CONSTRUCTION
Article V.
Deiinitions.
The meaning of tlie principal technical and other expressions contained both in the Convention and in these Regulations, under the heading ot" Construction, is as follows : —
(L) The load mater-line is the water-line used in determining the sub-division
of the ship.
(2.) The length of the ship is the exti-eme length at th(î load water-line. (.S.) The breadth of the ship is the extreme width from outside of frame to
outside of frame at or below the load water-line. (4.) The bulkhead decl is the uppermost continuous deck to which all transverse
watertight bulkheads are carried.
(.").) The margin line is a line drawn parallel to the bulkhead deck at side line,
and 76 millimetres (equivalent tn three inches) below the upper surface of
that deck at side.
(6.) The draught is the vertical distance from the top of keel amidships to the
load water-line.
(7.) The freeboard is the vertical distance from the load water line to the margin
line amidships.
((S.) The depth of the ship is the sum of the draught and freeboard as above
defined.
(9.) The sheer oi the bulkhead deck at any point is the vertical distance between
the beam at side line at that point and a line drawn parallel to the load
water line at the height of the beam at side line amidships. (10.) If block coefficient of fineness of displacement to load water line is used,
this coefficient shall be determined as follows: —
Volume of displacement to moulded lines. Length x Breadth x Draug^ht.
(11.) The permeability of a space is the percentage of that space which can be
occupied by water.
The volume of a compartment which extends above the margin line shall be
measured only to the height of that line. Volumes shall be understood as
volumes to moulded lines.
(12.) The machinery space is to be taken as extending in length between the extreme main transverse watertight bulkheads bounding the spaces devoted to the main and auxiliary propelling machinery, including boilers when in still led.
Article V^I.
Floodable Length.
The floodable length at any point of the length of a ship shall be determined taking into consideration form, draught, and other limiting characteristics of the ship in question.
This floodable length for a given point in a ship with a continuous bulkhead deck is the maxinuim percentage of the length of thé ship (having its centre at the point in question) which can be flooded under the definite assumptions hereafter set fortli in Article VII. without the ship being submerged beyond the margin line.
In the case of ships not having a continuous bulkhead deck, the floodable length nuist be such as to secure to the ship in question, for each portion of its length, and For all conditions of trim after damage, a measure of safety at least equal in effectiveness to that laid down for tlie ship with continuous bulkhead deck.
Article VII.
Permeability.
The definite assumptions referred to in Article VI. relate to the permeabilities of tlie spaces in question below the margin line.
In determining the floudable length a luiiforni average permeability shall he used throughout the whole length of eacli of the three following portions of the ship : — (1.) The machinery space ;
(2. ) The portion forward of the machinei'y space ; and (3.) The portion abaft the machinery space. For steam ships the permeability of the machinery space, including the double bottom in wake thereof, shall be taken as eighty per cent. For ships fitted with internal combustion engines the corresponding permeability shall be taken as eighty-five per cent., unless it is proved by actual calculation that a lower figure may be a<loj)ted, pn)vi<led that in no case shall that figure be less than eighty per cent.
The jiermeabilities for spaces forward and aft of the machinery space shall be as follows : —
{(I.) Sixty per cent, in cargo spaces, bunkers (permanent or reserve), store-rooms,
baggage and mail rooms, chain-lockers, watertight shaft: or pi])e tunnels,
and fresh-water tanks above the double bottom.
It must be proved that the spaces just enumerated are practicable for the
jiurpose intended and that they are in fact to be so used. The; same
permeability shall not be assigned to any other space without the approval
of the Administration.
(Ik) Ninety-five per cent, in passenger and crew spaces, peaks, trimming-tanks
exchisively so used, double bottoms, and all other spaces not specifically
appropriated to one of the purposes indicated in the foregoing section [a).
If in a 'tn^een deck space enclosed by complete transverse permanent steel
bulkheads any portion thereof is appropriated to passengers, the whole (jf
that space shall be regarded as passenger space : and, similarly, 'tween
deck spaces appropriated for the carriage of either passengers or cargo
shall be regarded as passenger spaces.
Where the sj^aces before or abaft the machinery space below the margin line consist
partly of spaces mentioned in section (a) and partly of spaces mentioned in section (/>),
the average percentage of permeability shall be determined separately for each end by
the formula 95 — 35 r, where r is the ratio between the volume of the spaces mentioned
in section («) and the total volume of the space in the portion of the ship under
consideration.
Article VIII.
Permissible Length of Compartments.
(1.) The maximum permissible length of one compartment having its centre at any point in the ship's length is obtained from the floodable length (Article VI) bj' multiplying that length by an appropriate factor, called the factor of sub-division.
(2.) This factor of sub-division depends on the length of the ship, and, for a given length, varies according to the nature of the service for v/hich the ship is intended. This factor decreases in a regular and continuous manner — (a.) As the length of ship increases ; and
{b.) As, for a given length, the shi]i departs from the type of ship engaged in
a mixed cargo and passenger service, and approaches to the type of shij)
primarily engaged in the carriage of passengers.
(3.) For each of the two types of ships referred to in the pre\'ious paragraph
(2) (b) the variation of the factor of sub-division may be expressed by a curve, of which
the co-ordinates represent the length of the ship and the value of the fiictor. The
following table giA'es certain points on two curves the higher of which corresponds to the
minimum re^iuirements for the " mixed " type, and the lower to the minimum requirements
for the "passenger" type.
Tablk.
Metres.
Feet.
Metres.
Feet.
Column (A) o'ives the maximum permissible values of the factor of subdivision for the length of ships given in Columns (B) and (C).
Column (H) is ap^îlicalile to ships engaged in a mixed cargo and passenger service.
Column (C) is applicable to ships primarily engaged in the carriage of passengers.
(4.) For a given length, the value of the factor of subdivision appropriate to a ship between the two extreme limits will be between the values of the factors determined by the two curves before mentioned, and will be automatically fixed by a criterion of service which is to form the subject of further study.
Article IX.
(1.) When the factor t)f sul)division is equal to or less than '5, it may be doubled in order to give at any point of the ship's length the total length of two adjacent compartments ; but, in that case, the length of the shorter compartment of any pair shall not be less than one-ijuarter of the total length so obtained. If one of the two adjacent compartments is situated inside the machinery space and the second is situated outside the machinery space, and the average permeability of the portion of the ship in which the second is situated differs from eighty per cent., the length of the pair of compartments shall be adjusted to the j^rojjer value bv applying a suitable correction.
(2.) In no case whatever shall the length of any watertight compartment exceed 28 metres (equivalent to 92 feet).
(o.) When the factor of subdivision applicable to any ship is less than ".S^, but more than "ô, the combined length of the two foremost compartments shall not exceed the floodable length at the extreme forward end, provided also that the length of the second compartment is not greater than that permissible by Article Vllt. above and not less than 3 metres (equivalent to 10 feet).
(4.) When the length of the ship is more than 213 metres (equivalent to 699 feet) l)Ut less than 2.51 metres (equivalent to 823 feet) the floodable length at the forward end of the ship shall be at least 20 per cent, of the ship's length ; and the ship, forward of a bulkhead placed either at the distance of the actual floodable length abaft the stem or not nearer to the stem than 20 per cent, of the ship's length, shall be divided into at least three compartments.
(5.) When the length of the ship is equal to or greater than 251 metres (equivalent to 823 feet) the same method shall be adopted, but the floodable length shall be at least 28 per cent, and the number of compartments at least four.
(6.) A bulkhead may be recessed transversely, pi'ovided the sides of the recess are at a sufficient distance from the sides of the ship.
Vertical steps are inadmissible in the main transverse watertight bulkheads of shijis to which the sub-division rules of Article VIII. apply where the factor of subdivision is greater than '5, unless such arrangements are made by additional sub-division as shall maintain the same measure of safety as that secured by bulkheads without steps. The total length of the steps in any bulkhead shall not exceed 2 per cent, of the ship's length, plus 3 metres (equivalent to 10 feet).
(7.) The existence of recesses or steps in a bulkhead shall in no case affect the permissible volumes of the compartments adiacent to such bulkhead, as determined by this and the preceding Article.
Article X.
If the degree of safety of a ship is greater than that prescribed Ijy Articles VIII. and IX. above, and if the owner requests that this fact be recorded on the Safety Certificate, in accordance with Article 17 (paragraph 4) of the Convention, this request shall be accompanied with all the data necessary to justify the claim.
In such case, the record shall state the fact that the subdivision is equal or superior to that provided for a ship of equal length in Column (C) of the Table in Article VIII., with an additional statement gi\'ing the length of the ship m Column (C) whose factor of subdivision according to the rules would be exactly equal to that employed in determining the subdivision of the ship in question.
Values of length and factors fur lengths not specifically stated in Columns (C) and (A) respectively of" the Table in Article VIII. shall be obtained by interpolation.
Article XI.
i'cak and Machinery Space Bulkheads.
Ships shall he titti'd witli a forepejik bulkhead to extend to the biilkhiMil deck, and to the Aveather deck in ships havinji;' continuous super-structures. This bulkhead shall be placed at a distance of not less than o per cent, of the ship's length from the stem at the load water-line.
An afterpeak bulkhead and bulkheads dividing the machinery space from the cargo and tlie passenger spaces shall also be fitted and caiTied up to the bulkhead deck. The afterpeak bulkhead may, however, be stopped below the bulkhead deck, provided that it shall at least be carried to the first deck above the load water-line, and that such deck forms a watei-tiglit flat from the afterjjeak bulkhead to the stern, and also provided that the degree of safety of the ship as regards sub-division is not thereby dimished.
Article XII.
Fireproof Bulkheads.
In parts of a ship above the margin line there shall be fitted fireproof bulkheads which will ser\'e to retard the spread of fire. The mean distance between any two consecutive bulkheads of this description shall not be greater than 40 metres (equivalent to 181 feet). Recesses in these bulkheads shall be fireproof, and the openings in these bulkheads shall be fitted with fireproof doors.
Article XIII.
Exits from Watertight Compartments.
(1.) In i)assenger and crew spaces a pi'acticable means of esca^je tor the occupants shall be [jrovided fnjm each watertight compartment.
(2.) There shall be a means of escape for the crew fR)m each engine room, shaft tunnel and stokehold compartment independent of the watertight doors.
Article XIV.
Construction and Initial Testing of Watertight Bidkheads.
(1.) Watertight bulkheads shall be constructed in such a manner that they shall be capable of supporting, with a proper margin of resistance, the pressure due to a head of Avater up to the margin line.
(2.) .Steps and recesses in bulkheads shall be as watertight and as strong as the bulkhead at the place where each occurs.
Where frames or beams pass through a watertight deck or bulkhead, the watertightness shall be obtained by caulked angle chocks, or cast iron or steel chocks efficiently secured and rust-jointed, and not by wood or cement.
(3.) Testing main compartments by filling them with water is not compulsory. A complete examination of the bulkheads shall be made by a surveyor ; and, in addition, a hose test shall be made in all cases,
(4.) The foremost and aftermost compartments shall be tested with water to a head u]) to the margin line.
Double bottoms, deep tanks, and all compartments intended to hold liquids shall be tested with water to a head 2*44 metres (eight feet) above the top of the tank or to the load water line, whichever is the greater.
(5.) No change may be made in the structure of the bulkheads after the com2)letion of the survey without the permission of the Administi-ation.
(6.) All provisions relating to main transverse watertight bulkheads shall apply to longitudinal bulkheads, so far as is practicable.
Article XV.
Openings in Watertight Bidkheads.
(1.) Phe number of openings in watertight bulkheads shall be reduced to the minimum compatible with the design and proper working of the ship ; satisfactory means shall be provided for closing these openings.
(2.) No doors, sluice valves, manholes, or access openings are permitted — (a.) In the collision bulkhead below the margin line.
(b.) In watertight transverse bulkheads dividing a cargo space from an adjoining cargo space or from a reserve bunker, except as provided in paragraph (P'^ of this Article.
(o.) In the machinery space anfl apart from bunker and shaft-tunnel doors, not more than one door may be fitted in each main transverse bulkhead within the machinery space for intercommunication, but where more than one separate shaft tunnel is fitted a door may be cut for each tunnel.
If a tunnel is fitted forward either for the purpose of pipes or as a communication passage it shall be fitted with a watertight door.
(4.) The only types of watertight doors permissible are hinged doors, sliding doors, and doors of any other equivalent pattern, excluding plate doors secured only by bolts.
A hinged door shall be fitted with lever-operated catches workable fi'om each side of the bulkhead.
A sliding dooi- may have a horizontal or vei'tical motion. If hand-operated only, the door shall be capable of being operated at the door itself and also from an accessible position above the mai'gin line. If operated by power, it shall be capable of being operated from the bridge, and by hand both at the door itself and from an accessible position above the margin line. A door dropping by its own weight, and fitted with a cataract cyliu<^r or equivalent arrangement, may be considered as being operated by power, if capable of Ijeing released from the bridge.
(5.) In the case of watertight bunker doors, satisfactory arrangements shall be made by means of screens or otherwise, to prevent the coal from interfering with the closing of the doors.
(6.) Hinged watertight doors in passenger, crew, and working spaces are only permitted above a deck, the under side of which, at its lowest point at side, is at least ti'lo metres (7 feet) above the load water line, and they are not permitted in those spaces below such deck.
Hinged watertight doors of specially heavy design may be fitted above the load water-line m bulkheads between cargo tween-deck spaces. They shall be closed before the voyage commences, and kept closed while at sea by efficient closing gear. None of these doors shall be fitted, even at the ends of the ship, in a cargo 'tween-deck space in the amidship region of which 'tween-deck space it would not be permissible to fit such doors.
(7.) All other watertight doors shall be sliding doors.
(8.)— (rt.) When the number of watertight doors in the main transverse watertight bulkheads at or about the stokehold level in the machinery space exceeds five, excluding the watertight doors at the entrances of tunnels, all watertight doors situated below the load water line shall be capable of being simultaneously closed fi-om a statitm situated on the bridge, and their opening and closing shall be indicated at that station. The simultaneous closing of these doors shall be preceded by a warning sound signal.
(b.) If watertight doors which have sometimes to be open at sea for the purpose of trinnning coal are fitted between bunkers in the 'tween decks below the bulkhead deck, these shall be operated by power. The opening and closing of these doors shall be recorded in the official log book.
(f.) When trunkways in connection with refi:"igerated cargo are cai-ried through more than one main transverse watertight bulkhead, and the sills of the openings are less than 2"lo metres (7 feet) above the load water line, the watertight doors at such openings shall be operated by power.
(y.) Portable plates on bulkheads shall not be permitted except in machinery spaces. Such plates shall always be in place before the ship leaves jjort, and shall not be removed at sea except in case of urgent necessity. The necessary precautions shall be taken in replacing them to ensure that the joint shall be perfectly watertight.
(10.) All watertight doors shall be kept closed during navigation except when necessarily opened for the working of the ship, and shall always be ready to be immediately closed.
(11.) If trunkways for forced draught, for access from crew's accommodation to the stokehold or for any other purpose, are carried through the main transverse watertight bulkheads, the integrity of the watertight bulkheads shall be maintained by watertight doors or other equally effective means.
(12.) Where pipes, electric-light cables, &c., are carried through transverse watertight bulkheads below the margin line, arrangements shall be made to ensure the integrity of the watertightness of the bulkheads.
(13.) The number of sluice valves in watertight bulkheads shall be reduced to the minimum, and shall not be allowed except in positions where they are sufficiently accessible
at all times to allow of its being ascertained that they are in good order. They shall be strongly ctmstrncted, efficiently fitted, and regularly inspected. Satisfactory provision shall be made for operating tlieni from an accessible position above the margin line. Means shall be pro\icled for indicating when they are open or shut.
Article XVI.
Openings in Ship's Side.
(1.) {a.) Subject to clause {h^ below, when side scuttles are litted below a deck the under side of which at its lowest point at side is less than 2'lo metres (7 feet) above the load water line, they shall be permanently fixed.
{h.) Side scuttles which are ca])able of being opened may be fitted in the positions defined in clause (a), provided that —
they shall be closed watertight and locked before the ship leaves port ;
they shall not be opened during navigation ;
the time of opening such scuttles in port and of closing and locking them
before the ship leaves port shall be entered in the official log book ; the construction of such scuttles shall be such as effectively to prevent any person opening them without the consent of the master.
(f.) Scuttles fitted in the positions defined in clause (a) shall be provided with efficient metal shutters.
(2\) In 'tween decks above the deck mentioned in paragraph (T) («) uf this Article, opening side scuttles may be fitted except in spaces exclusively devoted to the carriage <jf cargo or coal.
(?>.) No side scuttles shall be fitted in any spaces which are exclusively devoted to the carriage of cargo or coal.
(4.) All side scuttles which are not accessible during navigation shall be fitted with efficient metal covers, and both the glass and the cover shall be kept closed during navigation. ^
(5.) No automatic ventilating scuttles shall be fitted in the ship's side below the margin line.
(6.) All inlets and discharges in the side shall be arranged so as to prevent any accidental admission of water into the ship.
(7.) The number of scuppers, sanitary discharges, and other similar openings in the side shall be I'educed to the minimum, either by making each discharge serve tor as many as possible of the sanitary and other pipes or in any other satisfactory manner.
(8.) Discharges led through the ship's skin from spaces below the margin fine shall be fitted with efficient and accessible means for preventing water from passing inwards. It is permissible to have either one valve, fitted with a means of working it at a distance, or two valves without such gear, one of these valves being always accessible. In either case, the accessibility of the valves or of the means of working shall be assured by their being situated above the deck referred to paragraph (1) (a) of this Article.
(9.) In no case shall gangway, cargo, and coaling ports be fitted below the load water line. None of these ports shall be fitted, even towards the ends of the ship, in a space below the lowest 'tween deck space in the amidship region of which it is permissible to fit such ports.
(10.) Gangway, cargo, and coaling ports in the ship's side below the margin line shall be effectively closed and made secure before the ship leaves port, and kept closed during navigation.
(11.) The inboard openings of ash-shoots, rubbish-shoots, &c., shall not be lower than the deck referred to in paragraph (1) (a) of this Article. They may be permitted above this deck |if fitted, to the satisfaction of the Administration, with covers, which shall be watertight if below the margin line. Such covers shall be so arranged as to prevent their being clogged in any way, and shall be at least as easily and effectively closed as watertight doors and side scuttles.
AUTICLE XVII.
Construction and Tests of Watertight Doors, Side Scuttles, i^-c.
(1.) The design and the materials used in the construction of watertight doors, side scuttles, gangway, coaling, and cargo ports, valves, pipes, ash and rubbish shoots shall be to the satisfaction of the Administration.
(2.) Watertight doors shall be tested liy fi water pressure equal to that prescribed for tlio hulkhoad where the doors are located. The test shall be made before the vessel is put ill service, and either before or after the door is fitted.
Articlk XVIII.
Construction avd Initial Tests of Watertight D'iris, Trunks, cfr.
(1.) Watei'tight decks, trunks, and ventilators shall be of the same strength as the watertight bulkhead at the place where they occur. Tlie means used for making them watertight and the arrangements adopted for closing the openings in them shall be to the satisfaction of the Administration. If watertight covers are used for closing these openings, they shall be fitted in place before the ship leaves port, and kept closed during navigation.
(2.) After completion a hose or flooding test shall be applied to watertight decks and a h()se test to watertight tnuiks. Watertight ventilators and trunks shall be carried at least up to the margin line.
(3.) No change shall be made in the structure of watertight decks, trunks and ventilators after the survey without the permissitm of the Administration.
Article XIX,
Periodical Operation and Inspection of Watrrtight Doors, tÇr.
In all ships defined in Article 2 of the Convention, drills for the operating of watertight doors, side scuttles, valves, and closing mechanisms of scuppers, ash-shoots and rubbish-shoots, shall take -place periodically during the voyage. A complete drill shall take place before leaving port, a second as soon as practicable after leaving port, and others thereafter at least once a week during the voyage. Provided that all watertight power doors and hinged doors in main transverse bulkheads in use at sea shall be operated daily.
The watertight doors and all mechanisms and indicators connected therewith, and all valves the closing of which is necessary to make a compartment watertight, shall be periodically inspected at sea, at least once a week.
Article XX.
Entries in the Official Log Book.
In all ships defined m Article 2 of the Convention, hinged doors, portable plates side scuttles, gangway, cargo and coaling ports, and other openings, which are required by the preceding rules to be kept closed during navigation, shall be closed before the ship leaves port. The time of closing, and the time of opening (if permissible under these Regulations), shall be recorded in the official log book.
A record of all drills and inspections required by Article XIX shall be entered in the official log book with an explicit record of any defects.
Article XXI.
Double Bottoms.
(1.) In ships 61 metres (equivalent to 200 feet) and under 76 metres (equivalent to 249 feet) in length, a double bottom shall be fitted at least from the machinery space to the forepeak bulkhead, or as near thereto as practicable.
(2.) In ships 76 metres (eauivalent to 249 feet) and under 91*ô meti'es (equivalent to oOO feet) in length, a double bottom shall be fitted at least outside of the machinery space and shall extend to the fore and after peak bulkheads respectively, or as near thereto as practicable.
(3.) In ships 91'5 metres (equivalent to 800 feet) and over in length, a double bottom shall be fitted amidships and shall extend to the fore and after peak bulkheads respectively, or as near thereto as practicable.
(4.) In ships o\er 91*5 metres (e(piivalent to 300 feet) in length, the inner bottom shall be continued out to the ship's side in such manner as to protect the bilges.
(5.) In ships over 213 metres (equivalent to 699 feet) in length, the double bottom, for at least half the ship's length amidships and forward to the forepeak bulkhead, shall
extend nj) the ship's sides to a height above the top of the keel not less than 10 per cent, of the ship's moulded breadth.
(6.) Wells constructed in the double bottom in connection with the drainage ari'angements shall not extend downwards from the inner bottom more than half the depth of the double bottom at that point. A well extending to the outer skin is. h()Wo\er permitted at the after end of the shaft tunnels of screw ships.
Article XXII.
Going Astern.
Ships shall have sufficient ])ower for going astern to secure proper control of the ship in all circumstances.
Article XXIII.
Aiixiliary Steering Apparatus.
Ships shall be jjrovided with an auxiliary steering apparatus, which, however, may be of less power than the main apparatus, and need not be worked by steam or other, mechanical power.
Article XXIV.
Initial and Subsequent Surveys of Ships.
Every ship defined in Article 2 of the Convention shall be subjected at least to the foUovidng surveys, as specified in detail in Article XXV below : {A) A survey before the ship is put in service ; (£) Periodical surveys, once each year ; (6^) Additional surveys, as occasion arises. .
Article XXV.
The surveys referred to in the previous Article shall be carried out as follows : —
{A) The survey before the ship is put in service shall include a complete inspection of the hull, machinery, and equipments, including the outside of the ship's bottom, and the inside and (jutside of the boilers.
This survey shall be such as to ensure that the arrangements, material, and scantlings of the hull, boilers, and their appurtenances, main and auxiliary [machinery, life-saving appliances and other equipments, fully comply with the requirements of this Convention and of the detailed regulations promulgated by the Government of the contracting State to which the ship belongs for ships of the service for which it is intended. The survey shall also be such as to ensure that the workmanship of all parts of the ship and its equipments is in all respects satisfactory.
{B) The periodical survey shall include an inspection of the whole of the hull, boilers, machinery, and equipments, including the outside of the ship's bottom. The survey shall be such as to ensure that the ship, as regards the hull, boilers, and their appurtenances, main and auxiliary machinery, life-saving appliances, and other equipments, is in satisfactory condition and fit for the service for which it is intended, arid that it complies with the requirements of this Convention, and of the detailed regulations promulgated as a result thereof by the Government of the State to which the ship belongs.
(6') A survey, either general or partial, according to the circumstances, shall be made every time an accident occurs or a defect is discovered which affects the safety of the ship or the efficiency or completeness of its life-saving appliances or other equijiment, or any important repairs or renewals are made. The survey shall be such as to ensure that the necessary repairs or renewals have been effectively made, that the material and workmanship of such repairs or renewals are in all respects satisfactory, and that the ship complies in all respects with the provisions of this Convention and of the detailed regulations promulgated as a result thereof by the Government of the State to which the ship belongs.
lOô
Article XXVI.
The detailed regulations referred to in Article XXV shall prescribe the requirements to be observed as to the initial and subsequent hydraulic tests to which the main and auxiliar}' boilers, connections, steam-pipes, high pressure receivers, and fuel tanks for oil motors are to be submitted, as regards the test pressure to be applied, and the intervals between two consecutive tests.
Main and auxiliary boilers, connections, tanks, receivers, and steam-|)iping more than 102 millimetres (four inches) in diameter shall be satisfactorily tested by hydraulic pressure when new and thereafter periodically.
The initial and subsequent tests of the boilers shall take place under the following conditions :
The test pressure shall be not less than one-and-a-half times the working pressure, or five atmospheres above the working pi'essure, whichever is the les.s. If the pressure at the initial test does not exceed the working pressure by more than five atmospheres the interval between two consecutive tests shall not exceed two years. With a higher pressure at the initial test this interval may be increased, and if the pressure at the initial test is double the working ])ressure, the interval may be six years, but it shall in no case exceed that period.
Life Saving Appliances and Fire Protection.
Article XXVII.
Standard Types of Boats.
The standard types of boats are classified as follows : — Class. Section. Type.
y f -^ Open. Internal buoyancy only,
/■n J.- 1 • -J -J N -\ B Open. Internal and external buoyancy. (Entirely rigid sides). ^ . n^„,„^„^ WpII Hp.V • fi.pH r..iL\2f
C Pontoon. Well deck ; fixed watertight bulwarks. A Open. Upper part of sides collapsible.
,p . ,, ,- -I, •f] ") "1 B Pontoon. Well deck ; collapsible watertight bulwarks. (^ ar la y p i C Pontoon. Flush deck ; collapsible watertight bulwarks.
Motor boats may be accepted if they comply with the requirements laid down for boats of the first class, but only to a limited number, which number shall be determined by each Government in its own regulations.
No boat may be approved the buoyancy of which depends upon the previous adjustment of one of the principal parts of the hull, or which has not a cubic capacity of at least 3 '5 cubic metres (equivalent t(j 125 cubic feet).
Article XXVIII.
Boats of the First Class.
The standard types of boats of the first class must satisfy the following conditions : —
lA. Open boats with internal buoyancy only.
The buoyancy of a wooden boat of this type shall be provided by water-tight aircases, the total volume of which shall be at least equal to one-tenth of the cubic capacity of the boat.
The buoyancy of a metal boat of this type shall not be less than that required above for a wooden boat of the same cubic capacity, the volume of watertight air-cases being increased accordingly.
IB. Open boats icith internal and external buoyancy.
The internal buoyancy of a wooden boat of this type shall be provided by watertight air-cases, the total volume of which is at least equal to seven and a half per cent. of the cubic capacity of the boat.
The external bnojancy may be of cork or ul' any other equally efficient material but such buoyancy sliall not be secured by the use of rushes, cork shavings, loose granulated cork or any other loose granulated substance, or by any means dependent upon inflation by air.
If the buoyancy is of cork, its volume, for a wooden boat, shall not be less than thirty-three thousandths of the cubic capacity of the boat ; if of any material oth(n- than cork, its volume and distiibution shall be such that the buoyancy and stability of the boat are not less than that of a similar boat provided with buoyancy of cork.
The buoyancy of a metal boat shall be not less than that required above for a wooden boat of the same cubic capacity, the volume of the air-cases and external buoyancy being increased accordingly.
1 C. Pontoon boats, in irhrch persons cannot he accommodated below the deck, having a icell
deck and fixed watertight bulwarks.
The area of the well deck of a boat (jf this type shall be at least 30 per cent, of the total deck area. The height of the well deck above the water line at all points shall be at least equal t(j one-half per cent, of the length of the boat, this height being increased to one and a half per cent, of the length of the boat at the ends of the well.
The freeboard of a boat of this type shall be such as to provide fora reserve buoyancy of at least thirty-five per cent.
Article XXIX.
Boats of the Second Class.
The standard types of boats of the second class must satisfy the following conditions : —
2A. Open boats having the upper part of the sides collapsible.
A boat of this type shall be fitted both with watertight air-cases and with external buoyancy, the volume of which, for each person which the boat is able to accommodate, shall be at least equal to the following amounts : —
Cubic Decimetres. Cubic feet.
Air cases ... ... ... ... 43 1'5
External Buoyancy (if of cork) ... 6 0"2
The minimum freeboard of boats of this type is fixed in relation to their length ; it is measured vertically to the top of the solid Ijull at the side amidships, from the waterlevel when the boat is loaded.
The freeboard in fresh water shall not be less than following amounts : —
Length of the Boat.
Metres.
Equivalent in feet to
Minimum Freeboard.
Millimetres.
Equivalent in inches to
The freeboard of boats of intermediate lengths is to be found by interpolation.
2B. Pontoon boats having a well deck and collapsible bulwarks.
All the conditions laid down for boats of type IC are to be applied to boats of this type, which differ from those of type IC only in regard to the bulwarks.
2C. Pontoon boats, in which the persons cannot be accommodated below deck, having a /lush
deck and collapsible bulwarks.
The minimum freeboard of boats of this type is independent of their lengths and depends only upon their depth. The depth of the boat is to be measured vertically from the underside of the garboard strake to the top of the deck at the side amidships and the freeboard is to be measui'ed from the top of the deck at the side amidships to the water level when the boat is loaded.
io'i
The freeboard in fresh water shall not be less than the following amounts, which are applicable without correction to boats having a mean sheer equal to three per cent, of their len<>th : —
Depth of Boat.
Millimetres. Equivalent, in inches, to
Minimum Freeboard.
Millimetres.
Equivalent, in inches, to
For intermediate depths the freeboard is obtained by interpolation.
If the sheer is less than the standard sheer defined above, the mininuuii freeboard is obtained by adding to the figures in the table one-seventh of the difference between the standard sheer and the actual mean sheer measured at the stem and stern post ; no deduction is to be made from the freeboard on account of the sheer being greater than the standard sheer or on account of the camber of the deck.
Article XXX.
Motor Boats.
When motor boats are accepted, the volume of internal buoyancy and, when fitted, the external bouyancy, must be fixed, having regard to the difference between the weight of the motor and its accessories and the weight of the additional persons which the boat could accommodate if the motor and its accessories were removed.
Article XXXI.
Arrangements for clearing Pontoon Lifeboats of Water.
All pontoon lifeboats shall be fitted with efficient means for quickly clearing the deck of water. The orifices for this purpose shall be such that the water cannot enter the boat through them when they are intermittently submerged. The number and size of the orifices shall be determined for each type of boat by a special test.
For the purpose of this test the pontoon boat shall be loaded with a weight of iron equal to that of its complement of persons and equipment.
In the case of a boat 8"5 metres in length (equivalent to 28 feet) two tons of water shall be cleared from the boat in a time not exceding the following : —
Type IC ... ... ... ... ... 60 seconds.
In the case of a boat having a length greater or less than 8'5 metres (equivalent to 28 feet) the weight of water to be cleared in the same time shall be, for each type, directly proportional to the length of the boat.
Article XXXII.
Construction of Boats.
Open lifeboats of the first class (types 1A and IB) must have a mean sheer at least equal to four per cent, of their length.
The air-(xises of open boats of the first class shall be placed along the sides of the boat ; they may also be placed at the ends of the boat, but not in the bottom of the boat.
Pontoon lifeboats may be built of wood or metal. If constructed of wood, they shall have the bottom and deck made of two thicknesses with textile material between ; if of metal, they shall be divided into watertight compartments with means of access to each compartment.
All boats shall be fitted for the use (,)f a steering oar.
Article XXXIII.
Pontoon Rafts.
No type t)t' piMitooii raft ina}' be approved unless it satisfies the following conditions : —
1. It should be reversible and fitted with bulwarks of wood, canvas or other
suitable material on both sides. These bulwarks may be ctjllapsible.
2. It should be of such size, strength and weight that it can be handled without
mechanical appliances, and, if necessary, be thrown from the vessel's deck, o. It should have not less than 85 cubic decimetres (equivalent to three cubic feet) of air-cases or equivalent buoyancy for each person whom it can accommodate.
4. It should have a deck area of not less than o,720 square centimetres (equivalent
to four square feet) lor each person whom it can accommodate and the platform should not be less than 15 centimetres (equivalent to six inches) above the water level wlieu the raft is loaded.
5. The air-cases or equivalent bouyancy should be placed as near as possible to the
sides of the rait.
Article XXXIV. Capacity oj Boats and Pontoon Rafts.
1 . The number of persons which a boat of one of the standard tyjjes or a pontoon raft can accommodate is equal to the greatest whole number obtained by dividing the capacity in cubic metres (or cubic feet), or the surface in square metres (or sijuare feet), of the boat or of the raft by the standard unit of capacity, or unit of surface (acc<jrding to ch'cumstances), defined below for each type.
2. The cubic capacity in metres of a boat in which the number of persons is determined by the surface shall be assumed to be 0'28o times the number of persons which it is authorised to carry.
3. The standard units of capacity and surface are as follows : —
Unit of Capacity. Cubic Meti'es. A , .' t^
Open boats. Type lA. 0-283 10
Open boats. Type IB. 0-255 9
Unit of Surface. Square Metres. ." ,. .
^ Square reet.
Open boats. Type 2 A. l (>•'-!'>■ "'
io-3:
Pontoon boats. Type 2C
„ „ Type IC. I Q.3Q2 31
ÎJ
„ Type 2B.
• 4. The Government of each High Contracting Party may accept, in place of 0-302 (3j), a smaller divisor, if it is satisfied after trial that the number of persons for whom there is seating accommodation in the pontoon boat in question is greater than the number obtained by ai)plying the above divisor, 2)i'ovided always that the divisor adopted in place of 0-302 (3^) may never be less than 0-279 (0).
The Government which accepts a lower divisor in this way shall communicate to the Go\'ernments of the other Contracting Parties particulars of the trial and drawings of the pontoon -boat in question.
Article XXXV.
Capacity Limits.
Pontoon boats and pontoon rafts shall never be marked with a number of persons greater than that obtained in the manner specified in these Regulations. This number shall be reduced : —
(1) When it is greater than the number of persons for which there is proper seating accommodation, the latter number bemg deternnned in such a way that the persons when seated do not interfere in any way with the use of the oars.
(2) Wlien, ill the case of boats other than those of the first two sections of the first class, the ti-eeboard when tiie boat is fully loaded is less than the freeboard laid down for each type respectively. In such circumstances the number shall be reduced until the freeboard when the boat is fully loaded is at least equal to the standard freeboard laid down above.
In boats of types IC and 2B the raised part of the deck at the sides may be regarded as affording seating accommodation.
Article XXXVI.
Equivalents for and Weight of the Persons.
In the tests for determining the number of persons which a boat or pontoon raft can accommodate each person shall be assumed to be an adult person wearing a life-jacket.
In verifications of freeboard the pontoon-boats shall be loaded with a weight of at least 75 kilogrammes (165 lbs.) for each adult person that the pontoon boat is authorised to carry.
In all cases two children under 12 years of age shall be reckoned as one person.
Article XXXVII.
Cubic capacity of Open Boats of the First Class.
1. The cubic cajiacity of an open boat of type 1 A or IB shall be determined by Stirling's (Simpson's) Rule or by any other method giving the same degree of accuracy. The capacity of a square-sterned boat shall be calculated as if the boat had a pointed stern.
2. For example, the capacity in cubic metres (or cubic feet) of a boat, calculated by the aid of Stirliuii^'s Rule, may be considered as given by the following formula : —
Capacity = ^ (44 + ^B + AC)
I being the length of the boat in metres (or feet) from the inside of the planking or plating at the stem to the corresponding point at the stern post ; in the case of a boat with a square stern the length is measured to the inside of the transom.
4, B, C denote respectively the areas of the cross-sections at the quarter length forward, amidships, and the quarter length aft, which correspond to the three points obtained by dividing / into four equal parts (The areas corresponding to the two ends of the boat are considered negligible).
The areas .1, B, C shall be deemed to be given in square metres (or square feet) by the successive application of the following formula to each of the three cross-sections : —
h Area = — {a + Ab + 2c + id + e)
h being the depth measured in metres (or in feet) inside the planking or plating from the keel to the level of the gunwale, or, in certain cases, to a lower level, as determined hereafter.
a, ^, f, rf, e denote the horizontal breadths of the boat measured in metres (or in feet) at the upper and lower points of the depth and at the three points obtained by dividing h into four equal parts (a and e being the breadths at the extreme points, and c at the middle point, of Â).
3. li the sheer of the gunwale, measured at the two points situated at a quarter of the length of the boat from the ends, exceeds 1 per cent, of the length of the boat, the depth employed in calculating the area of the cross-sections A or C shall be deemed to be the depth amidships plus 1 per cent, of the length of the boat.
4. If the depth of the boat amidship exceeds 45 per cent, of the breadth, the depth employed in calculating the area of the midship cross-section B shall be deemed to be equal to 45 per cent, of the breadth, and the depth employed in calculating the areas of the quarter length sections A and C is obtained by increasing this last figure by an amount eqvial to 1 per cent, of the length of the boat, provided that in no case shall the depths employed in the calculation exceed the actual depths at these points.
5. If the depth of the boat is greater than 122 centimetres (equivalent to 4 feet) the number of persons given by the applicatiou of this rule shall be reduced in proportion to
no
the ratio of 1:32 centimetres to the actual dcjith, until the boat has been .satisfactorily tested ufioat with that number of persons on board all wearing Hfe jackets.
6. Each Administration shall imj)ose, by suitable formuhe, a limit for the number of persons allowed in boats with very tine ends and in boats very full in form.
7. Each Administration reserves the right to assign to a boat a capacity equal to the product of the length, the breadth and the depth multiplied by 0'6 if it is evident that this formula does not give a gi-eater capacity than that obtained by the above method. The dimensions shall then be measured in the following manner : —
Length : From the inter-section of the outside of the planking with the stem to the corresponding point at the stern post or, in the case of a square sterned boat, to the after side of the transom.
Breadth : From the outside of the planking at the point where the breadth of the boat is greatest.
Depth : Amidships inside the planking from the keel to the level of the . gunwale, but the depth used in caculating the cubic capacity may not in any case exceed 45 per cent, of the breadth.
In all cases the ship owner has the right to require that the cubic capacity of the boat shall be determined by exact measurement.
8. The cubic capacity of a motor-boat is obtained from the gross capacity by deducting a volume equal to that occupied by the motor and its accessories.
Article XXXVIII.
Deck area of Pontoon Boats and Open Boats of the Second Class.
1. The area of the deck of a pontoon boat of type Ic, 2b, or 2c shall be determined by the method indicated below or by any other method giving the same degree of accuracy. The same I'ule is to be a^splied in determining the area within the fixed bulwarks of a boat of type 2a.
2. For example, the surface in square metres (or square feet) of a boat may be deemed to be given by the following formula : —
Area = yg (2a + 1-56 + 4c + I'bd + 2e).
I being the lem/th in metres (or in feet) from the inter-section of the outside of the planking with the stem to the corresponding point at the stern post.
«, h, f, d, e denote the horizontal breadths in metres (or in feet) outside the planking at the points obtained by dividing I into four equal parts and sub-dividing the foremost and aftermost parts into two equal parts (a and e being the breadths at the extreme subdivisions, c at the middle point of the length, and b and (/ at the intermediate points).
Article XXXIX.
Markiny of Boats and Pontoon Rafts.
The diroensions of the boat and the number of persons which it is authorised to carry, shall be marked on it in clear permanent characters. These marks shall be specifically apprcjved by the officers appointed to inspect the ship.
Pontoon rafts shall be marked with the number of persons in the same manner.
Article XL.
Eqitipment of Boats and Pontoon Rafts.
