Tribttnes, galleries

17. Heiduques, Hungarian foot-soldiers ; in this case, a servant dressed in the Hungarian fashion.

18. Mandat. Jean Antoine Gailliot, Marquis de (1731- 1792). He was captain in the *^ gardes-Françaises'' when that corps was disbanded in 1789, and was made major of a battalion of the National Parisian Guard. After Lafayette's dismissal, each chef de bataillon commanded, in turn, two weeks. At the time of the loth of August, Mandat was in command and occupied the Tuileries. He received orders to repuise force by force. The commune summoned him to the Hôtel de Ville on the morning of the loth of August, and questioned him as to his intentions. His answers were not satisfactory, and he was ordered to be conducted to the prison of the Abbaye ; but, on the steps of the Hôtel de Ville, he was massacred by the mob and his body thrown into the Seine.

19. On lui rafraîchissait les cheveux, they were trimming his hair.

20. Médias, the famous Florentine family of the Medici gave to France two queens, Catharine, wife of Henry II., and Mary, wife of Henry IV. The connection of Catharine with the massacre of St. Bartholomew, August 24, 1572, has made her memoiy especially infamous.

21. '^^ Et la garde gui veille aux barrières du Louvre," this is a quotation from the famous poem of Malherbe (1555- 1628), addressed to M. Du Perrier on the death of his daughter. The above line is found in next to the last stanza of the poem, an imitation of the Horatian

Pallida Mors sequo puisât pede pauperum tabernas Regumque turres.

La pauvre en sa cabane, où le chaume le couvre,

Est sujet à ses lois ; Et la garde qui veille aux barrières du Louvre, N 'en défend point les rois.

22. Le comité de surveillance de la Commune, It may be convenient to consider hère the great Revolutionary Committees in the following order : ist. The comité de salut public ; 2d, The comité de sûreté générale, which had supervision of the comités de surveillance which are not to be confused with, 3d, The comité de surveillance de la Commune.

ist. The comité de salut public was the successor of the comité de défense of the " Législative " and "Convention," and was formally constituted the 6th of April, 1793. The original members were Danton, Lacroix, Guyton, Morveau, Barère, Cambon, Delmas, Bréard, Treilhard, and Debry. The last declined to serve, and was replaced by Lindet. The committee was to be renamed from month to month, and was to supervise and accelerate the action of the ministers, and was empowered to suspend decrees which it deemed contraxy

to public interest, and îîi cases of urgcncy to take whatever measures might appear necessary, both internai and external. It was, moreover, obliged to report every week to the Convention. The committee sat in the Tuileries near the Convention. The committee exercised the right of arrest only over civil and military officers. Private individuals were under the jurisdiction of the comité de sûreté générale. The committee we hâve above described is known as the " Old Committee of Public Saiety," and lasted until the loth of July, 1793, when a new committee vras elected which " became the organ of Robespierre with a slight dash of Dantonism."

2d. The comité de sûreté générale existed under both the "Législative" and the "Convention." It constituted the Revolutionary police, and had complète charge of arrests, searches, etc. It had under its charge and direction the comités de surveillance, which were committees appointed by the people in the électoral districts. Their number, according to the law, was to reach 45,000 in the entire republic, but, as a matter of fact, did not exceed 21,500, The committees were revolutionary agencies for the surveillance and arrest of the suspected, for raising taxes, provisions, etc.

3d. The comité de surveillance de la Commune was appointed by the Municipality of Paris the I3th of August, 1792, consisting of fifteen members, to hâve charge of arrests, etc. The committee existed only in name until it was reorganized at the end of the month by the removal of the conscientious members, and the élection of others to take their place by the remainder of the committee. As finally constituted, on the morning of the 2d of September, it consisted of Duplain, Panis, Sergent, Jourdenil, Lenfant, Cally, Leclerc, Duffort, Marat, and Desforgues. This committee, if not originally responsible for the September massacres, managed and encouraged them, and formed the popular tribunal presided over by Maillard ; see " Législative," note 27.

23. Les barrières, the city gâtes, where the duty of the octroi was paid. The city of Paris was formerly surrounded by an enclosure with fif ty-six barrières.

24. Générale battue, same as the English mil. expression, to beat the gênerai, a particular beat of drum, which in the morning gives notice to the whole army to be in readiness to march. Hère, and usually in French, it simply means to beat the alarm.

25. Prison des Carmes- — V Abbaye — la Force — la Conciergerie — Bicêtre — Salpêtriere — St. Fimiin — Châtelet — Bernardins. The Revolutionary prisons of Paris may be divided into two classes — those originally used as prisons, and those temporarily devoted to this purpose. The most celebrated of the first class are : the Conciergerie, la Force, the Châtelet, Bicêtre, and la Salpêtriere.

The Conciergerie forms part of the Palais de Justice, which occupies the site of the ancient palace of the kings of France, and was presented by Charles VII. in 143 1 to the Parlement or suprême court of justice. The Conciergerie, which, before that time, had been the résidence of the porters of the palace (hence its name), became a prison. Hère were confined before their exécution, Ravaillac, Damiens, Louvel, and Fieschi. From this prison Marie Antoinette, Bailly, Malsherbes, Madame Roland, the Girondins, etc., passed to the guillotine in the [now] Place de la Concorde.

La Force, originally the Hôtel de Sicile, belonged at first to Charles of Anjou, brother of St. Louis and king of Sicily, and later to Jacques Chaumont, duc de la Force, from which it took its final name, Hôtel de la Force. It was transformed into a prison in 1780. In 1792 it became a political prison, and at its gâte in the little rue des Ballets, were massacred on the 2d and 3d of September 167 royalist prisoners, ainong them the princess de Lamballe.

The Châtelet (the little castle) origlnally built to protect one of the bridges across the Seine, was transformed into a fortress by Louis VI. and enlarged by St. Louis. It afterward became the seat of the provôt's court, with which Louis XIV. incorporated ail the spécial and separate jurisdictions of the city. At the beginning of the Révolution the political trials were held before this court, and at the September massacres 216 prisoners were hère killed.

Bicêtre is now a hospital just outside the fortifications of Paris, in the town of Gentilly. Until 1835 a vast prison was situated within the walls of the hospital, but is now replaced by the prison in the rue de la Roquette.

Salpêtrière, a hospital for women, dating back to Louis XIV. (1656), dérives its name from the saltpetre works formerly occupying its site. In 1720 a prison for lewd women was constnicted in the hospital.

The Châtelet and La Force hâve entirely disappeared. Bicêtre and la Salpêtrière are now used only for hospitals. The Conciergerie alone still serves as a prison.

The temporary prisons of the Révolution were those into which the suppressed conventual buildings were transformed. The most famous of thèse were the convent of the Carmélites, the Abbaye (St. Germain de Prés), the Bernardins, and St. Firmin.

The Carmélites, who took their name from Mt. Carmel, where their order was first established, came to France in the suite of St. Louis. They possessed a beautiful church dating from 1353, and their cloister was renowned for its art treasures. The convent was suppressed in 1790, and served as a manufactory for weapons.

The prison of the Abbaye formed part of the abbey of St. Germain des Prés, the church of which is still standing, and has an eventful history running back to 543. The abbey was one

of the largest and richest in the world, and owned durîng the Middle Ages more than half of southern Paris, and had under its temporal and spiritual jurisdiction the whole faubourg St. Germain. It possessed in conséquence strong dungcons, a gibbet, a pillory, etc. During the Révolution the abbey became a political prison, in which were crowded the royalists arrested after the loth of August, and the Swiss guards. Hère began the massacres of September ; one hundred and thirtyone prisoners were slaughtered hère, ninety-seven being liberated " by the judgment of the people." Madame Roland was imprisoned hère, and hère wrote her memoirs. Hère Charlotte Corday awaited her condemnation and exécution. The prison became a military prison under the Empire and Restoration.

The Bernardins (Cistercian monks, so called from the reformation introduced into their order by St. Bernard) possessed in Paris a collège founded in 1244. The church dated from 1388, and was used as a prison in 1792. During the September massacres, seventy persons condemned to the galleys, who were confined there, were slaughtered.

In 1624, St. Vincent de Paul established the Seminary of Missionary Priests, or Priests of St. Firmin, in the buildings formerly occupied by the Colle'ge des Bons-Enfants, which had been founded in the XIII. century, and among whose pupils was Calvin. At the Révolution the seminary buildings were transformed into prisons, and during the September massacres ninety-one priests were killed there.

Ail of thèse conventual prisons hâve been demolished, the Abbaye but a few years ago.

26. Damiens attempted to assassinate Louis XV. the 5th of Jan., 1757, and was executed on Wiq place de Grève after undergoing inconceivable tortures.