I. VERBS FORMED SIMPLY BY THE TERMINATIONS -er, -ir

In the majority of cases belonging to this class the termination -eror -êr is added to the noun or adjective without any further change, e. g—

(a) Ze coup, couper, ‘to cut” d'écume, écumer, ‘to foam" la gomme, gommer, ‘to gum” a fête, fêter, ‘to feast” le mont, monter, ‘to rise” de leurre, leurrer, ‘to allure’ la Jin, finir, ‘to finish’ la guerre, aguerrir, ‘to harden’

* By analogy with verbs of this class there are also some verbs formed from particles.

(6) dong, longer, ‘to goalongside' 4as, baisser, ‘to lower’ aigre, aigrir, to embitter" blanc, blanchir, ‘to whiten: cher, chérir, ‘to cherish ’ Pâte, pâlir, ‘to turn pale *

It will be noticed that the termination is joined to the

last consonant, and that final e of the Primary word is dropped.

Note here also—

uñ, unir, ‘to unite': arrière, arriérer, ‘to put off” ; devant, devancer, ‘to forestall ; Outre, outrer, ‘to Carry to excess ?

In some verbs derived from nouns and adjectives certain phonological changes take place, e.g.—

f becomes y—

captif, captiver, ‘to capture” chef, achever, ‘to complete * sauf, sauver, ‘to save’

Z representing original © becomes ch—

faux (Lat. falcem), faucher, ‘to mow ’ representing original ss becomes 88—

roux (Lat. ru88us), roussir, ‘ to redden”

representing original ti or ci becomes B— Prix (Lat. pretium), priser, ‘to value”

C final becomes ch or qu—

blanc, blanchir, ‘to whiten’ franc, franchir, ‘to go across’ jonc, joncher, ‘ to strew'

flanc, flanquer, ‘to flank’ bivouac, bivouaquer, ‘to bivouac ?

D, 8, and ] are often doubled—

le bouchon, ‘ wisp,' ‘cork' : bouchonner, ‘to wisp,” ‘rub down’

la moisson, ‘harvest' ; Moissonner, ‘to reap

Le rayon, ‘ray': rayonner, ‘to radiate,' ‘ beaMh'

le moyen, ‘ means’ : 710YeNner, ‘ to mediate,’ ‘ contrive

la Subvention, * subsidy," ‘ aid : subventionner, ‘ to subsidise,” ‘ aid? le pas, ‘step’; passer, ‘to pass”

épais, ‘thick'; épaissir, ‘to thicken’

mou, mol, ‘soft’; mollir, ‘to soften,’ ‘ slacken’

le travail, ‘ work ' : travailler, ‘to work

l'émail, ‘ enamel” : émailler, ‘to enamel’

de sommeil, ‘sleep ; sommeiller, ‘ to slumber”

de sourcil, ‘eye-brow : ; sourciller, ‘to knit one's brow”

Word-Formation 173

But note— chemin, cheminer ‘ ras, raser

eau representing Lat, -e//. becomes -/., e, £g.—

de créneau, ‘ battiement' (Lat, crenéllum) ; crés, ler, ‘to embattle’ d'oiseau, ‘bird’ (Lat. avicella, aucellus) ; oises ». ‘to catch birds la peau, ‘ skin’ (Lat. pellés) ; 2eler, ‘to peel'

Verbs derived from Low Latin verbs in -tiare change ti into s, cg —

acquietiare, accoiser (obsol.)}, ‘to calm,' ‘ appease minutiare, menuiser, ‘10 cut,’ ‘Carpenter ’

or C, €.g.— agentiare, agencer, : to arrange," ‘ dispose ’ abantiare, avancer, : to advance’

or 88, e.g.—

directiare, dresser, ‘to erect,' ‘raise’ altiare, hausser, ‘to raise,' ‘lift’

In some verbs Consonants are inserted again which have been dropped in the primary word, e. g.—

da chair, ‘flesh' (Lat. Carnis) ; se carner (hort.), ‘to become flesh-coloured ’

le cor, ‘ horn (Lat. COrQu) ; corner, ‘to blow a horn,” ‘to tingle’

le bitume, ‘ asphalt (Lat. bitumen) ; bituminer, ‘to asphalt’

Sometimes a Consonant, generally t, is inserted for the sake of euphony, e.g.— .

l'abri, ‘ shelter’ ; abriter, ‘to shelter,' ‘ screen :

de clou, ‘nail'; couter, ‘to stud,” ‘nail’

de licou, ‘the halter’ ï se délicoter, ‘to take the halter off’ de flou, ‘ pickpocket ’ ; filouter, ‘to steal," ‘ swindle *

In a few verbs a change of vowel takes place which reminds one of the modification of vowels in German (Xopf, Æüpfen ; glatt, glätten), e.g. —

bas, ‘low; baisser, ‘to lower’

This change of vowel is Senerally accounted for by the original form of the primary word, e. g.—

contraire (Lat. confrarius), contrarier, ‘to contradict ’ Justice (Lat. Justitia), justidier, ‘to execute”

Form verbs from the following nouns and adjectives and give their English meaning :—

174 Contes Choisis de A! la cuirasse absent Ja perfection da béche la crevasse présent la formule la barricade folâtre patient l'aventure la gambade opiniitre da caresse le vagabond l'avantage le genou de cachet l'aliment de ménage de verrou de feuillet de tourment de voyage la grenouille ‘la ballotte dégitime égal la merveille de labour de courage de signal da mitraille diquide le monceau d'influence d'essaim la ruine timide bavard de salaire de frisson la racine £oguenard le badaud de papillon «a prison la bombarde de marteau l'addition de poison d'embarras la querelle la mention dla coutume