Du Rôle de la famille dans l'éducation in

Page 75. 1. 17. // est moraliste. Note the fine grammatical distinction between this and the following : il est un moraliste. The first lays stress on the class — he belongs to the genus moralist ; the second calls our attention to the individual, a moralist par excellence.

Page 76. 1. 17. Pascal. In his Pensées, published in 1670, eight years after his death. Thèse scattered thoughts are at once the apology of a believer who lives by faith, and an acknowledgement of the impotence of human reason to discover what is truth.

1. 20. Spinosa (1632-1677). The epithet ' terrible' refers at once to the dominating influence of the philosopher and his inexorable logic. He has been roughly classed as a pantheist, but it is impossible to condense into a note the principles of his philosophie system.

Page 77- 1. 30. premier Paris. The first leading article in a Paris journal. ' Ils ont été si lourds et si vides, ces gros journaux ; ils ont tant acheté et tant radoté qu'enfin le public s'est senti incapable de lire le premier Paris.' — Veuillot.

Page 78. 1. 28. Carrel, Armand (1800-1836), has been called the Bayard of journalism. He founded, in conjunction with Thiers and Mignet, the National in 1830, and after the July révolution became its sole editor. At first an Orleanist organ, it became in 1832 frankly Republican, and for the remainder of his brief life Carrel was a fearless assailant of the July government. He fell in a duel with Emile de Girardin. Littré edited, with a brief biography, his collected works in five volumes (1854-1858).

Page 80. ,1. 27. la Constitution: that of 1852, which followed on the coup d'Etat of December, 185 1. The first article confirmed the principles of 1789. The second constituted Prince Napoléon Président of the Republic for ten years.

Page 82. 1. 7. l'ironie. The essential of irony is réticence, understatement, dissimulation, implying more than the words actually mean. It is true irony when Gilbert writes of Voltaire :

' Dans un long commentaire il prouve longuement Que Corneille parfois pourrait plaire un moment.'

The Socratic irony was a pretence of ignorance which served to expose the conceit and ignorance of his interlocutors.

Page 83. 1. 7. octroyées, ' authorized.' The word is a doublet of autoriser, being derived from a supposed Latin verb auctoricare. The first meaning of octroi is a concession, then a benevolence or subsidy granted by the people to the sovereign, and lastly the local dues imposed on provisions on entering a town.