en nature , in kind

1. 13. leudes. The exact position of this class has been a subject of much dispute. The word is often used (Waitz, il. 1, 348) for the ordinary freemen (Gemeinfreie). It seems the same word as the German leute, people. But in Frank history the word is applied to the great men of the kingdom, who surround, support and advise the King. Their functions are much the same in kind as those of the Witan in England. The leudes include the antrustions besides a number of others not easily classified.

1. 15. Vun de ses fils. This was Chramn, who had revolted against his father with the help of Conober, a Breton chief. He was defeated near Dol, taken, and burnt in a hut by order of his father. Lemercier in his play of Frêdêgonde et Brunehaut (Pitt Press Sériés) speaks of Chlothar’s remorse,

“ De Clotaire effrayé retracez-vous l’exemple.

Du triste Cramme à peine il devint le bourreau,

Qu’un noir spectre à hâté ses pas vers le tombeau”.

But this remorse does not seem to be historical.

1. 22. Cuise . The forest of Cuise extended along the whole left bank of the Oise.