REFLEXIVE VERBS

143. (1) Reflexive verbs are conjugated with two conjunctive pronouns, the ordinary Subject Pronoun and the Reflexive.

(2) There are many verbs that are reflexive in French while there usual équivalent in English is not reflexive, e.g. :

se rappeler (to remember) s'arrêter (to stop)

(3) French reflexive verbs are conjugated as follows:f

(A) In the Affirmative :

se lever (consult p. 40, verb No. 23)

(this verb begins with a consonant)

Indicative

Subjunctive

Imperative

Présent

Future

je me lève

que je me lève

je me lèverai

tu te lèves

que tu te lèves

lève-toi*

tu te lèveras

il se lève

qu'il se lève

il se lèvera

nous nous levons

que nous nous levions

levons-nous*

nous nous lèverons

vous vous levez

que vous vous leviez

levez- vous*

vous vous lèverez j

ils se lèvent

qu'ils se lèvent

ils se lèveront '

Imperfect

Participles

Conditional

je me levais

je me lèverais

tu te levais

Présent

tu te lèverais

il selevait

il se lèverait

nous nous levions

se levant

nous nous lèverions

vous vous leviez

vous vous lèveriez

ils se levaient

Past%

ils se lèveraient

t Consult p. 318, No. I, the Conjunctive Pronouns (6th column, Reflexive).

* Notice the position of this pronoun (see p 319, No. 102 (3), and remember that it is no longer reflexive, but disjunctive (see p. 319, No. 103).

t The Past Participle of reflexive verbs ought to be omitted in this beginners' course, as it may readily be replaced by simple sentence constructions.

(A) In the Affirmative, (cont.)

s'exercer (consult p. 60, verb No. 139)

(this verb begins with a vowel)

Indicative

Subjunctive

Imperative

Présent

Future

je m'exerce

que je m'exerce

je m'exercerai

tu t'exerces

que tu t'exerces

exerce-toi*

tu t'exerceras

il s'exerce

qu'il s'exerce

il s'exercera

nous nous

que nous nous

exerçons-nous*

nous nous exercerons

exerçons

exercions

vous vous

que vous vous

exercez-vous*

vous vous exercerez

exercez

exerciez

ils s'exercent

qu'ils s'exercent

ils s'exerceront

Imperfect

Participles

Conditional

je m'exerçais

je m'exercerais

tu t'exerçais

Présent

tu t'exercerais

il s'exerçait

il s'exercerait

nous nous

s'exerçant

nous nous exercerions

exercions

vous vous

vous vous exerceriez

exerciez

ils s'exerçaient

ils s'exerceraient

IMPORTANT REMARK— Read carefully No. 142 (a) and (6), on pp. 335-336. The meaning of a reflexive verb form dépends largely upon its context, e.g. :

nous nous écrivons, obviously means we are writing to each other; nous nous appelons may mean (1) we are calling each other,

(2) we are called i.e., our name is. . . ;

* Notice the position of this pronoun (sec p. 319, No. 102 (3),andremember thatitisno longer reflexive, but disjunctive (see p. 319, No. 103).

(B) In the Négative :

! ne pas se lever (consult Négatives, p. 334, especially No. 138 (b).

Indicative

Subjunctive

Imperative*

Présent

Future

je ne me lève pas

que je ne me lève

1A tlA mû lûTTÛTQl

Je Ile IIlc lcVcidl

tu ne te lèves pas

pas

que tu ne te lèves

nef te lève pasf

pas

etc.

il ne se lève pas

pas

qu'il ne se lève

etc.

pas

etc.

ne nous levons

etc.

pas

ne vous levez

etc.

pas

Imperfect

Participles

Conditional

je ne me levais pas

Présent

je ne me lèverais

etc.

ne se levant pas

pas

etc.

Past§

etc.

* Notice the construction of this Imperative in the négative: the reflexive pronoun, in this case, is not replaced by the disjunctive pronoun (as in the corresponding Imperative affirmative on p. 336), and it remains in its normal position, i.e., it précèdes the verb, following the gênerai rule about conjunctive pronouns (p. 319, No. 102 (3).)

t As Imperatives in French are constructed without pronouns (except when some other conjunctive pronouns are connected with it in a sentence), the first part of the négatives, ne, cannot follow any subject; therefore it stands first.

§ See footnote (î) on p. 336.

VOCABULARY

a (a), see avoir.

à (a), prep., at, in, (before names

of towns), on, to, with.

abeille (a,bej),f., bee.

aboi- (aowa), see aboyer, aboyer (abwsije), to bark.

absolument (sLOsolymo), absolute-

abstinent (abstina), abstinent, abstinente (abstinent) , abstinent, accompagnement (a/côpan0mâ),

m., accompaniment.

accompagner (afcopane), to accom-

pany.

accompli (akopli), see accomplir, accomplir (akopUir), (p. 58, No.

126), to accomplish, to effect, to

finish.

s'accomplir (s&kopliir) , to be ao complished, to be performed.

achèt- (a$e:£), see acheter.

acheter (a$te) (p. 38, No. 13) to buy, to purchase.

actuel (sbktyel) , m., actuelle (Myel) , /., actual, real, présent.

addition (adisjo),}., addition, bill.

admirer (admire), to admire, to wonder at.

adroit (adrwa) , m. , adroite (&drwod) , /., dexterous, skilful, élever.

aéroplane (aeropZan), m., aéroplane

affaire (ajeir), /., thing, affair.

affaires (a/eir), /., business.

affectionné (afeksjone), loving, affectionate

affectueux (a,fekty0), m., affectueuse (a,fekty0iz),f., affectionate, cordial.

affiche (a/ij),/., poster, signboard.

affranchi (afrâfy), see affranchir, affranchir (afrâfyir) (p. 34, No. 42),

to prepay, to stamp, to make

free.

âgé (03e), aged, elderly, in years.

agneau (a no), m., lamb.

agricole (tigrikol), agricultural.

agriculteur (agrikyltœir) , m., agriculturist, far mer.

agriculture (agrikyltyir) , /., agriculture, tillage.

ai (e)} see avoir

aider (eide), to aid, to help, to

assist.

aigle (eigl0), m., eagle.

aiguille (egi\ij), /., needle, hand

(of a dial or watch), switch (on

railroads).

aile (eiZ),/., wing, aisle (of churches). aill- (a:j), see aller, aimer (eime), to love, to be fond

of, to like, to fancy, to delight

in.

aîné(e:ne), elder, senior, ainsi (ëisi), thus, therefore, ainsi que (ëisik0), as, as well as.

air (e:r), m., air, wind, look, ap-

pearance, aspect, avoir Pair (followed by a Gen.), to

look like.

en avoir Pair (ân&vwsurïeir) , to

look like it.

ajouter (&$ute), to add, to join, to

put to.

aller (aie) (p. 39, No. 20), to go,

to be going, to be in motion, to

run (of mechanical instruments).

aller au devant (alerod0vâ) , to

meet, to go to meet.

aller en automobile (alerânotomo-

bil), to motor. aller et retour (ale-ertuir) , return

(of railway tickets).

allo! (aZo), yes! (over the 'phone).

allumage (alymsn^), m., starter (of

motors), self-starter, allumette (alymet), /., match

(lighting).

allumer (alyme), to light, to kindle,

to set on fire.

s'allumer (s&lyme), to be lighted,

to blaze, to glare.

alors (aZo:r), then, at that time, in

that case.

Alpes (aZp),/., plur., Alps.

*Consult abbreviations and General Directions on page 377.

altitude (altityid), f., altitude, ambition (abisjd),f., ambition, âme (a:ra), /., soul, mind, spirit.

américain (amerikë), américaine

(amerikem) , American.

Amérique (amehfc), /., America, ami (ami), m., friend, boy friend.

amie (amii), /., girl friend.

Amiens (amje), m., city in Pic-

cardy, Northern France, amusant (amyza), amusante (amy-

zâit), amusing, entertaining,

funny.

amuser (am|/^), to amuse, s'amuser (samyze), to have a good

time; see also beaucoup, an (a), m., year.

ancien (asje), ancienne (âsjen), former, ancient, of old times.

Ancien Testament (âsjëtestama) , m., Old Testament.

Angleterre (âgl0te\r), /., England.

anglican (àglîkâ), anglicane (âglikan), Anglican.

animal (animal), m., animal; (plur.) animaux (animo).

année (anei), /., year.

annonç- (anôs), see annoncer.

annoncer (anzse), (p. 36, No. 2), to announce, to foretell, to signal (of trains).

août (u), m., August.

apparai- (apare), see apparaître.

apparaiss- (apares), see apparaître.

apparaître (apare:£r0), (p. 47, No.

61), to be in sight, to appear.

appartement (apar20ra&), m., apartment, room, suite of rooms.

appartenir (apart0niir) , (p. 57, No. 121), to belong,toappertain.

appartenu (apart0ny), see appartenir.

appartien- (aparté), appartienn- (apartjen), see appartenir.

appartiendr- (apartjêdr) , see appartenir.

apparu (apary), see apparaître.

appel (apel), m., appeal, roll-call.

faire.

appelé (apte), called, named.

appeler (aple), (p. 45, No. 52), to call, to name, to send for.

s'appeler (saple), (p. 45, No. 52), to be called, to style ones self; je m'appelle Louis (30raapeZ lui) my name is Louis.

appell- (apel), see appeler.

apercevoir (apers0vwa\r) , (p. 41, No. 26), to notice, to discover.

apercevr- (apers0*;r-), see apercevoir.

aperçoi- (aperswa), aperçoiv-

(aperswaw) , see apercevoir, aperçu (apersy), see apercevoir, appétit (apetï), m., appetite.

apporter (aporte), to bring. appren- (aprœn-), see apprendre, apprend- (apm), see apprendre, apprendre (apm!dr0), (p. 45, No.

49), to learn, to near of, to be

informed of.

apprenn- (apren-), see apprendre, appris (apri), see apprendre, approche (aproi$), /., approach,

access.

approcher (aproje), to approach, to

draw near.

s'approcher (sapro^e), to corne

near, to advance.

après (apre), after, next to, after-

wards.

après que (aprefc0) (before clauses) see après.

après-midi (apremidi), m., and/., afternoon.

arbre (arbr0), m., tree.

arbuste (arbyst), m-t shrub, bush.

arche (ar$), /., arch, ark.

archevêché (ar^ve^e), m., archbishopric, the archbishop's résidence.

ardoise (ardwaiz), /., slate.

argent (ar5&), m., silver, money, cash.

armer (arme), to arm, to furnish

with arms.

arpent (arpâ), m., acre, arrêter (arête), to stop, to arrest,

to put an end to.

s'arrêter (sarete), to stop, to pause,

to stand still, to hait.

VOCABULARY

arrivée (avive:), /., arrivai, arriver (arive),to arrive, to happen.

arroser (aroze), to water, to wet.

articuler (artikyle), to articulate,

to pronounce.

as (a), see avoir.

ascenseur (asâsœir), m., elevator.

aspect (aspe), m., aspect, view, sight.

asperge (asper$), /., asparagus, assemblée (asoblei), /., assembly,

meeting, congrégation (of

churches), audience, asseoir (aswair), to seat.

s'asseoir (saswair), (p. 43, No. 36),

to sit, to be seated, to perch.

assey- (asej), mostly used instead

of assoy- (see asseoir), assez (ase), enough, plenty.

assez bien (asebjë), rather well.

assied- (asje), mostly used instead

of assoi- (see asseoir), assiér- (asjer), opt. future (assoir-) Assiniboine (asinibwam) , /., As-

siniboine (tributary of the Red

River).

assis (asi), assise (asiiz), seated.

assister (asiste), to attend, to be présent at.

assoi- (elswsl), see asseoir.

assoir- (aswar), see asseoir.

assoy- (aswaj), see asseoir.

assurance (asyrchs), /., assurance, insurance.

assurer (asyre), to assure, to insure, to underwrite.

Atlantique (atlâtik), f., Atlantic.

atmosphère (atmosfeir), /., atmosphère, air.

attacher (ata^e), to fasten, to attach, to fix, to tack.

attend- (atâ), see attendre.

attendu (atâdy), expected.

attendre (atâidr0), (p. 38, No. 12), to expect, to wait, to wait for, to await.

attraper (atrape), to trap, to catch, to en trap.

au (o), (contraction of à le), to the, in the, at the, etc.; see also œufs, omelette, tarte.

au revoir (or0vwa\r), goodbye.

aujourd'hui (o^ura\i), to-day,

nowadays; see also Calendar

(Index), aur- (oir), see avoir, aurore (oroir),f., dawn, daybreak.

aussi (oisi), also, too, likewise.

aussi. . .que, see p. 302, No. 34.

aussitôt (oisito), immediately.

aussitôt que, forthwith, as soon as.

autant (oitâ), as much, as many,

so many.

d'autant plus (doitâply), the more

so.

autel (oitel), m., altar.

auto (oto),f., see automobile, autobus (otobys), m., motor bus.

automne (oiton), m., autumn.

automobile (otomobil), /., motor car.

autour (otuir), around, about.

autre (oitr0)

adj. : other, différent, second.

pron. : another, other, eise.

d'autres (do:tr0)f others, some

others.

autrefois (oitr0fwa), formerly, in former days, of old.

avaler (avale), to swallow.

avanç- (avâs), see avancer.

avance (avais), /., advance, distance in advance; en avance (ânavais), ahead of time, in advance, fast (of a clock).

avancer (avâse), (p. 60, No. 140), to advance, to be fast (of time), to step forward.

avant (avâ), before; en avant (ânavà), ahead, in front.

avec (avek), with, together with.

avenir (avniir), m., days to corne, the future, prospects.

avenue (avny:), /., avenue.

avocat (avoka), m., barrister, lawyer.

avoine (avwam), /., oats.

avoir (avivair), (p. 61), to have.

See also air, chaud, faim, froid, grand'faim, peur, soif, soin, sommeil.

ay- (ej)> see avoir.

bâche (6a:$),/., tarpaulin.

bagage (6agrai3), m., luggage, baggage.

bagage à main (ka^arne), m.,

handbags, grips, small luggage.

bague (6a#'), /., ring (jewellery).

baie (6e), /., bay.

Baie d'Hudson (bed'ydsô), /.,

Hudson Bay.

bain (6ë), m., bath.

baisser (bese), to let down, to

lower.

bal (6aZ), m., bail, dance.

balle (bel), /., bail; bullet.

banc (6a), m., bench, seat.

Banff, a mountain resort on the