was an angel, see Hosea
xii, 4 Jacquart or Jacquard (1 752-1834) :
inventor of a loom which bears
his name Jaffa : Jaffa or Joppa, the seaport
of Palestine, stormed by Napoléon in 1799 Japhet : Japheth, one of the sons
of Noah Jardin des plantes : the famous
botanical and zoological gardens
of Paris
GLOSSARY or NAMES
Jérôme (about 340-420) : Jérôme, the most learned of the early Latin church fathers. He spent years of retreat in lonely places
Josaphat: Jehoshaphat. Thevalley of Jehoshaphat, where Jehovah was to judge the heathen, is mentioned in Joël iii, 2, 12
Josué : Joshua. See Joshua vi for description of the destruction of the walls of Jéricho by Joshua
Jubal : see Gen. iv, 21
Judas: the betrayer of our Lord
Judith : a Jewish heroine who saved her native town, Bethulia, by a deed of great daring. She made her way into the tent of Holofernes, gênerai of Nebuchadnezzar, and plied him with wine till he sank overpowered upon his couch. Then she eut off his head and carried it away with her. See the Book of Judith in the Apocrypha
Jupiter : the chief of the Roman gods
Juvénal : Juvenal, the famous Roman satirist, born about 55 a.d.
Kant (1 724-1 804) : the celebrated German philosopher
Kremlin : an inclosure in the center of Moscow in Russia, containing cathedrals, palaces, etc.
Lafayette (17 57-1834) : a famous French gênerai and statesman ; he took an active part in the American Révolution
Lais : a celebrated Greek courtesan of the fifth century b.c.
Lannes (1769-1809) : a famous Napoleonic gênerai ; wounded at Essling, he died at Vienna, and was buried first in the Invalides, afterwards in the Panthéon
Latude (1 725-1 805) : a famous prisoner, who made ingenious attempts to escape, sometimes successfully ; he was regarded at the time of the Révolution as a victim of despotism
Lausanne : a town in Switzerland, on the north shore of the Lake of Geneva (or Lake Léman)
Lépante : Lepanto, a port of Greece, on the Strait of Lepanto. A naval battle was fought near hère in 1571, in which the Turks were defeated by Don John of Austria
Lerne : Lerna, a région of Argolis ; the home of the hydra (see Hydre)
Léviathan : leviathan, a watermonster mentioned in Job xli, 1, and in other passages of the Bible
Libyen : Libyan, belonging to Libya, an ancient name of Africa
Lisbonne : Lisbon, capital of Portugal
Lodi : a town in northern Italy, where Bonaparte won a victory over the Austrians in 1796. At this battle Bonaparte distinguished himself greatly by his bravery in rushing a bridge,
GLOSSARY OF NAMES
he himself carrying the flag at the head of his soldiers
Logos : a Greek word meaning ' discourse,' ' reason,' ' word.' When the Greek form is used in modem language, it is commonly an allusion to the first words of the Gospel of John
Lorette: see Notre-Dame de Lorette
Louis XI : king of France from 1461 to 1483; an unscrupulous aggrandizer of the royal power
Louvre : a former royal palace in Paris, now a muséum
Lowe, Sir Hudson (1 769-1844) :
governor of St. Helena during Napoleon's captivity
Loyola, Ignatius de ( 149 1- 1556) :
the founder of the Jesuit order
Luther (1 483-1 546): the celebrated Protestant reformer. He was born and died at Eisleben; nailed his ninety-five thèses on the door of the church in Wittenberg in 1517
Lutzen : Lùtzen, a town in Saxony ; two great battles were fought there, the one in 1632 when Gustavus Adolphus was killed, the other in 18 13 when Napoléon defeated the Russians and Prussians
Macrin : Macrinus, a Roman emperor; reigned for a year, 217 a.d. ; a rigid disciplinarian Madrid : the capital of Spain Magnan (1791—1865) : a French gênerai, one of the ministers of Napoléon III
Magog : Gog and Magog are enemies of the kingdom. See Ezek. xxxviii, 2 ; Rev. xx, 8
Mahomet or Mohammed (570-632) :
the great prophet and founder of Islam. Written also Mahoin
Malte : Malta, an island between Sicily and Africa
Mamelouk: Mameluke, from Arabie mamluk, ' slave ' ; a name given to a corps of Egyptian soldiery, composed originally of slaves (at first especially Turks, later especially Circassians), from about 1240 to 181 1, and to those members of this soldiery who ruled Egypt from 1250 to 1517.
The Mameluke cavalry was famous when Napoléon invaded Egypt
Mandrin (1724-17 55) : a famous robber. A name Hugo applied to Napoléon III
Mantoue : Mantua, in the north of Italy. Napoléon took it in 1797
Marabout : a type of Mohammedan devotee in northern Africa
Marengo : a village of northern Italy. where on June 14, 1800, Napoléon defeated the Austrians
Marthe : Martha (see Luke x, 38).
There is a legend that she came to France, conquered a monster called the tarasque, and died at Tarascon
Maugrabin, -e : an inhabitant of Barbary
Maupas (18 18-1888) : a French politician, minister under Napoléon III
GLOSSARY OF NAMKS
Mausolée : Mausoleum, one of the seven wonders of the world, erected at Halicarnassus in 353 B.c. by Artemisia in honor of her husband Mausolus, king of Caria
Mecque : Mecca, the most celebrated city in Arabia, the birthplace of Mohammed, and center of Mohammedan pilgrimages
Méduse : Médusa, one of the Gorgons, whose hair was cornposed of serpents
Membre : Mamre, a locality near Hebron in Palestine, associated with Abraham. See Gen. xiii, 18; xiv, 13; xviii, 1; xxiii, 17, 19
Memnon : a colossal statue at Thebes on the banks of the Nile.
It had the peculiar property of emitting at sunrise a sound like the snapping of a chord, which the Greeks said was the voice of Memnon, the son of the Dawn, greeting his mother
Memphis : a city of Egypt, near the Pyramids. Hère Napoléon defeated the Mamelukes in 1798
Ménade : a maenad, a bacchante
Messaline : Messalina, dissolute wife of the Roman emperor Claudius; she was put to death in 48 a.d.
Michel : Michael, the warrior archangel. See Dan. x, 13; Jude 9 ; Rev. xii, 7
Milan : a city in northern Italy.
Napoléon entered Milan in triumph after the battle of Lodi, on May 15, 1796
Milet : Miletus, in ancient times a flourishing city of Ionia in Asia Minor, famous for its woolen cloth, etc.
Mingrat (1 794-1825) : a P>ench priest, accused of dreadful crimes, although not convicted of them
Mirabeau (1749-1791): the foremost leader in the early part of the French Révolution
Moïse : Moses, the lawgiver of Israël. For his poems see Ex.
xv ; Deut. xxxii and xxxiii ; Ps.
xc ; Rev. xv, 3 ; for the terrifying light that shone from his face see Ex. xxxiv, 29-30
Moloch : Moloch or Molech, a god of the ancient Ammonites, sometimes worshiped with horrible rites. See 1 Kings xi, 7 ; 2 Kings xxiii, 10
Moltke (1800-1891) : the great Prussian gênerai in the war of 1870-1871
Montfaucon : a slight élévation, now included in Paris, upon which criminals were executed.
The essaim noir of M Le manteau impérial " is the swarm of insects which gathered about the dead bodies
Montmartre : one of the boulevards of Paris, famous for its cafés
Montmirail : a town in France in the department of Marne, where the French gained a victory over the Russians and Prussians on February il, 1814
More : Moor
GLOSSARY OF NAMES
Morgane : Morgana, a famous fairy of the Arthurian legends
Mortagne : a small town in the north of France
Moscou : Moscow, the ancient capital of Russia, which was taken in 181 2 by Napoléon, but was burned by the Russian governor as soon as the French were in possession
Moskova : Moskva, a river somewhat west of Moscow. Near it, in 181 2, was fought what is called in English the battle of Borodino
Musulman : Mussulman, a Mohammedan
Nabo : Nabu or Nebo, a god of ancient Babylon and Assyria
Nantes : an important seaport of France, in the province of Brittany
Naples : a famous city of southern Italy
Néméen : Nemean. The killing of the Nemean lion was one of the twelve labors of Hercules
Némésis : Nemesis, the goddess of vengeance in Greek mythology
Nemrod : Nimrod. See Gen. x, 8-12
Néron : Nero, Roman emperor from 54 to 68 A.D. Néron- Scapin, a name of contempt, signifying approximately M cruel-clown," applied by Hugo to Napoléon
Neva : Neva, a river of Russia, on which St. Petersburg is situated
Ney (1769-1815) : one of the bravest of the French gênerais under Napoléon
Nil : Nile, the great river of Egypt
Ninive : Nineveh, the ancient capital of Assyria
Nodier, Charles (1 780-1844) : a French writer of verse and prose
Noé : Noah. Arche de Noé, Noah's ark
Normand : Norman, an inhabitant of Normandy
Notre-Dame de Lorette : Our Lady of Loretto. Loretto or Loreto is a town of Italy on the Adriatic, not far from Ancona ; famous for its Santa Casa, reputed to be the house in which the Virgin Mary resided at Nazareth
Numide : Numidian. Numidia was the name given to part of the north coast of Africa, — what is now Algeria. Numidian cavalry was celebrated in ancient times
Octave (63 B.c-14 a.d ) : Octavius, the Roman emperor Augustus
Olivier : Oliver, a hero of médiéval French poetry, friend of Roland
Ombos : the Greek name of the Egyptian town Noubouît-Noubît, called to-day Kom-Ombo. It is famous for ruins of temples
Omphale : a queen of Lydia, with whom Hercules lived as a slave for three years
GLOSSARY OF NAMKS
Ophir : a locality, of much-disputed situation, mentioned in the Old Testament. From it gold and precious stones were brought
Oriflamme : ancient banner of the kings of France. This celebrated banner, of red sprinkled with flames of gold (hence the name), belonged originally to the Abbey of Saint-Denis. It was first borne by the kings in 1121 and for the last time in 1465
Orphée : Orpheus, a Greek hero ; according to some, son of Apollo and the Muse Calliope.
Apollo bestowed upon him the lyre which Hermès invented.
By its aid Orpheus moved men, beasts, and even rocks ; but the musician whose playing caused stones to build themselves into a wall was Amphion
Ossa : a mountain of Thessaly, near Pelion
Paestum : a place in Italy (now Pesto) on the Gulf of Salerno, famous for its ruins of Greek temples
Paillasse : Pagliaccio, a low type of Italian comedy character; the name is applied sometimes to facile politicians
Pan : a Greek god who protected the flocks
Panthéon: a public building in Paris (once the church of Sainte- Geneviève), in whose vaults are the tombs of distinguished men, Hugo's among others
Papin (1647-17 14) : a French physicist who contributed to the development of the steam engine
Parieu (1 791-1876) : a French statesman, minister under the Second Empire. His son (1815- 1893) was also a prominent political personage
Parthe : Parthian, of Parthia, in what is now northern Persia.
The Parthians were a warlike people, and troubled the Romans. They had the custom of turning and discharging their arrows as they fled
Pasquin : Pasquino, a low type of Italian comedy character
Pathmos : Patmos, a barren island in the ^Egean Sea, to which the apostle John was banished, and on which he wrote the Book of Révélation
Paul-Emile : Lucius ^Emilius Paulus (died 160 b.c.), a Roman gênerai. For his conquest of Macedonia he celebrated the most splendid triumph that Rome had ever seen; it lasted three days
Pausilippe : Posilipo, a promontory near Naples, on which is the traditiônal tomb of Virgil.
This fact explains the expression in " Lui," chante Tasse à Virgile
Pelage : Pelayo, a Spanish hero, king of Asturias, who died about 737. Fils de Pelage = Spaniards
GLOSSARY OF NAMES
Pélion : Pelion, a mountain of Thessaly ; one of the mountains which the Giants, in their war against the gods, heaped one upon the other so as to scale the heavens more easily
Pépin: there are several interesting historical personages (kings, etc.) of this name in France from the seventh to the ninth century. The most important one was the father of Charlemagne
Périclès : Pericles, died 429 b.c. ; the greatest statesman of ancient Greece
Pérou : Peru, a country of South America
Perse : Persia
Persée : Perseus, the Greek hero who killed Médusa
Phalaris: tyrant of Agrigentum in Sicily (565 ?— 549 b.c.). It is related of him that he caused his victims to be burned in a brazen bull, and that he found their cries sweeter than any music
Pharaon : Pharaoh, name of the kings of Egypt
Phare (le) : the Pharos, the famous lighthouse of Alexandria in Egypt, one of the seven wonders of the world
Philippe deux (1 527-1 598): Philip II of Spain, whose fieet, the Invincible Armada, was in 1588 defeated by the English and then almost wholly destroyed by storms
Phryné : Phryne, a celebrated Athenian courtesan of about 328 b.c., famous for her beauty
Pierre : Peter. Le czar Pierre referred to in H A la colonne " is Peter the Great (167 2-1 72 5), the famous Russian emperor.
Piétri (1809- 1864) : a French statesman. He had a brother, born in 1820. Both were attached to Napoléon III
Pindare (521-441 B.c.): Pindar, prince of the lyric poets of Greece
Platon (427-347 b.c.) : Plato, the great philosopher of ancient Greece. There was a tradition regarding him that bées from Hymettus had fed him with honey in his infancy
Poissy : a small town, not far from Paris, where there was a penitentiary
Pologne : Poland. The tragic history of Poland since the various so-called partitions (1772, 1793, 1795) anc* tne conséquent révolutions hâve endeared the country to its sons
Polonais : Pôle, inhabitant of Poland
Polynice : Polynices ; in Greek legend, son of Œdipus and Jocasta, and brother of Eteocles. The brothers were enemies and slew each other in fight
Pompée (106-48 B.C.) : Pompey, a great Roman gênerai, rival of Caesar
GLOSSARY OF NAMES
Pompéi : Pompeii ; a city near Naples ; destroyed by an éruption of Vesuvius in 79 a.d.
Porcherons (les) : a suburb of Paris in the eighteenth century, where there were many low drinking-places
Portici : a town on the slope of Vesuvius, five miles from Naples
Pouzzoles : Pozzuoli, a town on the Bay of Naples, famous for remains of classic times
Praxitèle : Praxiteles, a great Grecian sculptor of the fourth century b.c.
Prusse : Prussia
Puck : see " A Midsummer Night's Dream"
Punique : Punie, Carthaginian.
Used sometimes as a gênerai adjective, as in the phrase foi puniques-mauvaise foi. In " Le retour de l'empereur" in the sensé approximately of ! perfidiously cruel '
Pyramides : Pyramids. The battle of the Pyramids was won over the Mamelukes by Napoléon in
Pyrrhon : Pyrrho, a Greek philosopher of the fourth century b.c.
He held that nothing could be certainly known. " I do not even know that I know nothing "
Ratisbonne : Ratisbon, a town in Bavaria, where Napoléon defeated the Austrians in 1809
Rhamsès : Rameses, the name of several Egyptian kings
Rhin : Rhine, the river dividing France and Germany, which Napoléon often crossed
Rhodes : an island and city at the southeast corner of the Greek Archipelago. The Colossus of Rhodes, a statue more than 100 feet high, was one of the seven wonders of the world
Rhône : Rhône, an important river of Switzerland and France, rising in the Alps, flowing by way of Lake Léman into France, and, thence southwards into the Mediterranean
Rivoli : a village in Italy, where Bonaparte defeated the Austrians in 1797
Roland : a famous epic hero of French médiéval poetry, the nephew of Charlemagne and friend of Oliver. According to the "Chanson de Roland" he is slain at Roncevaux in the Pyrénées. The story of the poem " Girars de Viane " or " Girart de Vienne " is the one imitated by Hugo in the " Mariage de Roland." Charlemagne has besieged Vienne for seven years.
The siège is to be closed and the quarrel decided by Roland and Oliver in single combat.
Charlemagne interrupts the fight, the two heroes become friends, and Roland marries la belle Aude
Rollon : Rollo, first duke of Normandy, died in 932
Romain : Roman
GLOSSARY OF NAMES
Rome : the capital of the greatest ancient empire, of the Catholic Church, and of modem Italy.
La Rome française = Paris.
Napoléon gave the title roi de Rome to his son
Rouen : an important city on the banks of the Seine, formerly the capital of Normandy
Rouher (1 814-1884) : a French statesman, minister of Napoléon
Ruth : see the Book of Ruth
Sagittaire (le) : Sagittarius, the Archer, a sign of the zodiac ; the spécial sign of November (which means that in November it is not in the sky at night)
Saint Antoine (251-356) : St. Antony, a famous father of the church. In his old âge he retired into the désert, where he was attacked by evil spirits who tempted him. The temptations of St. Antony are a favorite subject for painters, poets, and the like
Sainte-Beuve (1804- 1869) : a poet and critic, closely connected with Hugo in the earlier part of his career
Sainte Brigitte : St. Bridget or Brigitta. There were two persons bearing this name, one in Ireland, the companion of St.
Patrick, in the fifth century, the other in Sweden in the fourteenth century
Saint-Cloud : a royal palace of France, just west of Paris ; a favorite résidence of Napoléon ; destroyed by the Germans in
Saint-Cyr : a famous military school, not far from Versailles
Saint-Denis : a suburb of Paris, in which is the church of Saint- Denis, where the kings of France were buried
Saint Gildas : patron saint of Vannes, a town in Brittany ; lived in the sixth century
Sainte-Hélène : St. Helena, an island in mid-Atlantic, belonging to England, where Napoléon died ; over his grave grew a willow tree. See "A la colonne"
Saint- Valery-sur-Somme : a watering-place on the English Channel at the mouth of the Somme
Saldagne : Saldana, a small town in the northwest of Spain
Salomon : Solomon, the famous king of the Jews
Sardaigne : Sardinia, an island in the Mediterranean
Saturne : Saturn, one of the planets
Satyre : Satyr ; in classical mythology, a being with goat's feet, existing in the forest
Scapin : a clever rascal found in such plays of Molière as " Les fourberies de Scapin "
Schinderhannes (1 779-1803) : a notorious German bandit, who committed déprédations in the
GLOSSARY OF NAMKS
Rhenish provinces and was executed at Mainz
Schmitz (1820-1892) : chief of staff of the French gênerai Trochu at the time of the siège of Paris in 1870-187 1
Seine : the river on whose banks Paris is situated
Sefiora : Spanish for f lady '
Sésostris : Sesostris, the Greek name of a king of Egypt who is said to hâve achieved almost universal empire. The story is founded partly on the deeds of Rameses II (about 1300 b.c.)
Seth : see Gen. iv, 25
Séville : Seville, an important city in Spain
Sforce : Sforza. The founder of the famous Sforza family was a peasant, Muzio Attendolo ( 1 369- 1424), who received the nickname Sforza because of his habit of forcible action
Sibour (1792-1857) : archbishop of Paris underthe Second Empire, denounced by Hugo because he was favorable to Napoléon III
Sicile : Sicily
Sinaï, Sina : Sinai, the sacred mountain on which Moses in the midst of thunder and lightning received the tables of the law
Sion : Zion, Jérusalem
Sirius : the most brilliant of the fixed stars
Socrate (469-399 b.c.) : Socrates, the famous Athenian philosopher
Sodome : Sodom. See Gen. xix
Soufïïard : leader of a band of robbers in Paris. He committed suicide, in 1839, in order to prevent exécution.
Sparte : Sparta, a state of ancient Greece, specialized almost exclusively in the direction of military efnciency. Ail life was regulated by the laws with a strictness perhaps unparalleled.
The arts cultivated by the Spartans were war, athletics, dancing, music, and poetry
Sphinx : among the Egyptians a monster with a lion's body and usually a female human head.
Représentations of this monster seem to hâve been placed at the entrance to temples, tombs, etc.
Often they were made of granité or porphyry brought from a distance. The great sphinx of Gizeh, however, is hewn out of the natural rock. In addition to those having a female human head, there are some with a man's head, and others with a ram's or a hawk's head.
They hâve a grave and mysterious air. In Greece the sphinx has usually the mixed human and léonine form, but has greater variety, — is sometimes winged, sometimes with a serpent's tail, etc. The Theban sphinx propounded the famous riddle : What animal goes on four feet in the morning, on two at noon, and on three in the evening ? Œdipus gave the
GLOSSARY OF NAMES
answer, Man ; and the sphinx
hurled herself from the rock,
as she had hurled hitherto ail
those who failed to solve the
riddle Spinosa or Spinoza (1632-1677): a
celebrated philosopher, born at
Amsterdam, died at The Hague Sulamite : Shulamite. See Song
of Solomon vi, 13.
Sund (le) : the Sound, the strait
which connects the Cattegat
with the Baltic Suse : Susa, one of the four cap-
itals of ancient Persia Sylla (138-78 b.c.) : Sulla, Roman
dictator, a sensual man and
cruelly vindictive
Tafilet or Tafilelt : part of Morocco
Tage : Tagus, a great river of Spain and Portugal
Tamerlan (1336-1405) : Tamerlane, a Mongol chief; he conquered a large part of western Asia
Tamise : Thames, the English river on which London is situated
Tasse( 1 544-1 595) : Tasso, agréât Italian poet, author of the epic poem "Jérusalem Delivered." He was born at Sorrento and died at Rome ; part of his life was spent in Naples and the country adjoining
Taygète : Taygetus, the chief mountain in the Spartan territory. It was dedicated to the sun, and hère sacrifices were offered to that luminary
Tchaouch (usually, less accurately, chaouch or chiaoux) : a chouse, a Turkish or Algerian interpréter, messenger, or attendant
Templier : Templar, one of a religious order of knights, founded in the twelfth century
Tétuan or Tétouan : Tetuan, a town of Morocco
Thabor : Tabor, a mountain in Palestine, where Bonaparte gained a victory over the Mamelukes on April 17, 1799
Thaïes : Thaïes, a Greek philosopher of the seventh century b.c. ; he is regarded as the first to hâve speculated on the constitution of the universe
Thèbes : Thebes, in Egypt, anciently called the oldest city in the world ; burned by Cambyses ; its ruins are among the greatest in existence. Another famous and powerful Thebes, in Greece, was razed to the ground by Alexander the Great, ail but one house.
Thésée : Theseus, a mythical Greek hero, who killed the Minotaur and several formidable beasts and robbers
Thor : god of war among the Scandinavians
Thyeste : Thyestes, brother of Atreus, and his enemy
Tibère : Tiberius, Roman emperor (14-37 a.d.), secretive, severe, and suspicious. In his later years he retired into seclusion at Capri ; it was popularly
GLOSSARY OF NAMES
believed that he spent his time there in debauchery. In his time it became common to put men to death on the charge of lese-majesty
Tibre : the Tiber, on whose banks Rome is situated
Titan : in Greek mythology a giant son of Uranus (Heaven) and Gaea (Earth). The Titans rebelled against their father, deposed him, and liberated their brothers. Prometheus was the son of the Titan Iapetus
Titania : see "A Midsummer Night's Dream "
Tolède : Toledo, a famous city near the center of Spain, capital of that country under the Goths
Tour-Magne : a tower on the top of a hill near Nîmes, in the south of France, which probably was a watch tower in ancient time s
Tournon : a place on the Rhône in France, famous for its wines
Trajan : Roman emperor (98-117 a.d.) ; a good ruler
Troplong (1 795-1869) : a French lawyer, président of the senate under the Second Empire
Tsilla : Zillah. See Gen. iv, 19
Tubalcaïn : Tubal-cain. See Gen.
iv, 22
Turin : an important city in northern Italy
Typhon : (as a Greek word, proper noun) the démon of volcanic action or of the whirlwind ; (as
a Chinese word, common noun) typhoon, a hurricane of the China Sea Tyr : Tyre, the greatest city of ancient Phcenicia
Ukraine : a région in Russia, on the Dnieper, in which dwell a branch of the Cossacks, famous for their cavalry
Ulm : a town in Wùrttemberg, where in 1805 the Austrian army capitulated to the French
Ur : see Gen. xi, 28. The distance of M Ur of the Chaldees " from Bethlehem is so considérable that the reason for speaking of it in " Booz endormi " is not easy to understand
Urgel or Urgèle : a beneficent fairy popularized by a comic opéra of Favart in 1765
Valladolid : a famous Spanish city, capital of Spain in the sixteenth century
Varsovie : Warsaw, an important city in Poland
Vasco : Vasco da Gama (1469- 1524), the greatest of Portuguese navigators
Vatican : the splendid palace of the popes at Rome
Védas : Vedas, sacred books of the Hindus, written in Sanskrit
Vendôme (la place) : a square in Paris in which stands a column of which the exterior was made (1806-1810) from cannon captured by the French armies
GLOSSARY OF NAMES
during the Napoleonic wars. In 18 14 the statue of Napoléon which crowned the column was taken down by the Royalists. In 1831 Louis-Philippe caused a new statue to be placed on the summit, and in 1863 Napoléon III had this replaced by one resembling the original figure. The column was thrown down by the Communists in 187 1, and restored in 1875 wrtn Napoleon's statue at the top.
Vénus : Venus, goddess, star, etc.
The favorite birds of Venus were doves and swans
Vesta : the goddess of the hearth among the Romans
Vésuve : Vesuvius, the famous volcano near Naples
Veuillot (1813-1883) : a journalist of ability, who defended ultramontanism under the Second Empire
Vianden : a small town in the grand-duchy of Luxemburg, where Hugo spent some time in the summer of 187 1
Vienne : Vienna, the capital of Austria ; also Vienne, one of the most ancient towns in France, on the left bank of the Rhône, about twenty miles south of Lyons. According to the poem " Girart de Vienne," it was besieged by Charlemagne
Vincennes : a town just outside Paris. It was hère that the duc d'Enghien was executed in 1804.
To this event Hugo refers in
" Buonaparte " when he says, L'anarchie, à Vincenne, admira son complice
Virgile (70-19 B.c.) : Virgil, the great Latin poet, author of the yEneid
Visconti, Marco : an Italian hero of the fourteenth century, whose memory was revived by a writer called Grossi about 1840. There are many famous persons of the name
Vitellius : Roman emperor, reigned for eight months in the year 69 a.d. He was notorious for debauchery and cruelty
Vittoria : a town in northern Spain, where Wellington gained a victory over the French in
Volga : the greatest river of Russia, emptying into the Caspian Sea
Voltaire (1 694-1 778) : the celebrated rationalistic writer. Hugo quite frequently places Voltaire among the emancipators of mankind
Wagram : a village of Austria, where on July 5-6, 1809, Napoléon defeated the Austrians
Waterloo : a village in Belgium, where Napoléon was beaten by the allies on June 18, 18 15. A monumental lion commémorâtes the battle
Watt, James (1736-18 19) : usually called the inventorof the steam engine
GLOSSAKY OF NAMES
Wellington (1769- 1852) : the famous English gênerai, who defeated Napoléon at Waterloo
Yvon : a common baptismal name in Brittany
Xercès : Xerxes, king of Persia (485-465 b.c.) He attempted to conquer Greece, whipped the sea because a storm broke his bridge of boats over the Hellespont, was defeated at Salamis 480 B.C.
Zenon (about 300 b.c.) : Zeno, a famous Greek philosopher, founder of the Stoic sect, the chief opponents of the Epicureans. His doctrine was that virtue was the only true good
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