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ASSIGNED VOCABULARIES
du matin au soir; la bonne cuisine; tout ce qu'il me faut
aider
cultiver
expédier
mettre en conserve pêcher
pêcher à la ligne planter retarder réveiller
prudente
la confiture
la conserve
la côte du Pacifique
la différence
la gorge
la marguerite
la nature
la pêcherie
la poire
la rosée
la saison ue» iruiib la sorte
la truite
la végétation
la verdure
bouillonnante centrale entière fatiguée
prudent superbe
40. le bonsoir le brochet le coucher du soleil le créateur le fruit
Farbre fruitier le gazon Pinsecte le labyrinthe le pêcheur le poirier le pommier le sapin le séjour le verger
bouillonnant
central
entier
fatigué
maritime
véritable
REFERENCE GRAMMAR
Introductory Remarks
Students will find on the following pages fréquent référence to such cases as the Nominative (or Nom., or N.) the Genitive (or Gen., or G.), the Dative (or Dat., or D.), and the Accusative (or Ace, or A.), Their respective meanings may be illustrated as follows: è.g'., —
(1) The boy sees the teacher.
The verb, in this sentence, is: sees; there are two questions to be answered in connection with that verb: (a) who sees? the answer to that first question is: the boy (Subject), which illustrâtes a Nominative case; (b) whom does the boy see? the answer to that second question is: the boy sees the teacher (Direct Object), which illustrâtes an Accusative case.
(2) The boy is writing a letter.
The verb comprises two words: is writing; the two questions to be answered are: (a) who is writing? Answer: the boy (Subject, i.e., Nominative case); (b) what is he writing? Answer: a letter (Direct object, i.e., Accusative case).
(3) The boy is writing a letter to the teacher.
Verb: is writing; Subject: the boy (Nominative); Direct Object: a letter (Accusative); there remains a third question in that sentence: to whom is the boy writing a letter? Answer: to the teacher (Indirect Object), i.e., & Dative case.
(4) The boy's teacher is explaining a lesson to the class.
Verb: is explaining; Subject: the teacher (Nominative); Direct Object: a lesson (Accusative); Indirect Object: to the class (Dative); there remains one more question to be answered in connection with the subject, i.e., with the teacher: whose teacher? Answer: the boy 's (Possessive case), i,e., a Genitive case.
(5) The boy's sister received two letters from her uncle and aunt.
Verb: received; Subject: the boy's sister (a Nominative and a Genitive); Direct Object: two letters (an Accusative); the question that remains to be answered is: from whom did the boy's sister receive two letters? Answer: from her uncle and aunt (Possessive case), i.e., a Genitive case.
(6) The letters brought good news to them.
Verb: brought; Subject: the letters (Nominative); Direct Object: good news (Accusative); Indirect Object: to them (Dative). The Indirect Object, in this case, is a pronoun (the Indirect Object Pronoun, in the third person Plural).
(7) Dogs are animais.
Verb: are; Subject: dogs; the verb are (to be) precludes any connection with any Direct, or Indirect Object; animais indicates in that case a predicate nominative.
In English, the distinction between certain adjectives and pronouns does not appear in the respective words themselves. The same word is used very often as an adjective or pronoun as well; e.g.,what, which, and that. In French, however, those words are différent ones according to whether they are adjectives, or pronouns. Students must, therefore, in connection with such words, distinguish very carefully, whether they are dealing with the adjective, or with the pronoun: e.g.,
(8) What is troubling you?
In this sentence, what is a pronoun; moreover, it is subject; its corresponding expression in French is qu'est-ce qui (p. 319, under INTER- ROGATIVE PRONOUNS, section (b), Nominative case).
(9) What did you say?
As in sentence No. 8, above, what is a pronoun, but it is a direct object; in French: qu'est-ce que, or que (p. 319, INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS, section (6), Accusative case, short form, and long form).
(10) What news did she bring?
In this instance, what is an adjective; its French équivalent is to be found on p. 317, under INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE; moreover, what news being a direct object, the Accusative form of the interrogative adjective must be used.
REFERENCE GRAMMAR
(11) Which is troubling y ou?
(Supposing the question refers to somebody's eyes) : which is a pronoun (interrogative pronoun singling out some individual object from among other ones of a same group); its French équivalent is to be found on p. 320, under No. 104, III, section (c) ; since the above interrogative pronoun, moreover, is a subject, the Nominative case must be used.
(12) Which do you mean?
This case illustrâtes the same pronoun as No. 11 above; only, which is here a direct object and requires to be used in the Accusative case in French.
(13) Which book is she reading?
In this sentence, which is an adjective; its French équivalent is on p. 317, under INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE; as which book is a direct object, the Accusative case must be used; and as book, in French, is masculine, the respective masculine form quel is required.
(14) The book which we read is in French.
In this case, which is neither an interrogative pronoun, nor an interrogative adjective; it is a relative pronoun. Its équivalent in French is to be found on p. 321, under No. 105; moreover, in the above sentence the relative pronoun which represents a direct object, and the corresponding Accusative form que is required.
(15) The house which over looks the town is new.
This sentence illustrâtes again which as a relative pronoun; only, which is a subject; its corresponding word in French is therefore qui (p. 321, No. 105, Nominative case).
(16) That happens every day.
In this sentence the word that is a pronoun, and it is the subject; its French équivalent is cela (p. 322, No. 107 (b) Nominative).
(17) Weknowthat.
The word that is the same pronoun as in sentence 16 above; but it is direct object; its French équivalent is cela (p. 322, No. 107(6), Accusative case).
(18) That book is in French.
In this case, that is an adjective (démonstrative adjective, p. 318, No. 99, Nominative).
(19) We bought that house.
The démonstrative adjective, that, is direct object (p. 318, No. 99
Accusative).
(20) He knows what he says.
The pronoun what, in the above case, is neither an interrogative adjective, nor an interrogative pronoun; it stands for that which (so-called ABSOLUTE "what"); it represents an Accusative case, being direct object of the verb says. Its équivalent in French is given on p. 321, No. 106, Accusative.
(21) I know what is troubling you.
In the above sentence, what is an ABSOLUTE "what" as in No. 20. It is subject in relation to the verb is troubling. Its French équivalent is given on p. 321, No. 106, Nominative.
(22) AU that remained was an upper berth.
that (équivalent to that which) as in the above sentence, must be rendered in French by the so-called ABSOLUTE "what" (p. 321, No. 106, and in this case Nominative).
REFERENCE GRAMMAR
Nouns
1. Every noun, in French, is either masculine, or féminine. The Assigned Vocabularies (pp. 250-291) show the French nouns grouped according to their gender. The gender of each noun must be memorized.
2. In French, as in English, nouns are used in the singular and in the plural. The plural of a noun is usually formed by adding s to the singular, e.g.:
élève (pupil) élèves (pupils)
3. Some nouns have an irregular plural. See pp. 312-314, No. 58-75.
Articles and Adjectives
4. French articles and adjectives agrée with their nouns in gender and number, i.e., they have their masculine and féminine forms in the singular and plural.
5. Articles: they are shown on p. 317, Nos. I, II, III, in their respective forms, masc. and fem., in the singular and plural; some of them, when used before nouns beginning with a vowel, or h mute, undergo slight changes which are included in the list of those articles, e.g.: —
