CHAPTER II

Page 8.

1.11. les Anglais depuis 1688. This is the date of the Revolution in England, and of the accession of William of Orange.

1. 19. la grande charte. Magna Charta, 1215, the chief provisions of which were directed towards the freedom of the indi-\^dual. Life, liberty, and property were protected from arbitrary spoliation, and none was to be condemned to forfeit these .save by lawful judgment of his i^eers and by the law of the land.

Page 9.

1. 6. il y eut un mouvement de liberté dans toute l'Europe. Madame de Staél refers to the first chapter, entitled Réflexions générales, of her Considérations, in which .she speaks of ' la seconde période jwlitique, celle des affranchissements partiels.' She goes on to speak of the republics of Genuany and Italy, Venice, Genoa, Tuscany, the league of Lombardy, Switzerknd, and the Hanseatic League, all of which laid the foundations of their liberty at this time.

1. ] 4. Jean Sans-Terre. King John, Lackland (1199-1216), as he was called, owing to the fact that he lost aU his father's French possessions.

1 17. le tiers état. The three estates of the realm are not King, Lords, and Commons, a.s is popularly believed, but the Lords, the Clergy or Spiritualty, and the Commons. The expression 'fourth estate' for the newspapers is ascribed by Carlyle to Edmund Burke, who said that in the reporters' gallery was a fourth estât* more powerful than any of the other three. In France the nobles, the clergy, and the ' tiers état ' remained separate down to 1789.

1. 27. Lord Somers (1652-1716) was one of the counsel for the seven

Page 9.

bishops (1688). He took a prominent part in politics, and was in tivrn Solicitor-General, Attorney-General, Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, and Lord Chancellor. He was William's most trusty minister.