le U'alhalla. Cf. note to p

Page124. 1.30. La Gazette iAugsbourg. Cf. note top. 1 10, 1. 4.

Page 125. (Chapter heading.) See Introd., Ixviii fï.

Page 126. 1. 24. Louis XIV exclaimed once: V Etat, c'est moi, a phrase which may be considered as the motto of absolute monarchy.

Page 127. 11. 25 and 34. See Introd., liii.

Page 128. 1. i. Cf. note to p. 70, 1. 31.

1. 4. critique, portant bât, an ass of a critic {bât : pack-saddle). An allusion to the fable The Dying Lion, and to the kick which the ass gave to the hclpless king of beasts.

Page 120. 1. 2. les deux écoles, jusqu'à présent aux prises. Quinet is enabled to keep free from the blind préjudices and rabid excesses both of the classics and of the romanticists, thanks to the combination in himself of a romantic susceptibility to imaginative and pathetic beauty with a sound intellectual belief in continuity, graduai development, and the interdependence of the various races and générations of men.

1. 18. les uns : the classics ; les autres : the romanticists.

Page 131. 1. 3. A line in Épître IV : Au Roi, better known as Le Passage du Rhin, of Boileau.

Page 132. 1. 1 1. Malebranche, a member of the Congrégation of the Oratory and a disciple of Descartes, developed the idealism implied in the Cartesian philosophy (Recherche de la Vérité, 1674). Ilis doctrine rested on the principle that we must see * ail things in God.'

Pascal, after spending a youthful life of mundane frivolity,

though of intense intellectual activity, received a sudden illumination of the spirit and retired into asceticism and pious méditation. He joined the order of Port-Royal and lived a recluse for some time. He purposed to write a book of moral reflections and mystical dévotion, the fragments of which were collected after his death in Les Pensées.

Page 133. 1. 4. Boileau, the author of L'Art Poétique, the ' Régent of Parnassus,' the theorist of seventeenth - century

clâssicism.

The Fables of La Fontaine ofîer, in a more perfect form, the naïveté, the shrewd common-sensc, the picturesque realism of the French mediaeval Fabliaux. The archaisms of his style also connect him with the pre-Renaissance period.

1. 5. Fénelon, in his Télémaque, written to serve for the éducation of his royal pupil, the Duke of Burgundy, expounded bold libéral views on poUtics and on the relations of the classes. He dared to advocate constitutional monarchy and more humane treatment of the poor. When the book had been published through the treachery of a false friend, Louis XIV ' exiled ' the daring prelate to his diocèse of Cambrai.

Bossuet, preacher in ordinar>' to the Court, turned his glowing éloquence to account in an uncompromising interprétation of the Çatholic creed, and was one of the advocates of the repeal of the Édit de Nantes.

1. 6. The scepticism evinced in Bayle's Crittcal and Htstortcai Dicti'onary (1697) led the way to the later eighteenth-century rationalism.

Nicole, one of the prominent members of Port-Royal.