cria haro sur le baudet.

Fables, vii. i.

P. 24 1. 772. zoooolante : Franciscan friar, from zoccolo^ * wooden shoe.'

P. 25 1. 774. Orotone : the ancient Crotona, now Cotrone, on the Gulf of Taranto.

P. 25 1. 782. la cour : ironie description of Reynier's subservient staff.

Vanimal à longue échine ... : Reynier. The allusion is to the weasel in Le combat des rats et des belettes :

La nation des belettes, Non plus que celle des chats, Ne veut aucun bien aux rats ; Et, sans les portes étrètes De leiu-s habitations, L'animal à longue échine En ferait, je m'imagine, De grandes destructions.

La Fontaine, Fables, iv. 3.

P. 26 1. 815. Cassano: after his defeat at Maida, Reynier had orders to fall back inland on Cassano and there to join forces with Masséna, who was marching to his assistance. Courier had missed the battle by being sent back to Taranto, but rejoined at Cassano. For further allusions to this combat see p. 31, and especially the fiill account in the lettre inédite (pp. 35-39).

P. 26 1. 826. Gros- Jean comme devant :

On m'élit roi, mon peuple m'aime ; Les diadèmes vont siu: ma tête pleuvant :

Quelque accident fait-il que je rentre en moi-même, Je suis gros Jean comme devant.

La Fontaine, Fables^ vii. 7 (La laitière et le pot au lait).

P. 26 1. 831. chactux après le dé vous montre : the Sautelet édition adds comment il ^^^lait jouer.

P. 27 1. 839. Walter : apparently a noted Parisian tailor of the lime.

P. 27 1. 844. troupe dorée : an allttsion to the sort of military court with which Napoléon surrounded himself. after he became emperor. Cf. <brass hats.'

P. 27 1. 858. Monte-Leone : Reynier's headquarters near Crotone (p. 25 1. 774),

P. 27 1. 866. Sone : the slave of Amphitryon in Molière*s adaptation of Plautus's Amphitruo :

Allons, cédons au sort dans notre affliction, Suivons-en aujourd'hui l'aveugle fantaisie ;

Et, par une juste union,

Joignons le malheureux Sosie

Au malheureux Amphitryon.

Molière, Amphitryon, iii. 7.

P. 28 1. 88a Masséna, et les nobles, et tous les gens bien née : Courier is never tired of jeering at the snobbishness of Napoleon*s upstart nobles, at the Emperor's own snobbishness (see p. 10 1. 290), and his attempts to rally real aristocrats to his cause. Masséna (1758- 1817), one of the ablest of the marshals, created Duke of Rivoli and Prince of Essling, was originally a smuggler. He never lost his early habits, and was perhaps the most rapacious of ail the marshals (see Note on p. 38, 1. 12 16).

P. 28 1. 882. Colbert : there were two Napoleonic gênerais of this name. The allusion in 1. 887 is to Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-83), the great finance minister of Louis XIV.

P. 28 1. 893. voulons et nous plaît : archaic formula of royal command ; cf. ' It is our will and pleasure.'

P. 28 1. 896. un homme ... un homme enfin : a réminiscence of Orgon's halting panegyric on Tartufe :

C'est un homme . . . qui . . . ah ! un homme ... un homme enfin. Qui suit bien ses leçons goûte ime paix profonde, Et comme du fumier regarde tout le monde.

Tartufe, i. 6.

P. 29 l 929. Monseigneur : Masséna.

P. 30 1. 941. nous autres déconfits : allusion to the French defeat at Sainte- Euphémie or Maida.

P- 30 1. 951. la Mantea : Amantea. Cf. la PouUU for Apulia.

P. 30 1. 953. pandours : apparently a pun on pendre^ * to hang,' is intended.

P. 30 1. 955. Sainte-Croix : see Note on p. 14 L 422. This letter was never sent. It represents Courier's remaniement n( the next letter

{ç.v,), of whicb he liad, as usual, kept a copy or outline. The real letter is referred to as a journal (L 964), and Courier*s footnote is no doubt a fiction. It may be noted also that Courier was not actually présent either at the battle or the retreat, so that his account is second-hand.

P. 31 1. 981. Plutarque : Courier was a great reader of Plutarch though professing contempt for his xnatter as for that of ail historians (cf. p. 13 1. 400). He even published a firee translation of the life of Pendes (see Bibliography, p. 224). Hère he manages to include in one paragraph his disbelief in historians and in great warriors. *

P. 31 L 982. Ii'alr d'homme sagre : from Dorine's argument witli Orgon :

Quoi ! se peut-il, monsieur, qu'avec l'air d'homme sage, Et cette large barbe au milieu du visage.

Vous soyez assez fou pour vouloir ... ?

Tartufe, ii, 2.

P. 32 1. 1004. Befffirio : on the straits of Messina, capital of Calabria.

P. 32 1, 1021. saint Janvier: Italian Gennaro, bishop of Beneventum, martyred under Diocletian (305). He is the patron saint of Naples.

P. 32 1. 1026. comme Ulysse : when his companions perished in the shipwreck {Odyssey, xîi.).

P. 33 1. 1035. Barthélémy : see Note on p. 6 1. 170. He was apparently a bulky man.

P. 33 1. 1036. /^uam dispari datnino / * by what an unlike master l '

O domus antiqua, heu, quam dispari dominaris domino.

Cic. De Offic. i. 39.

P. 33 1. 1052. ne visenda quidem ptUavi^ *I did not think even worth looking at ' :

Postremo signa et tabulas ceteraque ornamenta Gràecorum oppidorum, quae ceteri toUenda esse arbitrantur, ea sibi ille ne visenda quidem existimavit. — CiC. De Imperio C. Pomp. xiv.

P. 33 1. 1056. Calabria ferox : on the character of the Calabrian war see Mémoires du général Pépé (Paris, 1906). There does not appear to be any classical authority for the epithet. Is it possible that Courier's memory was led astray by the coliocation of Calabria and feraxy 'fruitiul,* in the passage below?

Non opimae Sardiniae segetes feraces, Non aestuosae grata Calabriae Armenta.

HOR. Carm. i. 31.

P. 33 1. 1057. Annlbal : after the battle of Cannae (216 B.c.) Haimibal maintained himself for sixteen years in Magna Graecia.

P. 34 1. 1092. Larcher : see Note on p. 167, 1. 306.

P. 35 1. 1 100. This most interesting letter is the one actually received by Sainte-Croix (see Note on p. 30, 1. 955). The MS. is now in the Bibliothèque Nationale, where it was discovered by Professor Gaschet, who published it in the Revtie bleue^ March 17, 1906. It will be noticed that many of the paragraphs correspond textually with those of the author's revised version. On the other hand, in the letter intended for publication, Courier has softened down the détails of his périls and losses, hère exaggerated to impress Sainte-Croix. He has also omitted the paragraph in praise of the English (pp. 37-38).

P. 35 1. 1107. casus cognoscere nostrosx

. . . tantus amor casus cognoscere nostros, Et breviter Trojae supremum audire laborem.

Verg. Aen. ii. 10.

P. 36 1. 1141. force la destinée :

Assez d'autres viendront, à mes ordres soumis, Se couvrir des lauriers qui vous furent promis, Et, par d'heureux exploits forçant la destinée, Trouveront d'Ilion la fatale journée.

Racine, Iphigénie, iv. 6.

P. 36 1. 1142. Macrc-Aurèle et Julien : Emperors of Rome (161- 180 and 331-363) aifd distinguished soldiers. As philosophers and men of letters they would be for Courier the most interesting of the Emperors. Marcus Aurelius was a Stoic philosopher, Julian the Apostate a cultured Hellemst. The latter*s attempt to restore the gods of Greece no doubt appealed to Courier.

P. 36 1. I144. ataraxie, * absence of agitation,' from Greek drapo^fa, from d- privative and Tapà<r<reip, * to disturb.' Aorgcrie is for Greek àopryrfffla (Aristotle, Etk, Nie, iv. 5), from à- privative and àpyijf 'anger.'

P. 36 1. II 58. autO'da-féi Portuguese, literally *act of faith/ symbolized by the buming of heretics and Jews. This form of worship was inaugurated by the Inquisition.

P. 37 1. 1166. Ibycus: Greek lyric poet (6th cent, b.c.), bom in Magna Graecia. He was assassinated near Corinth by bandits. In dying, he called upon a passing flight of crânes to avenge him. While the robbers were présent at the Games at Corinth some crânes flew overhead, and the imprudent exclamation of one of the murderers led to their détection and punishment. See Schiller's ballad Die Kraniche des Ibycus, Other accounts, foUowed by Courier, locate his death in ItaJy.

l86 PAUL-LOUIS COURIER

P. 37 L 1167. Di meliora piisy '(may) the gods (send) better fortune to the pious ' :

Di meliora piis, erroremque hostibus illum.

Vero. Georg, iii. 513.

P. 37 1. 1182. n'en pouvant fttire autant : 'Courier était pourtant excellent nageur' {Gstschti^ Jeunesse de Paul-Louis Courier, p. 255). See also p. 61 L 1935.

P. 37 1. II 89. môme à terre: at this date we were everywhere vîctorious on the sea, but the French army*s only serious encounter with ours had been in Egypt. The little battle of Maida was a surprise to the French troops, accustomed to beating the Germans and Austrians as a matter of course. The Peninsular War, which established the réputation of our * astonishing infantry/ had not yet begun.

P. 37 L II 90. plus nombreux: Courier contradicts himself; see p. 27 1. 848.

P. 38 L 1201. 81r Stuard: Sir John Stuart (1759-1815), commander of the British troops. He had already met the French in Egypt, where his efficiency as brigadier had much to do with Abercromby's victory at Alexandria (1801). He had brought his little army across from Siciiy, the covering squadron being under the command of the famous Sir Sidney Smith. Stuart received from the King of the Two Sicilies the title of Count of Maida.

P. 38 1. 1206. Caetelfranco : in Venetia. Hère (Nov. 24, 1805) Saint-Cyr had completely defeated an Austrian army descending from the mountains to attack Venice. Courier was présent at the battle (see Note on p. 10 1. 305).

P. 38 L 1207. Rohan : one of the great Rohan family, an émigré serving with the Austrian army. He was wounded in the battle, but recovered and lived till 1836 :

Nous avons pris des Quinze reliques (i,e. kaiserlicAs, Imperialists) une division tout entière, des chevaux bons à écorcher, et un prince émigré, qui, je crois, n'est bon à rien. Il a un coup de fusil dans le ventre ; on s'occupe très peu de lui ; on le laisse là, tout blessé qu'il est et Français. Nous n'aimons pas les émigrés ; à Paris on les honore fort. L'empereur les chérit et révère ; c'est sans doute qu'il n'en peut faire, comme il fait des comtes, des princes (Letter of Nov. 25, 1805).

P. 38 1. 12 16. Hic petit . . . , ' one assails with ruin a city and its wretched households, that he may drink from the gemmed goblet and sleep on Tyrian purple ' (Verg. Georg. ii. 505). * Ce n*est point un mystère que, dans la Calabre aussi bien que dans le reste de TEurope, la plupart de nos généraux organisaient, à leur profit, le pillage des peuples vaincus. Mais nulle bouche n'étais nlus autorisée à dé-

noncer ces hontes que celle d'un officier de Tarmée de Masséna ' {Gsischei, /euftâsse de Paul- Louis Courier^ p. 259).

P. 39 1. 1229. Tumèbe : for Turnebus, latinized name of Adrien Toumebœuf (1512-65), professor of Greek language and philosophy at the Collège Royal and editor of Greek texts published by the Imprimerie Royale (see p. 33 1. 1033).

P. 40 1. 1266. chère cassette : Harpagon*s name for his money-box {L^ Avare, last line of the play).

P. 40 1. 1268. çui ont fait la guerre ... : ironical quotation of the kind of confidential record kept of the capacitîes of individual officers.

P. 40 1. 1275. Oorlgliano : near the coast of the Gulf of Taranto, a few miles south of the ruins of Sybaris.

noua venions : this makes no sensé, the construction not being picked up again after the parenthesis. See Introd. p. xxvi, footnote.

P. 40 1. 1281. Sainte-Buphëmle : Santa Eufemia, on the west coast of Calabria, where Stuart's army landed and from which the battle was named by the French, Maida is a village in the neighbourhood.

P. 41 1. 1289. maestro Peppe : Master Joseph (Bonaparte). Peppe is a pet form of Italian Giuseppe, Joseph.

P. 41 1. 1320. santafedoy *holy faith.'

P. 43 1. 1354. ce que durent les roses : according to an unproved tradition the chief beauty of the famous lines below was due to a printer*s error, Rosette, the name of du Périer's daughter, having been printed Roselle, a mistake which suggested a graceful image to the poet :

Mais elle était du monde, où les plus belles choses

Ont le pire destin ; Et rose elle a vécu ce que vivent les roses,

L'espace d'un matin.

Malherbe, Consolation à M. du Périer, c. 1600.

P. 43 1. 1361. la sruerre recommence en Allemagrne : it had already begun. On Oct. 14, 1806» Napoléon at Jena and Davout at Auerstadt had wiped out two Prussian armies. Before the middle of November, Prussia was crushed and helpless, Berlin was occupied by the French, and the famous Decrees were issued by Napoléon (Nov. 21, 1806).

P. 43 1. 1375. la dernière oampasrne d'Allemafirne : the Austerlitzcampaign (1805) ^^ which Napoléon utterly defeated. Austria and RjEissia. Courier does not use Allemagne in the spécifie sensé which it ^ ^ 1871-1918.

l88 PAUL- LOUIS COURIER

P. 43 1. 1382. l'empereur entrait à Vienne : between his two tremendous victories at Ulm (Oct 19, 1805) and at Austerlitz (Dec. 2, 1805). The battle of Castelfranco (see Note on p. 38 1. 1206) was fought on Nov. 24 of the same year.

P. 44 1. 1392. le tout évalué ... : a réminiscence of a famous scène which Molière adapted from Boisrobert, La Belle Plaideuse :

Le tout ci-dessus mentionné, valant loyalement plus de quatre mille cinq cents livres, et rabaissé à la valeur de mille écus, par la discrétion du prêteur. — Molière, V Avare, ii. 2.

P. 45 L 1436. Psyché : the épisode of Amor and Psyché occurs in Apuleius, Metamorphoseon seu de Asino Aureo^ a favourite book of Courier*s.

P. 45 1. 1444. Mossel : this officer appears to hâve been an intimate of Courier's. One of the most amusing of the Lettres (Sept. 10, 1806) records the writer's gratitude for the présent of a shirt from the gênerai.

P. 46 1. 1459. Austerlitz : see Note on p. 43, 1. 1361. .

P. 46 L 1469. Duroc : one of Napoleon's intimâtes, became Duke of Frioul and Grand Marshal of the Palace, and was killed at Bautzen (1813). Courier and he had been fellow students (see Introd. p. xiv).

Je t'avouerai de tout : a réminiscence of Phèdre*s frenzied appeal to Œnone :

Je t'avouerai de tout ; je n'espère qu'en toi.

Racine, Phèdre, iii. i.

P. 46 1. 1474. la volonté du ciel soit faite en toute chose 1 spoken by Tartufe to Orgon {Tartufe^ iii. 7).

P. 47 1. 1478. Dedon : already referred to coiïtemptuously (p. 28 1. 889). He was in command at Naples. Courier had been ordered thither on leaving the army of Calabria (Nov. 1806). Sent into Apulia to collect mules for the army, he showed his usual neglect and dilatoriness, and, on his return, was put under arrest. This extraordinary letter is a curions example of our author's attitude towards authority. It also casts rather a strange light on the discipline of the Napoleonic armies. On his release Courier made another unsuccessltil attempt to get sent to the grande armée, It was during this stay in Naples that he completed his two translations from Xenophon (see Bibli(^aphy, p. 224)

P. 48 1. 151 1. capable : the Paulin- Perrotin édition has coupable^ a misprinl whiçh has been absurdly perpetuated in modem reprints.

P. 48 1. 1517. la reine : the Queen of Naples, sister of Marie Antoinette, and naturally a bitter enemy of the French. She, much

more than her husband Ferdinand, inspired the national inoveraent against the usurper.

P. 48 L 15 19. la famille : the Bonapartes. A weakness of the great Napoléon, to which Courier alludes hère and elsewhere, was a snobbish désire to décrasser his family by royal alliances.

P. 49 1. 1564. aux tablettes de Jupiter : this is obscure, as there is only one (doubtful) référence to writing in Hoxner {lliad, vi. 169).

P. 50 1. 1567. Madame Pigalle: a relative with whom Courier was, by exception, on friendiy terms. He saw a good deal of her and her husband when at Paris after his departure from Toulouse. He met them again at Douai in 1803 at the end of the long leave which had been occupied in winding up his father's affairs.

P. 50 1. 1579. Laissez-nous faire i

Monsieur le mort, laissez-nous faire, On vous en donnera de toutes les façons ; Il ne s'agit que du salaire.

La Fontaine, Fables, vii. 11 (Le curé et le mort).

P. 50 1. 1592. madame Baddiflfe : the author of the Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) and other once famous novels of the School of Terror. Her Works enjoyed great popularity in French translations, and the early French Romantics of the nineteenth century owed something to them.

P. 51 1. 1599. Un Jour Je voyageais en Calabre : this story has become classical in the form given to it by Courier. It was, no doubt, a popular médiéval taie with varying forms and settings. Courier appears to hâve adapted it from the Heptaméron (1559) of Marguerite de Navarre, in which it is the 34th Nouvelle, headed * Deux cordeliers trop curieux d'écouter eurent si belles affres qu'ils en cuidèrent mourir ; ' but the local colour is due to his own adventures in the Calabrian mountaîns.

P. $1 1. 1606. au Baincy r at Le Raincy (Seine-et-Oise).

P. 54 1. 1707. votre besofirne: this was apparently a new édition of Sainte-Croix' Examen critique des anciens historiens d* Alexandre le Grand, fîrst published in 1775. He had issued a revised and greatly augmented édition in 1804, and was still engaged on the subject at the time of his death (March 1809).

P. 54 L 17 15. VL9, petite drôlerie \ his translation from Xenophon (see Bibliography, p. 224) :

Monsieur Jourdain. Hé bien, messieurs ? Qu'est-ce? Me ferezvous voir votre petite drôlerie ?

Le Maître A DANSER. Comment? Quelle petite drôlerie ?

igO PAUL-LOUIS COURIER

Monsieur Jourdain. Hé! la . . . Comment appelea^vous cela? Votre prologue ou dialogue de chansons et de danse.

Molière, Bourgeois Gentilhomme, i. 2.

P. 55 1. 1747. Je mouche les chandelles : the nunuheur de chandelles was a regular functionary in early théâtres.

P- 55 ï» ^754- Vérone : Courier reached Verona six months late, having stayed some time at Rome and Florence, visiting hîs friends and coUating MSS. of Xenophon. On his arrivai he found a letter from the Minister of War putting him under arrest and asking for explanations. In March he was sent to take charge of the artillery at Leghorn, where he very unwillingly spent the winter, making occasional trips to Florence.

P. 56 1. 1766. Hazo : a comrade of Courier at the school of Châlons (see Introd. p. xiv) and his faithfiil friend to the end of his life. He was an engineer of great scientific attainments and rose to high rank in the service (1774-1838). He wrote for an édition of Courier's works a biographical notice which was never printed. The MS. is still in the possession of Courier's grandson, who unfortunately withholds it from publication.

P. 56 1. 1775. Orbassan : character in Voltaire's Tancrède^ described as :

Un brave chevalier Dont le cœur à l'état se livrait tout entier.

au pays \ italicized because used in the rustic sensé of * native village. '

P. 57 1. 1799- «î^^ c^i *^o^s prions Dieu ... : royal formula of farewell to departing ambassador.

P. 57 1. 1802. Griois: see Introd. p. xii. Courier, ordered to Milan in Nov. 1808, had started thither in Feb. 1809. His applications for leave being unsuccessful, he resigned his commission (1. 1817) and prepared to leave Italy.

P. 58 1. 1830. Strasbourg : Courier reached Paris in April 1809, when the news of Napoleon's initial successes in the new Austrian campaign revived in him the whim for seeing war on the grand scale. He was allowed to rejoin and was ordered to Vienna, whither, according to his custom, he proceeded by easy stages.

P. 58 1. 1847. Lucerne : Courier reached the army in time to take part in the crossing of the Danube, which preluded the battle of Wagram (July 5-6, 1809), but, being attacked by marsh fever, he was transported to Vienna. On his recovery he left the army without further ceremony and made for Switzerland via Strasbourg, where he had made the

acquaintance of the Thomassins. It is probable that the sight of a Napoleonic battle-field had quite extinguished his never very ardent military enthusiasm : * Courier ne savait pas ce que c'était que la guerre comme Bonaparte la' faisait. Quoiqu'il eût assisté à plusieurs affaires chaudes, il n'avait jamais vu les hommes noyés par milliers, les généraux tués par cinquantaines, les régiments entiers disparaissant sous la mitraille.'— Armand Carrbl.

P. 59 1. 1862. mieux que les nôtres : he alludes to the Princes of the Empire, some of wbom, risen from the ranks to a marshaPs bâton and a princely title, were quite uneducated.

P. 59 1. 1873. Baden : probably Baden-Baden is meant, so-called by us to distinguish it from other German and Swiss towns called Baden, ûe» Bath.

P. 60 1. 1895. la raere de la canicule : the fury of the d(^-star, i,e, the beat of summer :

Hic in reducta valle Caniculae Vitabis aestus.

HOR. Carm. i. 17.

P. 60 1. 1910. M. de Champcenetz : French littérateur and libertine (1759-1794)» famous for his biting epigrams, was guillotined during the Révolution.

P. 61 1. 1919. Quant à ma vie, J'en fais trois parts : an écho of the epitaph which La Fontaine composed for himself :

Jean s'en alla comme il était venu, Mangea le fonds avec le revenu, Tint les trésors chose peu nécessaire.

Quant à son temps, bien sut le dispenser :

Deux parts en fit, dont il soûlait passer L'une à dormir et l'autre à ne rien faire.

P. 61 1. 1924. Pythaffore : Pythagoras, according to tradition, was a vegetarian, and imposed silence on his disciples.

P. 61 L 1947. les srrenouilles de la Fontaine : in the fable Les Grenouilles qui demandent un roi :

Ce roi fit toutefois un tel bruit en tombant, Que la gent marécageuse, Gent fort sotte et fort peureuse, S'alla cacher sous les eaux Dans les joncs, dans les roseaux.

Fables, iii. 4.

P. 61 1. 1948. dans leurs grottes profondes : another écho of La Fontaine :

Remplissez l'air de cris dans vos grottes profondes, Pleurez, nymphes de Vaux, faites croître vos ondes.

Élégie pour Fouquei,

P. 62 1. 1953. Plutarque : he refeis to his free translation of Plutarch's life of Pendes. For his yiews on Plutarch and on historians in gênerai cf. pp. 13» 31.

P. 62 1. 1968. comme Caton : Cicero refers the saying ultimately to Sdpio Africanus :

Publium Scipionem, Marce fili, eum qui primus Africanus appellatus est, dicere solitum scripsit Cato, qui fuit fere ejus aequalis, Nunquam se minus otiosum esse, quam cum.oHosus, nec minus solum, quam cum solus esset. — De Offic. iii. i.

P. 64 1. 2027. HabsbourfiT : in the canton of Aargau, the original home of the House of Hapsburg, Emperors of Germany from 1273 to 1807 and of Austria till 1918. The natne means ' hawk*!! castle,' from German habicht^ 'hawk/

P. 65 1. 2080. Fontenelle : the first important French writer to deal with philosophical and astronomical matters in such a way as to appeal to the gênerai public. He also attempted drama and poetry, and was secretary of the Académie des Sciences. He was the nephew of Corneille, and lived to the âge of a hundred (1657- 17 57). La Bruyère, in his Caractères^ caricatures him rather cruelly under the name of Cydias.

P. 65 footnote. Lambert! : Italian Hellenist and poet(i756-i8i3)» chiefly famous for a fine édition of Homer. ' Lamberti a fini son Iliade, et il va la porter à l'empereur ' (Letter to M. Akerblad, from Milan, March 12, 1809).

P. 66 1. 2092. la petite vérole : Jenner's method of vaccination was adopted on the continent at the b^nning of the nineteenth century.

P. 66 1. 2096. sans elle j'étais Joli erarçon: hère is the "signalement" of Paul- Louis (1823), discovered by M. Gaschet in the archives of the police : * Taille, im. 76 ; cheveux rares et mélangés ; teint brun et bilieux ; sourdls châtain foncé ; yeux gris ; barbe forte ; lèvres grosses et avancées j menton court ; marqué de la petite vérole ; physionomie brusque et dure ; marchant un peu courbé et la tête penchée sur le côté ; mal mis et sale dans son costume ; portant toujours une cravate noire' (Paul-Louis Courier et la Restauration^ ' p. 224).

P. 66 1. 2103. Pausanias: Greek geographer and archaeologist (second century A.D.), author of 'EXXddos HepiirfiiiTk^ Itinerary of Greece, a translation of which was Clavier's magnum opus.

P. 66 1. 2104. pour l'tunour de vous et du grec :

Quoi ! monsieur sait du grec ? Ah ! permettez, de grâce, Que, pour l'amour du grec, monsieur, on vous embrasse.

Molière, Femmes savantes, iii. 5.

P. 66 1. 21 10. Chariton : a laie Greek novelist, first published (1750) by J.-P. d'Orville, and translated (1763) by Larcher.

LoDgus : the famous M S. (see Introd. p. xvi), later removed from the Abbey library to that of San Lorenzo, where the pâti was made on it by Courier. He had noticed it as early as I807, when he stopped at Florence during his leisurely progress to Verona (see Note on p. 55 1. 1754), and had written (Sept. 30, 1808) to the French Commissioner at Florence, entreatmg him to hâve ail the Abbey MSS. removed to San Lorenzo. The full title of the romance (sixth century a.d.) îs Ilocftcyiirà rà «carà Ad^vty «cal XX^iyy. Amyot's translation, emended and completed by Courier, has been frequently reprinted.

P. 66 1. 21 13. à grand renfort de besicles ... : Maître François is Rabelais :

Je (combien que indigne) y fus appelle ; et, à grand renfort de bezicles, pratiquant l'art dont on peut lire lettres non apparentes, comme enseigne Aristoteles, la translatay. — Gargantua, i. i.

P. 67 1. 2123. Archéologie: apparently Clavier's Histoire des premiers temps de la Grèce (1809).

P. 67 1. 2125. Je ne prends point ... :

Ce que j'ai fait, Abner, j'ai cru le devoir faire. Je ne prends point pour juge un peuple téméraire. Quoi que son insolence ait osé publier.

Le ciel même a pris soin de me justifier.

Racine, Athalie, il 5.

P. 67 1. 2130. Trépignent de Joie ... :

Tout est charmant, divin : aucun mot ne le blesse ; Il trépigne de joie, il pleure de tendresse.

BoiLEAU, Artpoét. i. 195.

P. 67 1. 2134. coup de tète : Courier's désertion after Wagram (see Note on p. 58 1. 1847).

P. 67. 1. 2137. pour m'étre sottement figuré que J'avais un ami : in rejoining for the Austrian campaign Courier had reckoned on the friendship and patronage of the Napoleonic genetal Count de la Riboissière. Being disappointed in this es^pectation, * et ne se croyant pas de nouveau engagé au service militaire par ce qui s'était passé depuis que sa démission avait été acceptée, il quitta l'armée' (Edition of 1828).

P. 67 L 2139. & 0/Xc, oÙK ér* elffl 0£Xot, * O friend, there are no more fricnds * : saying attributed to Arislotle by Diogenes Laertius.

P. 67 1. 2144. si f eusse été Parménion: Pannenio, Alexander's chief gênerai, advised acceptance of the terms offered by Darius after his defeat at Issus (333 B.c.), saying that he would do so *if he were Alexander,' to which the great conqueror retorted that he himself might be satisfied * if he were Parmenio.' The story is in Arrian's 'AvàpaaLs *Â\€^Ôpov (ii. 25) and in Plutarch.

P. 68 1. 2147. Dans les honneurs obscurs ... : see Note on p. II 1. 323.

P. 68 L 2153. J'ai sur eux ravantagre de connaître mon bonheur : an écho of VergiL Cf. p. 23 1. 716 :

O fortunatos nimium, sua si bona norint, Agricolas !

Georg, ii. 458.

P. 68 1. 2154. attendons la fin: et Latin respkefinem :

En toute chose il faut considérer la fin.

La Fontaine, Fables, iii. 5.

P. 68 1. 2157. mentem sanam . . ., *a healthy mind in a healthy bodyV:

Orandum est, ut sit mens sana in corpore sano.

Juv. X. 356.

P. 68 1. 2159. Madame de Sévlerné: her country seat, les Rochers, was near Vitré in Brittany (Ille-et- Vilaine).

P. 68 L 2174. Akerblad: a learned Swedish orientalist (1760- 18 19), who eventually settled in Rome and became one of Courier's most intimate friends.

P. 68. 1. 2177. ^^^w" âpurre, *best of friends.'

P. 68 1. 2178. d'où on les fiait : i.e, from the Napoleonic army, in which titles were profusely distributed.

P. 69 1. 2180. l'armée d'Allemagne : see Note on p. 58 1. 1830.

P. 69 1. 2182. J'ai voulu voir ... : Athaliah on hèr yisit to the Temple :

Mais nous nous reverrons. Adieu. Je suis contente : J'ai voulu voir ; j'ai vu.

AthalU, ii. 7.

P. 69 1. 2185. il devint comte : see Note on p. 67 L 2137.

P. 69 1. 2198. Je vous l'ai dit ... :

Je te le dis encore, et, quoique j'en soupire, Jusqu'au dernier soupir je veux bien le redire.

Corneille, Le Cidt iii.. 4.

P. 69 1. 2203. tutto ptr amorCy *all for love'

P. 69 1. 2207. ckiassoi properly *a small strect,' *alley,' but used ako for *uproar,' *excitement.'

P. 69 1. 2209. Oorrigez, s'il vous platt ... : see Molière, Mariage forcé f viii., at the beginning and near the end.

P. 70 1. 2214. conune Diogrène à Denis : the story of Diogenes' rebuke to Dionysius is in Plutarch*s Life of Timoleon,

P. 70 1. 2218. Faire la coiirauz firrands ... : as usual Courier slightly alters the quotation :

Faire la cour aux grands, et dans leurs antichambres, Le chapeau dans la main, se tenir sur ses membres.

RÉGNIER, Sot, iv. 29.

P. 70 1. 2237. rncbdame de Humboldt : wîfe of the great German scholar and philologist Karl von Humboldt. His brother Friedrich was an illustrious naturalist. Courier thought so hîghly of Humboldt that he sent him one of the fifly-two copies of Longus clandestinely printed at Rome — * J'en ai destiné le premier exemplaire à M. de Humboldt ' (Letter to Madame de Humboldt, May 16, 1810).

P. 71 1. 2262. Benouard: see Introd. p. xvi. He had already published a reprint of Amyot's Daphnis et Chloéy with introduction by Clavier, so that, meeting Courier at Bologna, he was at once interested in the new MS. which the latter had discovered.

P. 71 1. 2274. le premier exemplaire: cf. Courier's words to Madame de Humboldt (Note on 1. 2237). It is characteristic of Courier that he makes no allusion to the defacement of the MS., which had occurred on Nov. 10, 1809.

P. 72 1. 2284. les gazettes d'Italie : Courier had, however, thought it worth while to get Renouard to send a fuU account of the discovery to the Gazzetta universale of Florence. In this account, which appeared on November 11, nothing is said of the blot, and the librarian del Furia is not mentioned. Renouard's letters to Courier were provoked by an article in the Corriere Milanese (Jan. 23, 1810) accusing him of having plotted with Courier to destroy the M S. For the fuU détails of the warfare see Gaschet, La Jeunesse de Paul-Louis Courier^ chap. xiv.

P. 72 1. 2287. Mèi tne^ adsum qui feci^ *here am I who did it.' From the épisode of Nisus and Euryalus :

Me, me, adsum qui feci, in me convertite ferrum, O Rutuli ! mea fraus omnis ; nihil ille nec ausus, Nec potuit.

Verg. Aen, ix. 427.

P. 72 1. 2298. Quarinl: Italian poet (1537-1612), author of the famous Pastor Fido,

!*• 73 !• 2305. d'Aubigné : one of the greatest Frenchmen of the sixteenth century, warrior, poet, and politician (i 550-1630). ^e was for many years the close friend of Henry of Navarre, but, disapproving of his master's conversion to Catholicism, he went into exile and died at Geneva. He was the grandfather of Mme. de MaintenoiL The allusion is to an incident described in his autobiography :

En passant Agien pour remercier Madame de Roques, qui luy avoit servi de mère en ses afflictions, il trouve chés elle un grand epagneul, nommé Citron, qui avoit accoustumé de coucher sur les pieds du Roy, & souvent entre Frontenac & Aubigné. Geste pauvre beste qui raouroit de faim luy vint faire chère : de quoy esmeu il le mit en pension chez une femme, & luy fit coudre sur le collet qu'il avoit fort frisé, le sonnet qui s'ensuit :

Le fidèle Citron qui couchoit autrefois

Sur vostre lit sacré, couche ores sur la dure :

C'est ce fidelle chien qui apprit de nature

A faire des amys & des traistres le chois :

C'est luy qui les briguans efifrayoit de sa voix

Et des dents les meurtriers ; d'où vient donc qu'il endure

La faim, le froid, les coups, les desdains & l'injure.

Payement costumier du service des Roys ?

Sa fierté, sa beauté, sa jeunesse agréable

Le fit chérir de vous, mais il fut redoutable

A vos haineux, aux siens, pour sa dextérité.

Courtisans, qui jettez vos desdaigneuses veuës

Sur ce chien délaissé, mort de faim par les rues,

Attendez ce loyer de la fidélité.

Ce chien ne faillit pas d'estre mené le lendemain au Roy qui passoit par Agien, & qui changea de couleur en lisant cest escrit. — Agrippa d'Aubigné, Sa Vie à ses Enfants.

P. 73 1. 2310. Madame : in the Paulin- Perrotin, and ail subséquent éditions, this letter is wrongly headed as to La Princesse de Salm- Dyck. I hâve restored the obviously correct heading (see 1. 2327) from the Sautelet édition of 1828.

P. 73 1. 2312. comme Oronte dit :

Sonnet. C'est un sonnet . . . L'Espoir . . . C'est une dame Qui de quelque espérance avait flatté mon âme.

Molière, Misanthrope, i. 2.

P* 73 1* 2317. Dans son vieux style ... :

De ces maîtres savants disciple ingénieux, Régnier seul parmi nous formé sur leurs modèles Dans son vieux style encore a des grâces nouvelles.

BoiLEAU, Artpoét. ii. 175,

P. 74 1.2331. Tivoli: the àncicnt Tibur, near Rome, whither Courier had retired to revise the text of Longus before sending it to the printer.

P. 74 1. 2347. la ffont ministérielle : suggested by La Fontaine's la gent trotte-menu^ marécageuse^ the mice, frogs.

P. 74 1. 2349. OoraX: Diamant Coray, Greek patriot and philologist (1748-1833), éditer of many texts and author of translations. Among his texts is one of Daphnis and Ckloe^ probably alluded to hère.

P. 74 1. 2352. datif pluriel : allusion to the ending of the name Miollis. The^//VM^f>/is Gërando.

P. 74 1. 2356. le bruit de cette tache d'encre : Clavier writes from Paris to Courier (May 7, 18 10), * A propos de Longus^ écrivezmoi donc précisément ce qui s'est passé au sujet du manuscrit qu'on prétend avoir été taché d'encre. Les Italiens ... ont fait beaucoup de bruit de cela, et ont prétendu qu ec'était une malice de votre part,' etc. This suggests that Courier's answer is wrongly dated. In fact, the early éditions print ît, though dated as above, between Clavier's of May 7 and a letter from Courier to the Minister of War dated September 5.

P. 74 1. 2358. Tout beau ... : a phrase, now coUoquial, but commonly used by Corneille in the style élevé :

Tout beau, ma passion, deviens un peu moins forte.

Cinna, i. 2.

P* 751* 2371. Furia: the librarian at San Lorenzo and a man from whom Courier had received every courtesy and assistance. He was a respectable, if undistinguished, scholar, described by Courier as " un cuistre, ancien cordonnier comme son père, garde d'une bibliothèque qu'il devrait encore balayer, qui fait aujourd'hui de mauvais livres n'ayant pu faire de bons souliers, helléniste fort peu habile, à huit cents francs d'appointements ; copiant du grec pour ceux qui le paient ; élève et successeur du seigneur Bandini dont l'ignorance est célèbre " {Lettre à M, Renouard^ libraire^ sur une ta^he faite à un manuscrit de Florence^ Tivoli, le 20 novembre 18 10).

P. 75 L 2377. letteratiy * literates.'

la lettre moulée :

Oui, je sais lire la lettre moulée ; mais je n'ai jamais su apprendre à lire l'écriture. — Molière, Georges Dandin, iii. i.

P* 75 1* 2388. il est plus piqué que moi : as a matter of fact Courier had made no attempt to exonerate Renouard, who, though

absent when tbe biot was made, had been accused of complicity in the "disaster."

P. 76 1. 2397. le trait serait noir : Courier, quoting as usual from memory, attributes to Madame de Pimbesche words spoken by Chicanneau :