I. 1. soldats de plomb, ' tin soldiers

II. 6-7. Sauf . . . à leur dresser une statue. There is no English equivalent for the term 'sauf à' and infinitive. The meaning is : ' after which, all one can do is to raise a statue to them.'

1. 17. Saint-Simon le prophète. The Comte de Saint-Simon (1 760-1 825) was the founder of French socialism. During the Revolution he had speculated in confiscated lands, and accumulated a large fortune, but he wasted it in costly experiments, and spent the latter part of his life in poverty. The fullest exposition of his socialistic views is given in his Nouveau Christianisme (1825). These views were developed by his disciples into the complete system known as ' Saint-Simonisme.' J. S. Mill sums it up as follows [Political Economy, II. i. § 4) : $ According to this system the State should become possessed of all property ; the distribution of the products of the common labour of the community should not, however, be an equal one, but each person should be rewarded according to the services he has rendered the State, the active and able receiving a larger share than the slow and dull ; and inheritance should be abolished, as otherwise men would be rewarded according to the merits of their parents, and not according to their own. The system proposes that all should not be

occupied alike, but differently, according to their vocation and capacity, the labour of each being assigned, like grades in a regiment, by the will of the directing authority.'

Béranger wrote to Rouget de Lisle, the author of the Marseillaise, in January, 1832 : 'Tout le monde me dit que je suis saint-simonien. Je finirai par le croire. Au reste, cela m'amuse beaucoup. Dans certaines sociétés où je me pare de ce titre, je vois des gens tout prêts à mettre la main sur leurs poches, ou trembler de peur que je ne veuille leur faire quelque emprunt. Ce qu'il y a de très vrai, c'est que moi, vieil ennemi de notre ordre social, j'ai du penchant pour toutes les innovations de ce genre.'

1. 25. Fourier. François Marie Fourier (1772-1837), after spending many years in business in the South of France, came to Paris in 1826 to promote his theories. He had published in 1808 the Théorie des quatre Mouvements et des Destinées générales, in which he propounds the co-operative system known as ' fouriérisme.' Society was to be organized into phalanxes of 1,600 to 2,000 persons, therefore large enough for all industrial and social requirements, arranged in groups according to occupations, capacities and ' attractions,' and living together in common dwellings or 'phalansteries.' Personal property was abolished, with the exception of tools. Fourier tried in vain to realize his phalanstery at Condé-sur- Vesgre. His disciples had expected great things of his system : the human race was to grow taller and more perfect, and to acquire new faculties and even new organs, such as an extra eye !

1. 33. Enfantin. Barthélémy Prosper Enfantin (1 796-1 864) was one of the leaders of Saint-Simonism, and published in 183 1 La Religion saint-simonienne. According to him, the cause of all the ills which the working classes suffered from was competition : competition must be abolished. Labour was enslaved by capital : capital must be destroyed, and, to prevent it forming anew, the right to private inheritance must be abolished. The Saint-Simonians grouped themselves into a Church, of which Enfantin was the Father, or the Pope. When, however, the Pope began to preach free unions between the sexes, and the abolition of marriage, and established a community on these lines in the Rue de Montigny, the Saint-Simonians were brought before the assizes, three of them condemned to a month's imprisonment, and the others dispersed. Enfantin then travelled in the East, and later on. having fallen on evil days, was glad to become a postmaster.

Adieu, Chansons ! (Page 124.)

This is the concluding song of the 1833 edition, and the poet's farewell to the public. It was written at the end of 1832, for on December 10th he writes to Mme Lemaire : ' Certes, je voudrais bien dîner avec vous en petit comité. Mais je suis à ma dernière chanson, qui ne veut pas finir.' Time was evidently pressing, for the edition was published on the 28th of January, with a dedication to Lucien Bonaparte, a belated compliment which, under the Bourbons, the ' censure ' had never allowed him to pay to his former protector and patron.

With the fall of the Bourbons, Beranger's fighting days had come to an end, and he had made up his mind to publish nothing more, a resolve only once broken, when he allowed Perrotin to add ten new songs to the edition of 1847.

1. 10. V aquilon, the storm-wind which announced the ' winter ' of his old age.