un seul nom. É. Littré, of dictionary famé

1. 37. Miss Martineau : Harriet Martineau (1802-76), sister of James Martineau, the famous theologian. She published in 1853 a condensed translation of Comte's Philosophie positive.

Leader, established in 1850 by Thornton Leigh Hunt and G. H. Lewes.

Page 90. 1. 1. Revue de Westminster. The Westminster Review was founded by Bentham, purchased in 1835 by Sir William Molesworth, and edited by the proprietor in conjunction with Mill as the organ of the philosophical Radicals.

1. 5. Lewes, George Henry (1817-78). His Biographical History of Philosophy, in four volumes, was published in 1846. He lives as the author of the Life of Goethe and as the inspirer of George Eliot's novel-writing.

1. 6. Buckle, Henry Thomas (1821-62). His History of Civilization in England was never completed. The first volume appeared in 1857, the second in 1861. It is an erudite but crude attempt to explain the course of history by différences of race, climate, food, &c.

1. 7. // n'est pas, &c. Best turned by an affirmative sentence : ' Positivist politics hâve actually succeeded in finding,' &c.

1. 8. Congreve. Richard Congreve (1818-99), head of the Positivist Church in England, and minister of the congrégation in Chapel Street, London. Mr. Congreve maintained to the end the strictest Comtist doctrine, and was leftwith few adhérents, owing to a sécession of the more libéral Positivists, led by Mr. Frédéric Harrison. Judged by numbers, the influence of Positivism in England has been small. The myth runs that the Positivists went one Sunday to their cénacle in a four-wheeler and came away in two hansoms.

1. 10. la possession de T Inde. Congreve's pamphlets advocating the abandonment of India and Gibraltar were published in 1857. The Positivist Review, the organ of the English Comtists, has persistently advocated a policy of non-interference.

1. 20. Locke et Reid. Locke's philosophy, as expounded in his Conduct of the Human Under standing, which bases ail knowledge on sensation and reflection, was introduced into France by Voltaire and developed by Condillac, and it was from Locke that Rousseau derived the fundamental principles of government and éducation, expounded in the Contrat Social and Emile. Jouffroy translated ail the works of Thomas Reid (1710-1796), of which the principal are An Inquiry into the Human Mind, The Intellectual Powers, and The Active Powers. He opposed at once the idealism of Berkeley and the scepticism of Hume, and held that belief in an external world is intuitive or immédiate.

1.22. M. Cousin, Victor (1 792-1 867). His chief works, History of Modem Pbilosopby, Philosophy of Kant, Examination of Locke's Essay, hâve ail been translatée! into English, mostly in America. He was essentially an eclectic, and his influence on English thought has been slight.

1. 23. sa Logique. The full title is System of Inductive and Deductive Logic. According to Mill, logic is the science of propositions. The answer to every question can be put in the form of a proposition or statement — A is, or is not, B — and we hâve to détermine the meaning or significance of the names denoted by A and B. We distinguish in language substances and qualities, but in reality both are names of phenomena and their relations. We know an object only by the sensations it excites in us, and the subject, the ego that receives thèse sensations, is known only as a combination of impressions, thoughts, émotions, volitions. Hence the whole end and object of logic must be to collect and correlate thèse facts. AU our knowledge is derived from expérience, even the axioms of mathematics, as that two straight lines cannot include a space. It is only from expérience we learn the uniformity of nature, and hence he derived what he calls the ' law of causation '. Every event has an invariable and unconditioned antécédent. If we know this antécédent, we can predict the conséquence.

Page 91. 1. 1. De là à Hume, à Berkeley. That is from phenomenalism to the empiricism of the thorough-going sceptic or the transcendentalism of the idealist. Hume (171 1-76) held that our ideas are only our impressions of objects, and can tell us nothing of the real nature of objects. Not only are causes unknown to us, but there are no other causes save invariable antécédents. Bishop Berkeley (1684-1753) held that the reality of the material world was an unwarranted assumption, and that the world of ideas was the only reality.

1. 18. Je n'ai assurément, Sec. Note in this paragraph how Scherer, professing that it is not within his brief to réfute Mill' s system, does so most efïectively.

Page 92. 1. 19. Kant, Emmanuel (1724-1804), in his Critique of the Pure Reason, reasserted the independence of mind.

In one of his books of extracts Scherer, à propos of the Kritik der reinen Vernunft, expresses his thanks to Kant ' d'avoir circonscrit le domaine où la spéculation peut connaître, savoir, prononcer sur les objets qui ne sont pas ceux d'une expérience sensible, d'avoir irrévocablement placé hors de toutes les atteintes du raisonnement la question du libre arbitre, de l'immortalité de l'âme, de l'existence de Dieu.'

' Nihil est in intellectu quod non prius fuerit in sensu, nisi intellectus ipse.' The mind conceives and cannot help conceiving objects under certain forms or innate ideas, such as time, space, cause, &c. Thèse are the famous Kantian catégories.

1. 25. V économie politique. As an economist, Mill belonged to what may be called the old classical school of Adam Smith, the school which treated political economy as an independent science, and not, as Comte would hâve it treated, as a branch of the larger science of sociology.

1. 31. Ricardo, David (1772-1823). From Ricardo, Mill took the theory of Rent, which he called the pons asinorum of political economy. Ricardo's Principles of Political Economy and Taxation was published in 18 17.

Adam Smith. The Wealth of Nations, the principia of political economy, was published in 1766.

Page 93. 1. 27. V écrivain n'est même pas, &c. We may doubt whether Mill would hâve endorsed this as a fair presentment of his views. He holds, it is true, that communism may be the ' far-off divine event ' to be looked for in an idéal republic, but he pronounces no less clearly that many générations must pass before we can hope to see any people sufficiently trained and educated for such a millennium. Thus, discussing the attempt of the provisional government of 1848 in France at State ownership and régulation of labour, he deduces, as probably the practical lesson to be drawn, that a community should enter into a mutual guarantee by the intervention of their common représentative, the State, to secure a living wage for labour, with the proviso that the working classes abdicate their right to propagate the species ad libitum and without restriction. In which case rich and poor would be equally bound to submit to the rules prescribed by the interests of society.

Page 94. 1. 8. les influences spirituelles, ' non-material influences.'

Page 95. 1. 11. la liberté. Liberty (1859), a philosophical defence, not only of liberty of thought and speech, but also of action, in so far as action does not cause direct harm or injury to others. A protest in particular against the tyranny of public opinion, that of the majority, and of social opinion, Mrs. Grundy. The good of the individual himself, physical or moral, is no sufHcient reason for interférence.

1. 12. le gouvernement représentatif. Représentative Government (1860). Mill, as a good Radical, accepts parliamentary institutions almost as an axiom, and is mainly concerned to consider

schemes by which the opinion of minorities shall not be swamped, and the just apportionment of électoral rights.

It is remarkable that Scherer should not hâve noted the absolute opposition between MilPs politics and those of Positivism. Comte looked on représentative government as a passing phase, a revolutionary expédient invented to combat feudalism and ecclesiasticism. According to him the government of the future would be oligarchical, the temporal power being invested in the leaders of industry, and the spiritual power in scientific philosophers, set apart and trained for the public service, like the queen bee of a hive.

Page 98. 1. 9. Dans une nation adulte, &c. Représentative Government, p. 159.

1. 13. Û enseignement universel. It was only by the Act of 1870 that éducation in England was made compulsory. Mill actually proposes that to qualify for a vote an elector should be required to do a rule-of-three sum.

1. 18. le droit électoral soit étendu aux femmes. At the time this essay was written the question of Women's Suffrage had not entered into practical politics, and we need not be surprised that even a philosopher like Scherer should dismiss it as the fad of a doctrinaire.

The arguments for Women's Suffrage were fully stated by Mill in a subséquent work, The Subjection of Women. Hère he is content to rest the case on the plea that the very weakness of the sex entitles women to be heard on their own behalf.

1. 35. Le suffrage universel. Adopted in France by the Constitution of 1793, but it was only in 1848 that universal suffrage came into force.

Page 101. 1. 9. Cour de cassation answers to our High Court of Appeal ; casser=- English ' quash ' of a légal décision.

1. 23. élections à deux degrés. When the whole body of voters choose by suffrage an électoral collège, which in its turn elects a Senate, or, as in the United States, a Président.