aussi bien que d'autres, as well as others

4. Part of a letter to de Tocqueville's brother Hippolyte, written on board the Fourth of July the 26th of Xovember, during the trip from Pittsburg to Cincinnati.

5. Pittsburg, the metropolis of western Pennsylvania, population in 1900, 321,000. It is the center of the iron, steel and glass industries in the United States. As early as 1730 the point was the center of trading opérations with the Indians. In 1754 the English began to build a fort there but it was captured soon by the French and enlarged by them into Fort Duquesne. In an attempt to recapture the place in 1755 General Braddock met his mémorable defeat. It was retaken by General Forbes in 1758 and by him called Pittsburgh, after the prime minister of England. During the Révolution the place was garrisoned by Continental soldiers.

6. The War of 1745 is known in American history as King George's War, or the War of the Austrian Succession. After the death of the emperor Charles VI in 1740, his daughter Maria Theresa ascended the throne of Austria, but her claim was contested on every side. England, however, formed an alliance with her, and so came into conflict with France. The principal event of this war in America was the capture of Louisburg, an important French stronghold on the island of Cape Breton. In April 1745 Governor Shirley of Massachusetts sent an army which, aided by the British fleet, effected the capture of the fortress after a month's siège. The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748 put an end to the war.

7. depuis que le pays est parfaitement exploré, now that the country has been perfectly explored.

p. 89-'Jl] NOTES 117

8. étaient enveloppées. Sometimes, especially in energetic writing, \ve find an impcifect indicative used for a conditional tense in the main clause of a conditional sentence.

Page 90. — I. Louis XV was king of France from 171 5 to 1774. During the regency of the Duke of Orléans the land was brought to the verge of ruin, and the king through his profîigacy, extravagance, and reckless foreign wars did not mend matters. The French Révolution is in large measure the direct outcome of the follies of his reign.