II. touchent au port : see note, p

, , 23. des oflûciers de santé : médical officers of inferior status, not having passed the examinations required to be a fullblown doctor.

,, 24. luthérienne: Lutheranism (from Luther, 1483-1546) extends over the greater part of Germany, Denmark, Sweden,

and Norway.

62. 6. en Finlande: until quite recently the Grand-Duchyof Finland

had preserved its own laws, and enjoyed more liberty than any other part of the Russian empire. The Governor- General was indeed, as a rule, a Russian, and always appointed by the Czar, but ail other officiais were Finnish subjects. ,, 8. Helsingfors : the capital of Finland, and one of the best harbours in the Baltic.

,, 13. il est probable qu'elle a . . : note the indicative, and mention other impersonal expressions after which it is used.

,, 15. et de treize, ' that makes thirteen.' See p. 61 1. 3 doiise d' ctttre nous ont succombé.

,, 17. la guerre libératrice : see note, p. 30 1. 10.

,, 21. le Danube rises in the Black Forest, and falls into the Black

Sea by three outlets after a course of nearly 1700 miles. , , 26. par contre-coup, ' indirectly. '

63. 4. Sistovo : in Bulgaria, on the right bank of the Danube.

,, 7. bien des choses : note that bien is the only adverb of quantity after which the partitive article is used.

,, 13. l'horrible . . chose que la guerre : cf p. 42 1. 25.

,, 22. ces Bulgares: the Bulgarians are of Finnish origin, and formerly lived on the banks of the Volga. Their présent country, in which they settled in the seventh century, was conquered by the Turks in the fourteenth, and remained part of the Ottoman Empire until about tvventy years ago. The Treaty of Berlin (July 13, 1878) made Bulgaria a

ii6 Cœurs russes

principality tributary to Turkey, and in 1879 an assembly of Rulgarian notables drew up a constitution establishing a National Assembly called the Sobranje.