On confond, &c. Représentative Government, p

Page 103. 1. 11. M. Hare, Thomas (1806-91), barrister, published l 'réalise on the Election of Représentatives, Parliamentary and Municipal, 1859. Henry Fawcett (the blind Postmaster- General) published in 1860 a pamphlet advocating a Représentation Bill drafted on Hare's principles, simplified and modified. The scheme has recently been revived by Lord Courtney of Penwith. Hare's scheme, or rather the principle on which it is based, is known in France as ' scrutin de liste ', in opposition to ' scrutin d'arrondissement ' or ' scrutin uninominal '.

NOTES. PAGES ^S~î07 l75

Sainte-Beuve.

The leading dates of his life are as follows : —

Charles Auguste Sainte-Beuve, born in 1804 at Boulogne-sur- Mer, where his father was chief of the revenue department.

Educated in Paris, first at the Collège Charlemagne, and then at the Collège Bourbon. Walked the Saint-Louis Hospital.

Abandoned medicine and joined the stafï of the Globe, to which he contributed mainly historical articles.

Attracted the attention of Victor Hugo by a review of Odes et Ballades, and was admitted to the cénacle, 1826.

Published Tableaux de la Poésie française au XVIe siècle, written for a prize compétition of the Académie (enlarged and republished in 1843).

Published Poésies de Joseph Delorme, 182g.

Portraits, begun in 1829 in the Revue de Paris, continued in Revue des Deux Mondes, and resumed as Causeries du Lundi in the Constitutionnel and Moniteur. The whole séries was published in book form between 1832 and 1875, forming a library of fortythree volumes, without counting the Premiers Lundis.

1830. Wrote political leaders in Globe, edited by Pierre Leroux. In same year appeared Consolations, composed under the influence of Lamennais.

1832. Volupté.

1837. Pensées d'Août.

1840-2. Port-Royal, four volumes.

1849. Chateaubriand et son groupe.

1852. Turned imperialist, and transferred his pen from Constitutionnel to Moniteur. Appointed Professor of Latin in Collège de France.

1857. Maître de Conférences at École Normale.

1865. Senator.

1869. Died in Paris, and was buried without religious rites.

Page 106 ad in. J'ai fait le tour, &c. Compare and contrast, with this self-portraiture of Sainte-Beuve, Landor's —

I strove with none, for none was worth my strife ;

Nature I loved, and next to Nature Art ; I warmed both hands before the fire of life,

lt sinks, and I am ready to départ.

Page 107. 1. 2. M. Sainte-Beuve a été philosophe. So Professor Dowden writes of him : ' Poet, moralist, student of medicine, sceptic, believer, socialist, imperialist — he traversed every région

of ideas ; as soon as he understood each position he was free to leave it behind.'

I.3. saint-simonien : Saint-Simon (1760-1825), founder of the sect of socialists which bore his name. The main principle is defined in his Catéchisme des Industriels, ' To each one a vocation according to his capacity ; to each capacity a reward according to its works.'

1. 5. au Globe. See introductory note. The particular référence hère is to 1830, when Sainte-Beuve was for once carried ofr his feet by the Révolution and preached the gospel of humanitarianism and socialism under the direction of Leroux and Saint- Simon.

1. 6. au National : the organ of Jacobinism under Armand Carrel. Sainte-Beuve was actually for a week the political editor.

au Constitutionnel: after 1844 the organ of M. Thiers. In 1848 it espoused the cause of Napoléon, but preserved an independent attitude.

1. 8. du cénacle romantique. The first cénacle gathered round Charles Nodier in the library of the Arsenal— de Vigny, Emile and Antony Deschamps — in 1822, the year in which Victor Hugo's Odes was published. Of the second and more celebrated cénacle Hugo was the centre, and the revolters against classicism met at his house in the Place Royale.

1. 10. puis il a brisé : a variant of Pope's ' burnt the gods whom he adored.'

Page 108. 1. 1. des stances ondoyantes et caressantes. ' Stanzas with the modulated cadence and charm of Lamartine.' Le Lac is the most perfect example.

I. 2. des recherches de style. As in his tour de force, ' A la rime ' :

Rime, tranchant aviron,

Éperon, Qui fends la vague écumante ; Frein d'or, aiguillon d'acier

Du coursier A la crinière fumante.

1. 4. Bowles, W. L. (1762-1850), the sonnet-writer, greatly admired by Coleridge.

1. 5. Gluck, Christopher (1714-1787), has been called the Michael Angelo of music. His most famous opéra is Orfeo.

1. 6. Boulanger, Gustave, born 1824, a pupil of Delaroche, an historical painter, mostly of scènes drawn from Roman life.