Cologne had become Prussian in

1. 27. Alaric, Genseric, Odoacer, Totila — famous chiefs of the Goths, Vandals, Burgundians, and lieruli, who, in the fifth century, migrated from Germany and conquered Southern Gaul, Spain, and Italy.

1. 30. Louis I, King of Bavaria since 1825, was noted for his artistic tastes and for his religious fanaticism. He undertook to make Munich a beautiful city and the most active centre for the fine arts in ail Germany, at the same time as he compelled his people to bow under the yoke of the Catholic clergy and of the monastic orders, the latter incrcasing marvellously under his reign. He erected, in the vicinity of Ratisbon, a panthéon devoted to the national glories of Germany, which he called Walhalla. From this temple of German patriotism Luther was excluded. (At the same time the Catholic reaction in France, which was soon to succeed in driving Quinet from his chair at the Collège de France, caused the statue of Luther to be carried away from the square in Strasburg on which it used to stand.)

Page 111. 1. 23. écrivains encore en litige, a légal phrase : writers whose famé is still contested.

1. 30. feuilleton, hère an article in a newspaper (not a novel published in parts).

NOTES. PAGES Io6-I22 21$

Page113. 1.31. Cf. notetop. 24, 11. io-i3,and seelntrod., Ivi.

Page 114. 1. 24. Quinet intimâtes in this ironical sentence his poor opinion of Louis of Bavaria as a poet. Louis's Gedtchte were published from 1829 to 1839 in four volumes.

1, 25. Overbeck, the founder of the German pre-Raphaelite school of painting, was a fervent Catholic and a staunch nationalist.

Page 116. 1. 7. Heinrich L. Léo, professor of history in the University of Halle, published varions historical works. His most important production was Lehrbuch der Universalgeschichte (1835-44).

Page 118. 1. 22. Mignet, the author of A History 0/ the French Révolution (1824), justly famous.

Page 119. 1. 8. Les blancs^ les bleus, les rouges. An allusion to the political parties : the Legitimists {les blancs), the Government party {les bleus), the Republicans {les rouges).

1. 31. General Ney was sentenced to death in 1815 under Louis XVni, for having forsaken the cause of the Bourbons and been one of the thousands who flocked to Napoléon on the latter's return from Elba.

1. 34. Sand (Karl Ludwig), a fanatical and maddened student who assassinated, in 18 19, the dramatist Kotzebue, who had accepted to act as a sort of spy for Russia, and had scofïed in the press at German aspirations for Hberty.

Page 122. 1. 4. Wolfgang Menzel (i 798-1 873), a miscellaneous writer, whose best known works are Die deiitsche Literatiir and Geschichte der Deiitschen, made himself conspicuous as a rabid patriot. His assault was especially directed at Goethe, at the French, and at the abettors of the ' Young Germany ' movement. He was involved in violent polemics with the latter, who returned the attacks unsparingly (especially Kotten Kamp, in his Anti- Menzel ; Borne, in his Menzel, der Franzosenfresser ; and Heine, Ueber den Denuncianten).

1. 6. Dr. F. L. Jahn, a teacher in a BerUn secondary school at the time of the War of Liberation, took service in the Prussian army, and did much towards awakening the youth of Germany to the spirit of enthusiastic patriotism that finally overcame Napoleon's domination. After the war, he worked mth the same zeal for the unification of Germany, and sought to develop among his countrymen mutual fellow-feelings and a common love for the German fatherland by means of gymnastic societies. He was, since then known as the patriotic Turnvater. His writings, like

2l6 FRANCE ET ALLEMAGNE

those of so many patriots in those days, exalted the past history of Germany, and lavished praise on the Marcomanni, the German tribe that invaded the Roman Empire under Marcus Aurelius and first made the Romans feel the threatening power of the hitherto despised northern barbarians.