rois fainéants, the sluggard kings

Page 10. — Une 15. oint, anoinied.

Page 12. — Une 6. Lotharingie, now Lorraine.

L 10. Northmans, name given to the Normans before they settled in France and became civilized.

Page 13. — Une i. Rolf le Marcheur, Gang Rolf or RoUo, the first duke of Normandy.

1. 15. " Dernier des Barons," " The Last of the Barons," a novel by Bulwer, of which the hero is the celebrated Earl Warvvick, of the I5th century.

Page 14. — Une 16. PAuguste. Ail the Roman Emperors took the title of Augustus. At the time of Diocletian, the title of Augustus was given to the reigning Emperor, that of Caesar to the heir presumptive. Freeman means that Otto was superior in rank to Louis d'Outre-mer.

Page 15. — Une 10. Reims. It was in the cathedral of Reims that the kings of France were crowned and anointed with the sacred oil from the holy vial, the Sainte- A?npoule.

Page 17. — Unes 22, 23. cycle de Charlemagne, the epic poems known as chansons de geste, of which the " Chanson de Roland " is the most celebrated. — cycle d'Arthur. The Arthurian romances, of which the best are by Chrétien de Troyes. Tristan and Yseult are the most popular personages.

Page 18. — Une 25. Robert Guiscard, one of the sons of Tancrède de Hauteville, a Norman nobleman. He was a shrewd and valiant warrior, conquered Calabria in Italy and defeated the Emperor of the East, Alexius Comnenus; died 1085.

1. 26. Hildebrand, Pope Gregory VII, who wished to liberate the papacy from the thraldom of the German Emperors. His great opponent was the Emperor Henry IV.

Page 21. — Une 2. Jérusalem. After the conquest by the Romans under Titus, Jérusalem was captured by the Persians, then by the Saracens, and later by the Turks.