See Introd., Ivii

Page 167. 1. 25. pendant son sommeil: while France was slumbering, that is abjuring her faith in liberty under the rule of Napoléon III.

Page 168. 1. 18. un byzantinisme allemand, the surrender by the Germans of ail moral courage and dévotion to truth.

1. 20. Frederick the Great, the first représentative of the libéral absolutism of the Prussian sovereigns (who evinced a willingncss for administrative reform along with an unrelenting attachment to personal authority), wrote in French an Anti-Machiavel, published by Voltaire at the Hague in 1740, which con tains a generous exposition of the favourite ideas of the eighteenthcentury philosophers respecting the duties of sovereigns.

The Tugendbund, a patriotic society for the attainment of libéral institutions in Germany after 181 5.

Page 169. 1. 3. The needle-gun was one cause of the superiority of the Prussians at Sadowa.

1. 27. Napoléon III was duped by Bismarck into abstaining from interférence in the conflict between Prussia and Austria. He was made to believe that the supremacy of Prussia was necessary to protect Western Europe against Russia, and that the cession of the left bank of the Rhine would compensatc France for her neutrality.

NOTES. PAGES ISÇ-I/S 223

Page 174. I. 5. Brennus, a Gallic chieftain, crossed the AIps in 390 B.c. at the head of 70,000 men of the tribe of the Senones and took Rome. Yet, the Capitol, well provided with supplies, withstood the assault. The Gauls accepted a ransom of a thousand pounds of gold. As it was being weighed out, the Roman Tribune complained of some unfairness. Brennus at once threw his heavy sword into the scale ; and, when he was asked the meaning of the act, replied : Vae victis !

Page 175. I. 27. When concluding peace with Austria at Villafranca (1859), sfter the Italian campaign. Napoléon III left one half of Lombardy to that Power, thus arousing bitter discontent among the Italians. His aim, half generous, half selfish, was indeed to liberate Italy, but to organize her into a fédération of States under the nominal power of the Pope and the actual domination of France. Thus for the courage of her soldiers, the skill of her gênerais, and expenditure of money and of blood, France only reaped diffidence and hatred at the hands of those whom she had helped to deli\-er from the foreign yoke.

1. 33. Bismarck was not slow in improving Napoléon III's blunder. By entering into an alhance with Italy at the time of the Austro-Prussian war, he gave her an opportunity of recovering the rest of her territory still occupied by Austria. Notwithstanding Italy's defeats at Custozza and Lissa, Venetia was handed over to Napoléon III by the Emperor Francis Joseph when seeking his médiation after Austria's defeat at the hands of Prussia. Napoléon thereupon immediately ceded it to Italy. However, Prussia had already secured for herself Italy's neutrality in the already contemplated war against France.

( lîROXOLOniCAL TABLE

iSo3 Q..

(R , y of Amien*. Hcrdcr dicd. Scott

Minstreisy of ibe ScMlisb Bordtr.\ 1S14 \\' ' ' *" * vasion at Ccrtincs (ncar Bourg-ci.

(Fint abilication of Napoléon I. Fichic dicd. Byroii Ibt Cortair : ' - ■} 1815 Wai »cnt to H <rr)mar School.

[Battit of '' <ty of Paris. The Iloly Alliance.

Scott : <... . I

1817 VVai «cnt to 1. ar SchooL

(Madame de Stucl dicJ.J 1^2^ Wcnt to Paris to study Law.

[The Vitras came to powcr. Lamartine: Mtdùaitoni.\ 1823 T,.

(G ^ Faust.]

1S25 Trip to England (stayed a fortnight).

[Carlyle: Li/r 0/ F. Scbtlltr. Hr. ' rcd on the

Philosophy of Hiïtory at thc l v of Berlin

1826 Tr I ' > of //. ■' ' . M 5I/r la

; te de ! visit to

Ccrmany (Sept. i>J26-Jan. i>t29).

(Reactionar)- policy of thc Villclc minisifv. Heine: Rttse-

httdfT (1826-31).]

1827 Essai sur Hcrdrr.

[Martignac ministry (moderatc). lî^'"- Bucb drr Liedcr]

1828 De Toriginf dfs Difux.

[Poiipnac ministry (ultra). V. Hugo; C- ^

1829 Appointed a mcmbcr of thc Frcnch Archu'. . ^..ul Mitùon

to Greecc.

[Goethe: - ' ' " "•■ '1

1830 La Grèce • any (April-Jul\,

[July Revoiuuor. ' fall of Charle» X. V. Hugo Hrrnani.]

1831 Des Épopées françaises tnedues du mi* sUclê, [Lyons nots. Hegel dicd.]