ma patronne, my patron Saint

016. Ohl laisse qu*à genoux, etc. Although this change in manner may seem too sudden, still the great strain under which Hemani was laboring is probably more than enough to account for it.

030-032. Que Jamais lis pourraient, etc., that ever all these men of little consequence could so compel my Tieartj wherein his love Tias place, to think on other loves, more noble in their eyesi

944. Olmedo, an old fortified town south of Valladolid. Alcala de Henares, a town near Madrid, formerly celebrated for its university, founded by Cardinal Ximenes, but removed to .Madrid in 1836. Alcala was the birthplace of Cervantes.

973. Estramadoure, Estramadura, a Spanish province lying to the west along the Portuguese frontier, from which it does not seem probable that Hemani drew many of his followers. See note on Galice^ 1. 867.

992, Je suis une force qui ya. The mystic fatality here expressed, seems hardly in accord with a rational drama wherein the characters are supposed to act intelligently, and of their own volition, influenced, of course, by the force of circumstances.

994. Une âme de malheur, etc. ** A soul of misery made of gloom.'*'* (Crosland).

lOOO. Et de flamme ou de sang Je le vois rouge au fond. The regular order would be, Mjcle vois rouge de Jiamme ou de sang, au fond.

1005. C'est un démon redoutable. The word démon= guiding or directing spirit, genius.

1021. au moins, can be omitted in translating this line, as it adds no special force.

1025. une amour. See line 528, where amour is masculine.

This word was given either gender indiscriminately for a long time. Hugo has availed himself of this privilege, although now the feminine singular form is generally reserved for poetry. In the plural both genders are used, but with a slight difference in meaning.

1043. patrons, for paierons,

1048. Fait lever sur mes pas, etc., startled gaXUms* birds, who were upon my path.

1 052. Sforce, Borgia, Luther. The Sforza family held the duchy of Milan from 1450 to 1535, the date of the death of Francesco Sforza II., and enjoyed great power and influence. Here reference is probably made to Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan from 1466 to 1476, who was a most despicable tyrant. The Borgia family was well known in Italy during the 15th and 16th centuries, and to it belonged Pope Alexander VI. Caesar Borgia, here referred to, born in 1478, and killed before the castle of Viana in Spain in 1507, was notorious on account of his many crimes and acts of treachery. Luther (1488-1546). It is interesting to note this good Catholic's implied estimate of the great German reformer.

1074-1076. festin des sept totes . . . Lara. The Lara family belonged to the Castillan aristocracy of the 10th century and its exploits have been sung in a group of ballads called the Seven Lords of Lara^ In consequence of a family quarrel these seven lords are betrayed by their uncle into the hands of the Moors, who put them to death and send their heads to Cordova, where their father is in prison. There he is invited to a banquet where the heads are served upon the table, whereat he seizes a sword from one of the Moors and kills a number of them before he can be restrained. Mudarra, a son by a later marriage, avenges this family wrong.

1082. la Ydtre seigneur ... la tienne, Ô mon hôtel Notice that the more familiar form of the pronoun is used with hôte, as this noun implies a more intimate relationship.

1008. Et laver le plancher, an example of Hugo's love of direct speech, which was so different from the rhetorical elegance of his literary adversaries. See Pr^ace de CromweU, 1. 1227.

1102. un gros d' archers, a company of archers.

1108. de pertuisanlers, d'arquebusiers, d'arbalétriers, oflwlhardiers, of arquebusiers, and of cross-bowmen. Arquebusier was rather a general term used to designate any soldier armed with a gun.

1 1 18. O'est s'y prendre un peu tard, etc. ^^Late in the day it is for you to play the young man^s part. ' ' (Crosland > .

1115. Boabdll ou Mahom. Boabm was the last king of Granada, and was driven out of Spain by Ferdinand Y. in 1492. Mdhom (571-681), is Mahomet, the prophet of the Moslem faith. Carlos insinuates that the castle could not have been more care, fully armed to withstand an attack of the Moors.

1116. la berse et ... le pont» the portcullis and . , . the drawbridge.

1119. SI YOUB prenez de ces airs, if you assume these airs. In de is found an unnecessary expression of the partitive idea.

1122. Dans leurs nids crénelés, tuer les seigneuries 1 ta kill your lordships in your fortified retreats,

1 ISO. Mais qu'à cela ne tienne, etc., transposed and expanded would be, mais «'il ne tient qu^d cela. Translate, if that is your reqtiesty you shall he satisfied.

1136. On lui garde, tTiey preserve in his memory.

1 137. une châsse dorée où brûlent mille cierges, a gilded shmu where hum a tJiousand candies.

1138. du tribut des cent vierges. According to a mediaeval legend, Abderahman, king of Cordova, after having aided Mauregato, king of the Asturias, against certain enemies, imposed upon this monarch, an annual tribute of a hundred maidens.

1141. Escalona. don Sanche. This is an indefinite reference as there is more than one town in Spain named Escalona, and many of the early Spanish kings bore the name of Sancho.

1145. Bamlre. There was a King Ramiro II., who was king of Asturias and Leon from about 930-950.

1148. Orand maître de Saint- Jacque et deOalatraya, grand master of the order of St. Jam^ of Compostella, and of the Knights of Calatrava. The order of St. James was approved by the Pope, it is said, in 1175, and still exists. In the middle ages the order had great military power and controlled a large income. The order of Calatrava was founded in Spain as a military organization in the middle of the 12th century and still exists. It took its name from the fortress of Calatrava, which was captured from the Moors in 1147 and confided to the newly established order.

1151. Motrll, etc., cities taken from the Moors.

1157, 58. Sandoval . . . Manriaue . . . Lara . . . Alencastre. noble families of Spain.

1 1 63. Zamet, a Moorish leader.

1166. Même aux juifs. This phrase indicates the general hatred which was felt for the Jews in Spain.

1184. Oar VOUS me la paîriez, altesse, n'est-ce pas? For yon would pay me fw «, %xxmlà you notj my lordf The word la refers to tête in 1. 1182.

1180. cette tôte, i.e., Hemani. Nôtre is used without the article for metrical reasons.

1103. La tôte qu'il me faut, etc. The good taste of these lines is certainly open to question, and the portrait of Don Carlos as a sneering, domineering monarch would be complete enough without them.

12 lO. Jorge, due d'Aloala is not given as one of the characters because he has no speaking part. He had a more prominent place in the first draft of the play. See 1. 1674.

1234. U faudra bien enfin s'adoucir, mon infantel Ton toUl have to soften at last, my priticess.

1253. Tout homme qui m'outrage. This willingness to fight^ on the part of Don Ruy Gomez, while knowing nothing of Hernani's rank or position, is intended to show his desperate grief ^ on losing Dofia Sol. It is certainly questionable, however, whether even so strained a situation as this would be enough to make a punctilious and tradit|on-loving Spaniard forget the generally recognized code of etiquette common to his time.

1250. Parle à l'autre Seigneur, pray to the Lord on high.

1262. permets que je la vole. This is another intensely dramatic situation illustrating Hugo's love of antithesis and contrast. This time Hemani's belief in Dofia Sol's presence, in spite of her absence, known only to Ruy Gomez, constitutes the tragic incongruity.

1 282. La yengeanoe au pled sûr, etc . ^^The vengeance that is sure of foot, makes on its way less noise than this would do." (Crosland).

This whole act is absolutely without historical basis, as Carlos was in Spain at the time of his election.

Page 178. architecture lombarde. Lombard architecture is the local form which the Romanesque assumed in northern Italy and is characterized by its use of vaulted arches and heavy pillars. Ores piliers bas, pleins cintres, chapiteaux d'oiseaux et de fleurs. *^ STiort thick columns with semicircular arcTies and capitaXs carved with birds and Jlowers." (Perry) .

Line 1200. monsieur l'électeur de Troves. Richard Greifen-

klat, Elector and Bishop of Treves, had been brifoed by Francis I. and was working hard for the French candidate and opposing Charles.

1308. Château fort, fortresa.

1 3 1 0. Rodolphe extermina Lothàire, a vague reference which seems to have no historical foundation.

1318. Ctotha, the Duke of Ooiha. Gotha, originally an independent duchy, now forms part of the Thuringian duchy of Sax'e- Coburg-Gotha.

1815. Hohenbourg. A petty German prince, croi, without the final « for the sake of the eye*rhyme with moi.

1324. Avila, see note 1. 219.

1 327. le collier de votre ordre, i.e. , the decoration of the order of the Golden Fleece.

1820. Lutzelbourg, Luocemburgy now a neutral grand duchy, situated between Franee and Prussia.

1881. ABtorga, a city in northwestern Spain.

1346. Si sa hache s'émouBse, if his ax grows dull.

1840. Le college, i.e., the electoral college was composed of the following men at this time ; the Archbishops of Treves, Mayence, and Cologne, Louis, King of Bohemia, Louis, Count Palatine, Frederic, Duke of Saxony, and Joachim I., Marquis of Brandenburg, seven in all.

1852. Frédéric le Sage, just mentioned as an elector. See note 1. 297. '

1354. raisons dorées, i.e.^bjïter'"

1357, 58. des princes de Hesse. In reality they were not electors at this time.

1362. peau de lion, etc. See note Pr^ace 1. 881.

1363. démalllotés, stripped.

1 364. Triboulet, the court Jester of Louis XII. and François I. , who died in 1536.

1367. à leux choix, of their own selection.

1370, sauf, plus tard, à les reprendre, reserving the right to take them hack^ later on.

1872. me yoila, grand d'Espagne, at last Pm a Spanish grandee. A gravid d'Espagne was a nobleman of the first rank whom the king addressed in the familiar form and who had the right to remain covered in the presence of royalty. Don Ricardo is almost modem in his eager attempts to get on in the world, and strikes one as a laughable, rather than as a despicable character.

1878. ambitieux de rien. JlUed with low ambition. Engeaflee IntéreBsée, greedy brood,

1874. Gomme à travers la nôtre, ils suivent leur pensée, Tiow tTiey punue their oMon desireSy though interrupting ourê,

1875, 76. Basse-cour, etc. Bcisse-eour with the hyphen me^s pouUry^ardf and without it, base court The English editions (Masson's, published in this country by Jenkins, and Perry's, published by Rivingtons, and Mrs. Crosland's translation in the Bohn Library), drop the hyphen, but it is clearly the better reading to retain it, as in the French editions, for Hugo delights in a homely simile, when it is vigorous, and the use of the verb émietter = to scatter crumbs^ is strictly In keeping with this interpretation. Undoubtedly a pun was intended, but the hyphen strengthens, rather than weakens, that supposition. The idea of Don Carlos may be summed up as follows : As one in a poultryyard scatters crumbs to the eagerand greedy fowls, so I, the king, must distribute vain favors to a clamoring court.

1377. et le saint-pôre. This seems to come as an afterthought, as an acknowledgment of papal power, simply pro forma. Perhaps a truer expression of the king's respect for the Pope is to be found in the somewhat flippant utterances contained in lines 814-334.

1880. 8'il fallait rester roi 1 WTiat if I should have to remain a mere king,

1881. Bastl = in any event, from the Italian basta, enough, and usually written in French, baste,

1888. Peut-être on voudra d'uk césar? Perhaps she will look with favor upon a Caesar y i.e., an emperor,

1806. Corneille Agrippa. A scholar, alchemist, and philosopher, who ranks as one of the first of the half-philosophers, half-necromancers of his time, and his horoscopes were farfamed (1486-1535).

1807. treize étoiles, token of an ample majority, considering that there were but seven votes cast.

1400. Jean Trithdme. a scholar of wide learning who had studied alchemy, and was also accused of being a sorcerer.

1411. un fer de lance, a lance-Titad,

1412. soudard = a rough soldier, lansquenet, from the German landsknechty a foot-soldier, or yeoman.

1418. Dont l'estoc, vshose swords, Estoe means literally a moord point.

1417. Ils ont force canons, tliey have man^ cannons. Farce is here used as an adverb of quantity, but by exception does not require the prep. de.

1421. au grand carrefour de la fortune bumalne, in tJu crovided tquare of earthly fortune. Carrefour, while meaning* at times, a cross-road, also sig^nifles a public square, where several streets end, a center of local activity, and this interpretation seems to be warranted by the context in the present instance.

1426. au nécromant du coin vont demander leur route, go ask. their way of a street magician! It is doubtful whether Don Carlos despised the opinions of the astrologers as much as Hugo would have us believe, for the age was still a credulous one, and even a hundred years later, the great astronomer Kepler, was an astrologer as well, and cast many horoscopes.

1 420. gardien capitulalre, capitulary guard, i.e. , one appointed by the chapter, or ecclesiastical organization in the cathedral.

1433. Charlemagne, pardon! This second scene, a monologue of 166 lines has sometimes been criticized on account of its extreme length, and with reason, for it is only when in the hands of a veryskillful actor that it fails to seem a trifle monotonous. When well done, however, it becomes almost a dialogue, or at least a scene in which the great Charlemagne takes a vital, though unspoken part in everything. It seems often as if Hugo had Napoleon I. in mind when he wrote this speech.

1430. géant d'un monde créateur, giant of a creative world, i.e., leader at a creative or formative period in the world's history.

1441, 42. Ahl c'est un beau spectacle, etc., a?i! ^tis a sight to: stir the soul, what Europe was^ when he left it behind him. Que in 1. 1448 ^ is a conjunction introducing the phrase which is in apposition with spectacle in 1. 1441, and as such need not be translated.

1451. Double sénat, i.e., the électeurs, and the cardinaux.

1453. Qu'une idée, etc., let am idea one day appear, well suited to its time (and) .

1454. Elle grandit. Translate all t^ese present tenses as if future.

1457. Mais qu'elle entre, hut let it enter, Mais connects the que after it with the que in 1. 1453.

1458, 50. The object of verront \s Vidée esclave surgir (1.1460). The relative que after rois has tètes for its antecedent, and ses refers to Vidée,

1460. le globe, is the symbol of the Empire, while la tiare

refers to the Pope's triple crown. The Pope first wore "a round, high cap, which was afterwards encompassed witl; a crown, subsequently with a second, and finally with a third." (Webster).

1474. L'lm délie et l'autre coupe, onedroAoa {the thread of life from the *âÂfitaff) , and the other cuts it off. A direct reference to the old conception of the Fates, Clotho, Lachesis and Atropos, though Clotho, who holds the distaff, must here be omitted.

1478. avec son blanc suaire, in robe of white. As suaire lit^ erally, means a shroud, Hugo must have used it here, merely for the sake of the rhyme with sanctvuire.

1485-02. Le pape et l'empereur, etc.

"The Pope and Emperor were more than men, In them two Romes, in mystic Hymen joined.

Prolific were, giving new form and soul Unto the human race, refounding realms.

And nations, shaping thus a Europe new.

And both remoulding with their hands, the bronze Remaining of the great old Roman world."

(Crosland;.

1490. Annibal . . . AttUa. Hannihal^ the great Carthaginian general (247-183 b.c.). Attila, the terrible king of the Huns, who ravaged Europe in the first half of the 5th century and died in 453.

1501. Toyez la poussière. This calls to mind at once the passage in Hamlet, Act. V. scene 1~** Imperial Caesar, dead and turned to clay, etc."

1504. et Jamais ne dites. The emphatic word here is jamais, hence the inverted order.

1505. Taillez à larges pans, un édifice immense, hew out an edijlce immense with mighty waUs.

1508. Quelques lettres à faire épeler des enfants. Hugo evidently has in mind here a tombstone in a churchyard or cemetery, rather than the monument before him, for this cathedral vault can hardly be considered a juvenile playground where such spelling lessons would be possible.

1517. sur leur tête essuyer ses sandales. This sentiment might certainly be attributed with greater propriety to Napoleon I. ..than to Charles V.

1510. dues à fleurons, '* crowned" or' ^^sovereigfi dukes,^' (Perry).

1521. Clercs, scholara or students, i.e., literary men.

1 526. nous arrive fanfitre, cornes toualfkea blare of trumpets. The preposition enzsen q^ialUé de, should be supplied before the noun fanfare, or the words comme une, making fanfare a predicate nominative.

1527, 28. Des cités, des tours, etc., a mighty 8warm frœrn cities cmd from towers to sound the tocsin in the high church belfries. The phrase à sonner is used attributively after essaim, d signifying calculated to, or of a sort to, as in the phrase un spectacle d ravir,

1520. Base de nationB. Here the preposition de denotes the substance from which a thing is made. Compare the similar phrases chapeau de paille, une couronne d'or, leurs épaules. Here Uurs refers to lase and we might properly expect ses in its place. The plural idea in nations is responsible for the change.

1530. La pyramide . . . aux deux pôles. The pyramide is chosen to represent the feudal system with its ascending degrees of fealty and homage, but the figure becomes a mixed metaphor when reference }s made to the deux poles, representing emperor or pope. He really means to suggest a double-topped pyramid, but that is something of an anomaly. '

1531-34. FlotB vivants refers to &a«e de nations, while P, and la the object of balancent refer to pyramide as does ses in the phrase ses hautes zones,

1537. Ahl le peuple, etc. It is somewhat doubtful whether or not the future Emperor gave much thought to the people as here considered. Hugo is thinking of their power as shown in the French Revolution, and in his splendid earnestness ascribes the reverie to a man who could have hardly have indulged in it. Charles, it is true had passed the first seventeen years of his life in the democratic Netherlands, where the burghers were in power, but that was a restricted democracy, where the inhabitants of towns alone, had special rights. Hugo's idea is manifestly the modem one growing out of France's own recent experiences, and there is little to make one believe that the people as such, the illiterate, practically enslaved major part of the population of semifeudal Europe, were considered in the 16th century as an important factor in political affairs. The social structure of the time hardly admits of such a probability.

1539. Vague aui broie, etc. '^Sea which rends a throne and rocks a tomJ).''^ (Crosland).

1546-60. sachant qu'on n'est qu'un homme, etc. This was certainly no assertion of belief in the divine right of kings, such

as might have been expected from the ruler of so great a kingdom as Spain then was. Undoubtedly Hugo means to foreshadow that later day when Charles abdicated in favor of his son Philip.

1 600. ad augusta per angusta, to great things, through difflcuUies.

1602. Qui Vive? Who goes therel Whitney explains the use of the subjunctive here by saying that the expression means who [do you iDiah] may live long J i.e., on whose side are yout

1606. étranger par sa more, of foreign descent through his mother. The mother of Don Carlos was Joanna, heiress of Ferdinnand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, the joint rulers of Spain.

1624. meure comme un hébreu, i.e., showing stubborn fidelity to faith.

1 626. aux chevalets, an the rack,

1644. me la rends- tu 7 It should be noticed that Hernani here changes from the plural to the singular form of address, his growing excitement being the explanation for this fact.

1663. Charles-Quint is used rather than CfuirUs Cinq when speaking of the Emperor, so as to avoid any possible ambiguity. Quint so used requires a hyphen.

1673. J'al cru d'abord aue c'était Charlemagne. Here is the reason for the sudden scattering of the conspirators.

1684. vous Jugeant plus digne. Frederic thought that the immense power wielded by the king of Spain was necessary to the stability of the empire.

1607. Vivat, a Latin subjunctive used like the corresponding French form vive, meaning long life toi

1698. Entre dofla Sol. Dona Sol presumably has followed the Spanish court to Aix-la-Chapelle, having been taken by Carlos as an hostage from the castle of Don Buy Gomez, on his refusal to deliver up Hernani. .The Emperor doubtless desires her presence at this scene, hoping to impress her with his new honors. Nevertheless, her appearance in such a place and at such a time seems incongruous, and the spectator is bound to look on with surprise as she descends the broad stone staircase in the rear, into the very midst of the scene.

1707. la sentence au mur de Balthazar. Consult the Book of Daniel, chapter v.

1718. c'est une félonie, etc., it is a crime {for you, by this unworthy act) to strike from off your coal of arms the symbol of your own high rank. That is, Silva, if executed for his conspiracy, will make a blot upon the honored scutcheon of his family.

1716. Les rolB Rodrigue font les comtes «/alien. Rodrigue, or Roderick, the last king of the Visigoths in Spain, so dishonored one of his nobles, Comte Julien, the governor of Andalousia, that the latter through a spirit of revenge, opened Spain to the Moors in

1724-26. Segorbe . . . Oardona, etc. Small cities m Spain whose exact location is of no special importance in the understanding of this passage.

1 727. grand maître d'Avis. The order of St. Benedict of Aviz was founded in Portugal in the 12th century.

1745. c'est un titre à n'en point vouloir d'autres, and HU a title the like of which gives no desire for others of its hind.

1771. A la place du cœur, etc. It will be remembered that upon the banner seen by Charles-Quint at this time is pictured the twoheaded eagle, the symbol of the Empire, with the Spanish coat of arms upon its breast, indicating the newly elected ruler.

1775. Par saint Etienne, by St, Stephen. It is not definite what St. Stephen is referred to as there are at least two of this name, but probably the reference is to the first Christian martyr, said to have been stoned to death in the year 33 a.d.

1788. Et molt i.e., condemned to sorrow after giving up Dofla Sol.

1702. Al-Je bien dépouillé les misôres du roi? Have I put quite aside my kingly pettinessl

1704. la mitre de Rome, i.e., the papal power. Strictly speaking, the tiara is the pope's cap, while the mitre is worn by the bishops and cardinals. There is, however, a papal mitre^ as the Pope is also a cardinal and bishop of Rome. The mitre is like the tiara^ without the encircling crowns. See 1. 1460.

1803. Le danois à punir, a general reference to the Protestant revolt in the northern German states.

1804. Soliman, the Magnificent (1490-1566),, who was the greatest among the sultans of Turkey, reigning from 1520-1566.