Parodie des derniers vers d’Alceste

Et chercher sur la terre un endroit écarté Où d’être homme d’honneur on ait la liberté.

Molière, Le Misanthrope, v, 8.

ALFRED DE MUSSET

— Que vous êtes heureux! lui dis-je; non seulement vous chantez tant que vous voulez, et très bien, et tout le monde écoute; mais vous avez une femme et des enfants, votre nid, vos amis, un bon oreiller de mousse, la pleine lune et pas de 5 journaux. * * * J’ai chanté aussi, monsieur, et c’est pitoyable. J’ai rangé des mots en bataille comme des soldats prussiens, et j’ai coordonné des fadaises pendant que vous étiez dans les bois. Votre secret peut-il s’apprendre ?

— Oui, me répondit le rossignol, mais ce n’est pas ce que vous 10 croyez. Ma femme m’ennuie, je ne l’aime point; je suis amoureux de la rose : Sadi, le Persan, en a parlé. Je m’égosille toute la nuit pour elle, mais elle dort et ne m’entend pas. Son calice est fermé à l’heure qu’il est : elle y berce un vieux scarabée — et demain matin, quand je regagnerai mon ht, épuisé de 15 souffrance et de fatigue, c’est alors qu’elle s’épanouira, pour qu’une abeille lui mange le cœur !

Alfred de Musset

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

à to, at, in, into, on, upon, about, by, for, with, of, from; au courant d’air glacial under the icy draught; à lui seul by himself alone; homme à phrases pompeuses man of pompous speech; à cheveux blancs white-haired; à ce qu’elle prétendait according to her daims; c’était à moi de tirer le premier (CP) it was my privilege (turn) to fire first; faire dire à tout le peuple make all the people say; à entendre dire (AM) through hearing; à la voir (Ét) when I saw her, or to anyone seeing her; en m’embrassant à m’étouffer (Mbl) wellnigh stifling me with their embraces; des cris à vous déchirer les oreilles ear-splitting shrieks; n’était-ce pas à en perdre la tête ?

(Ét) wasn’t it enough to make a fellow lose his head ? à l’assaut !

attack ! crier au sacrilège (J) cry sacrilege

abaissement m. lowering (of one’s dignity) , self-abasement abaisser lower; s’ — , sink, be lowered, fall, drop

abandon m.: avec — , without restraint

abandonner abandon, forsake, leave (behind), give ... over (or up); s’ — ■ à la tristesse give way to (one’s) sadness; (le corps) abandonné relaxed abasourdir stun abâtardissement m. degeneracy abattement m. prostration, dejection

abattre bring down, fell, shoot off; s’ — , swoop down; toute une compagnie de cloches et de clochettes vint s’ — , (Êlix) meta¬

phor comparing the sudden movement of new chimes with the swooping of birds; abattue sur une chaise sitting dejectedly. . . abbaye/, abbey

abbé m. a title generally applied to French priests of low rank: priest (seldom abbot); in Élix l’abbé and le curé are the same person; les abbés de couvent [= abbés mitrés] (MP) abbots Abd-el-Kader (El-Hadj) a celebrated Arab chieftain (VC) b. ab. 1807, d. 1883. In 1832 he led a holy war against the French; it was probably at the battle of Macta, 26 June 1835, lost by the French general Trézel, that our captain “ Mercadier ” was taken prisoner by soldiers of the famous emir Abdel-Kader abeille /. bee abîme m. abyss

abîmer spoil; s’—, go to the bottom (cf. abîme), sink, bury oneself, become absorbed; (of things) be (get) spoiled abominable horrible, vile abonner put down as a subscriber;

s’ — (à) subscribe (for) abord m.: au premier — , at first sight; d’ — , (at) first, originally aborder accost, come alongside, land;

— à reach, put in at aboutir (à) end (in), come out (on, at), lead (to) aboyer bark

abri m. shelter; à 1’— de safe from;

à 1’ — ■ sous sheltered under abriter shelter abrutir besot, stupefy absence/, absence, lack absinthe /. absinthe (a strong yellowish liquor made with wormwood leaves)

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

absol- see absoudre absolu, -e absolute absolument absolutely, completely; — rien nothing whatever; vouloir — que insist that absorber absorb, imbibe, engross absoudre absolve absurde absurd, outlandish abuser de take an (unfair) advantage of, ask too much of, hoodwink, fool

Académie Française /. (1634- ) French Academy, composed of 40 eminent Frenchmen known as “the Immortals” ( writers , scholars,

statesmen, etc.; a kind of linguistic legislature ) acajou to. mahogany accabler (de) overwhelm (with) accent to. accent, tone; d’un — si aigu so shrilly

accepter accept, take; — de + inf.

agree to

accident to. mishap accompagner accompany, go with, attend; accompagné de attended by

accomplir accomplish, perform; accompli, -e finished, thorough accord to. agreement; tomber d’ — , come to an agreement, agree; ses — s ( Mbl ) his notes or his melody accorder grant; s’— avec be in harmony with

accoster: archaically accostée de deux lampes ( S-N ) standing between two lamps accouder (c/. coude) : elle s’accouda (AM) she leaned (rested her elbows) upon the window casing; accoudé resting on one’s elbows accourcir shorten

accourir run up, come running up, hasten to the spot accoutumer accustom, inure ; être accoutumé à be used to accrocher hang up, fasten up;

s’ — à grapple, clutch, cling to accroire used in faire —, implying an attempt to mislead: vous ne me ferez pas — , you can’t make me believe

accroître increase; s’ — de grow through being fed by

accroupir: s’—, squat, crouch, cower, huddle accueil to. welcome accueillir receive, welcome accusateur to. accuser; — public ( R ) magistrate (a name given during the French Revolution to the magistrate in a local criminal court) accuser accuse; — de charge with acharné, -e relentless, infuriated; intense, feverish; (of a storm) raging persistently acharnement to. desperation, blind fury, relentlessness achamer: s’ — , persist violently achat to. buying, purchase; faire 1’ — de purchase

achever finish, complete; — de s’habiller finish (one’s) dressing; — de pleurer end [her, etc.~\ weeping; — de colorer un récit add all the color needed by a narrative; s’ — , be ended; tu m’achèves ! that’s the last straw !

acier to. steel

acolyte to. acolyte, henchman acquérir acquire, get acqui- see acquérir acquitter: s’ — de perform, acquit oneself of

acrostiche to. acrostic; des — s (VC) acrostic verses (such as form a word or sentence if one reads simply the initial letter of every verse) acte to. act, deed acti-f, -ve active, brisk action /. action deed activer stir (up), quicken, poke activité /. activity, stir, bustle actrice /. actress adage to. adage, wise saw Adam: la faute d’ — , notre père (J) the sin committed by our father Adam (in eating of the forbidden fruit, Genesis iii) adieu to. goodbye, leave-taking admettre admit, allow (of); admis chez Mme de Dey (R) allowed to call at Mme de Dey’s adrni- see admettre administrati-f, -ve administrative, official; mobilier — , government furniture

admirablement admirably admiration /. admiration; — s signs of admiration

admirer admire, wonder at; admirant {Peur) rapt in admiration adoptée adopted daughter adorer worship, adore adosser: adossée à une grande forêt sloping down from, etc.

adoucir soften, soothe adresse/, address, skill adresser address, direct, send; — la parole (à) address; s’ — à turn to, address adulation /. flattery advenir happen, become (of) adversaire m. adversary, foe affaiblir weaken; s’ — , grow (get) weak, die out; affaibli, -e ( of a sound) faint

affaire /. business {also les — s), affair, matter, occurrence, dealing, thing; engagement; quarrel, fray; toute une — , a big job; voilà 1’ — 1 that’s the very thing ! voilà mon — ! now I know what’s what! ce fut 1’ — d’une seconde this took only a second; {iron.) exploit; avoir — [i.e., à faire] à have to do with; ils avaient eu des — s ensemble {F) they had had some business together (a row); homme d’ — s {CP) business agent; je crains que nous ne fassions pas nos — s I fear we shall not succeed affairé, -e busy

affaisser: s’ — , sink (down), fall in a heap, collapse

affamer famish, starve; affamé, -e starving, starved affecter affect, feign, assume affectueu-x, -se loving, affectionate

affiche /. poster, playbill afficher make a show (parade) of affirmati-f, -ve affirmative affirmation /. statement affirmer affirm, vouch for affliger (de) afflict (with), distress, trouble, bother; s’ — (de) grieve (at)

affolement m. panic

affoler strike with panic, madden;

affolé, -e panic-stricken, frantic, driven to distraction affranchir free, set free; s’ — de get rid of, rid oneself of affreusement frightfully, awfully affreu-x, -se frightful, hideous affronter face {risks etc.), brave affubler (de) rig out or array (in) affût m.: only in à 1’ — (de) on the watch (for), lying in wait (for) afin de in order to, to; — que in order that, so that africain, -e African Afrique /. Africa

agacer annoy, irritate, set on edge âge m. age; quel — avez-vous?

how old are you ? jeune — , youthful days; c’est de son — , {Mil) that’s natural at his age; avec 1’ — , {AM) as she grew older

âgé, -e aged, aged, old; — de trente ans thirty years old agenda [a3ëda] m. memorandum book

agenouiller: s’ — , kneel, fall on one’s knees

agent m.: — de (la) police policeman

agile nimble

agir act; s’ — : il s’agit simplement de nous conduire à M. {AM) it’s simply a matter of showing us the way to M.; il ne s’agit pas de cela {Mbl) that’s not the point (at issue); il ne s’agit pas de perdre la tête {M D) it’s no time to lose one’s head; s’agit-il de faire halte if a halt is to be made agitation/, excitement, stir agiter stir (up), shake, toss, wave, excite; {fig.) upset; s’ — , struggle, writhe; une écume sanglante s’agitait sur ses lèvres {MD) bloody foam was bubbling on his lips; agité, -e {of water in a vessel’s wake) churned; (mer) agitée (rather) rough; agitée d’un tremblement {AM) quivering with excitement; sa poitrine était agitée her bosom was heaving agneau m. lamb

agonie /. death agony, pangs of death

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

agoniser (lit.) be dying, be in the death throes; (fig.) agonize; depuis midi, F. agonisait dans une angoisse abominable (AM) since noon, F. had been undergoing fiendish pangs

agrandir enlarge; (les yeux) agrandis, etc. (AM) in a wide stare agréable agreeable, pleasing agréer (à) please; see agrément agrément to. charm, elegance, grace ah ! (usually) oh !

ahurir take aback, astound, amaze ahurissement to. amazement, bewilderment aide (1) /. help

aide (2) to. helper, assistant; see

aide-timonier

aider help; s’— de make use of aide-timonier to. helmsman’s mate aïeul to. grandfather; un — lança sa béquille (AIDS) somebody’s grandfather, etc.

aigle to. eagle aigre sour

aigu, -ë sharp, acute, shrill aiguille [egqi:j] /. needle aiguiser [eg(q)ize] whet, sharpen aile /. wing; see aileron aileron to. pinion (wing-tip); (Mbl) little wing aill- see aller

ailleurs elsewhere; partout—, everywhere else; d’ — , however, besides, otherwise

aimable likable, lovable, kind, lovely, pleasant; son air — , (AM) his gracious manner aimer love, like, be fond of, enjoy; — (à) 4- inf. like to; ce cadavre aimé (Peur) that body, still loved though dead; — mieux prefer; j’aimerais mieux + inf.

I’d rather, etc.; s’ — , (AM) fall in love (with each other) ainsi thus, in this way, in that way, so, so then; d’être vu — , to be seen like that; est-ce — que ... ?

is that the way ... ? il en est — , such is the case; et — des autres and so it was (is, etc.) with the rest; ■ — que as well as, as, like air to. air, melody, tune; look, appearance, bearing, manner, de¬

meanor; en 1’ — , up, upward; avoir bon — , (AM) be goodlooking (handsome), look well; avoir 1’ — pauvre look poor; 1’ — sec with a hard look; — enfariné look of having been sprinkled with flour; affecter un — gai feign high spirits; avoir 1’— de look as if, have the look of, look like; d’un — de regret (AM) as if reluctantly; d’un — fin astutely, shrewdly Aire /. a little river which rises in the hills of Argonne and flows N. by W. along the E. side of the Forêt d’ Argonne into the Aisne aise /. ease, convenience; à 1’ — , at (one’s) ease; à mon — , at (my) ease, (fig.) at home aisé, -e easy

aisément easily, unceremoniously ajouré, -e: chiffres — s openwork figures (resembling a stencil) ajouter add

ajuster adjust, aim at, tune alambic m. alembic, still alarmer alarm, startle; s’ — , be startled, feel alarmed album m. album, sketchbook Alceste (Mbl) Alceste (the outspoken idealistic misanthrope of Molière’ s play « Le Misanthrope », 1666) alcool [alkol] to. alcohol alentour adv. round about; d’ — , adj. round about

alerte adj. alert, wide-awake; /.

(mil.) alarm Alexandre Alexander Alger to. (VC) Algiers (cap. of Algeria)

Algérie /. Algeria (the principal French colony in N . Africa , won after a military and diplomatic struggle of about twelve years, 1830-42)

aligner show in a straight line; (mil.) dress up to a line; s’ — , stand in a line

aliter: s’ — , take to one’s bed allée /. going; walk, passage Allemagne/. Germany allemand, -e (A — ) German aller go, be going to, be about to, go about, go on, walk, walk

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

about; be or fare {well, ill, etc.), get on, get along; — à pied go on foot, walk; — sans dire be obvious; — tout le corps en avant walk leaning forward; — et venir walk up and down (to and fro), or {of a flame) flicker; j’allai m’asseoir dehors I went and sat down outside; — chercher go for, go and get, get, fetch; — se promener go out for a walk; la nuit allait venir darkness was about to fall; si j’allais me réveiller if I should wake; {fig.) la petite va bien the little girl is well; ça va mieux ! (VC) that’s better ! avec un extrême laisser — (R) with an extreme unconcernedness; les étourneaux vont maigres quand ils vont en troupe {Élix) a prvb.: freely, the starlings are thin travelers (find little food) when they travel in a flock; il va peu dans le monde he seldom goes out into society; dont les craquements lui allaient au cœur (AM) whose creakings rent his heart; allez! {AM) now!

(f.e., fire !) ; c’est égal, va, mauvais (M P) never mind, trot along, you villain; vieux malin, va ! you old rogue ! tiens, va, citoyen Jussieu {R) there ! settled ! {or off with you !) etc. ; allons ! allons ! {F) get out ! or come, come ! allons (donc) ! come (now)!, nonsense! je vous connais bien, allez ! I know you well, I do ! refl.: s’en — , go away, go one’s way; va-t’en ! be off !

get out ! son regard s’en va his eyes go wandering; s’en — en morceaux fall into bits, crumble away; faire en — mon rêve {Ét) cause my dream to vanish allonger lengthen (out), stretch (or reach) out; — un coup deal (let drive) a blow; — le pas lengthen one’s stride; — la tête thrust out the head, peer out; s’ — , stretch out

allumer light (up), kindle, brighten allumette/, match allure /. way, manner, bearing; — s d’autrefois former ways

almanach [almana] m. almanac alors then (at that time); so, so then, in that case, thereupon; la flamme jetait — , etc. (MD) the flame was now casting, etc.; sa démarche, — plus vive, etc., {R) his gait, now brisker, etc. ; d’ — , of that time; — que when, at a time when alouette /. lark

alourdir make heavy (or drowsy); alourdi, -e {of a gait) heavy with weariness, plodding; — de sommeil {Êt) heavy with sleep Alpilles [alphj] /. pi. Alpilles {lower spur of Alps in Provence; also called Alpines) alsacien, -ne Alsatian altérer change; altéré, -e {spec, sense) thirsty; d’une voix — e with a quavering voice alti-er, -ère haughty, lofty amabilité /. kindness, amiability amande /. almond; en — , almondshaped

amandier m. almond tree (or almond wood)

amant m. lover {usu. a paramour) amarrer moor, make fast, lash amas [ama] m. heap, pile, mass amasser amass, lay by, hoard up amazone /. woman on horseback, female equestrian ambitieu-x, -se ambitious ambitieusement aspiringly âme /. soul, mind; — qui vive a living soul

amende /. penalty, fine amener bring; lower {a sail) am-er [ame:r], -ère bitter Amérique /. America ameubler furnish (a room) ami, -e friend; mon — , (CP) my dear; ta bonne — e (Et) your sweetheart (pet); son — e (MP) his pet (the mule) amical, -e friendly, loving amitié /. friendship, liking amollir: s’ — -, soften amonceler : s’ — , heap (or pile) up amorce /. percussion cap, priming amour m. love; avec — , lovingly; pour 1’ — de Dieu for God’s sake; par — du sang (MD) through

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

bloodthirstiness; - propre self¬

esteem, self-love, (personal) pride, (one’s own) vanity; /. pi. — s love affairs

amoureu-x, -se (de) in love (with), loving; noun sweetheart, lover amputer amputate; il fut amputé his hand was amputated amusant, -e entertaining, amusing amuser amuse, entertain; beguile; amusez-les (AM) keep them busy; s’ — , amuse (or enjoy) oneself, have a good time; s’ — à enjoy, find entertainment in; pour s’—, (F) to while away the time an m. year; avoir dix-huit ■ — s (AM) finish one’s eighteenth year; jusqu’à quinze — s (AM) until the age of fifteen analogue similar, like analyser analyze

ancien, -ne ancient, past, former; soie — ne (Par) costly old silk; un — ami an old friend (i.e., a friend of long standing); 1’ — ne chapelle the former chapel; noun m. elder, senior member; 1’ — ne (AM) the old one (i.e., roue mill wheel) ancre /. anchor André Andrew

âne to. donkey, ass; cela ne se trouve point dans le pas d’un — , (Mbl) that is no everyday occurrence (usu. dans le pas d’un cheval)

anéantir annihilate, overwhelm, utterly exhaust, prostrate ange to. angel

Angélus [aselys] to. Angélus; sonner 1’ — , (S-N) ring for the A.

(R.C.; morning, noon, and evening; the Ave Maria is repeated thrice)

Angers chief city of Maine-et- Loire anglais, -e (A — ■) English (Englishman, etc.); à 1’ — e in the English way; filer à 1’ — e slip away (or, as we say, “take French leave”); marions-nous à 1’ — e (Mbl) apparently parodying filer à 1’ — e and meaning let’s slip away and get married, let’s elope angle m. angle, corner

angoisse f. anguish, agony of fear; des — s de damné (A TUS) hellish pangs

anguille [ûgi:j]/. eel animal m. animal, (MD) mere animal; brute, lout, cad animation /. bustle, stir animé, -e spirited, lively animer animate, quicken (one’s gait), put briskness into; s’ — , work oneself up anneau m. ring, finger ring année /. year Annette Annie

annonce f. announcement, advertisement

annoncer announce, advertise, indicate; s’ — bien look promising annoter annotate annuel, -le annual, yearly anonyme anonymous anormal, -e abnormal, unusual anse /. handle, loop; inlet, cove antérieur, -e earlier, past antichambre /. antechamber antique old-fashioned, old-time anxiété f. anxiety anxieu-x, -se anxious août [usu. u] m. August apaiser calm; s’ — , calm down, subside

apercevoir perceive (with the eyes), behold, catch sight of, sight (a vessel); s’— (de) become aware (of), notice

aperçoi- see apercevoir aperçu- see apercevoir apéritif m. appetizer (bitters) apeuré, -e (cf. peur) frightened aplatir flatten; aplati (MD) lying flat aplomb m. self-possession, assurance; prendre un — solide get a good footing apostrophe f. reproach apparaître appear; — encore be still visible; comme il apparaît par l’histoire de Samson (J) as is clear through, etc.

appareil m. apparatus, device appareiller set sail apparemment apparently apparence f. appearance, semblance; en — , apparently, seemingly

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

apparition/, apparition, wraith, (sudden) appearance (arrival), coming forth, vision

appartement to. flat, apartment (s), rooms

appartenir (à) belong or appertain (to), be the duty (of), behove appel to. call, roll call, muster appeler call, summon; name; s’ — , be named: comment t’appellestu ? what is your name ?

appendice [apêdis] to. appendix appétissant, -e tempting, appetizing

appétit to. appetite; mettre en bon — , whet one’s appetite; de grand — , with a fine appetite; du meilleur — , with the best of appetites

applaudir applaud; s’ — de congratulate oneself on appliquer apply; — contre press close to

apporter bring (along), carry, fetch, deliver

apprécier appraise (the value of) appréhension /. (gloomy) foreboding

apprendre (à) learn (to), hear about (or of), discover, understand; teach; avez-vous appris ?

have you heard [the latest news]?; ( impv .) apprends que, etc. understand; [elle] m’apprit son existence ( Mbl ) [she] apprised me of her existence; daignez m’ — , etc. kindly tell me all about, etc.; qui t’a appris à siffler? who taught you (how) to whistle ? s’ — , (of a thing) be taught, be learned apprenti to. apprentice, novice apprêt to. preparation (de for) apprêter prepare; s’ — , get ready appri- see apprendre appris, -e : mal — , ill bred approbation /. approbation, approval

approcher bring (draw, move) near; — de approach, come (or get) near, (fig.) reach the height of; s’ — de approach approfondir go deeply into approuver approve (of)

approvisionner stock with supplies appui to. prop, support, stay; à 1’ — de in support of, to back; mur d’ — , ( A WS) breast-high wall (base of a window sill) appuyer prop, rest, stand; — les genoux sur (MD) press one’s knees down upon; s’ — sur lean (or rest) on; appuyé contre un mur leaning against a wall, (APES) stood against a wall; appuyé, -e à resting on âpre rough, harsh, gruff, sour après prep, after; — s’être assuré after assuring himself; archaically, — boire (M D) after drinking; — sa vigne next to his vineyard (in his affections) ; d’ — , according to; adv. afterward (s), later; — que conj. after après-dîner to. after dinner, afternoon (formerly dinner was served at noon)

après-midi to. or f. afternoon; 1’ — , adv. in the afternoon âpreté/, roughness arabe (A — ) Arab, Arabian, Arabic araignée /. spider arbitre to. umpire, judge arbre to. tree arbuste to. shrub arche /. ark (biblical) archéologue to. archeologist archet (de violon) to. bow archevêque to. archbishop ardemment eagerly, ardently, passionately

ardent, -e burning, fiery, gleaming ardeur/, ardor, eagerness argent to. silver, money; d’ — , (made of) silver, silvery argenterie /. silverware, silver plate, plate; — s silverware argentier to. (archaic or eccles.) treasurer

argentin, -e silvery Argonne /. (S-N) a region of N.E.

France, betw. Reims and Metz, where numerous dialectal features (including special words as well as a special “accent”) are noticeable; the Argonne is famous for its forests

Argueil m. (BM) a town in the

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

Vallée de Bray, ab. 35 k. E. by N. of Rouen

argumentation /. arguments aride barren, {jig.) fruitless ariette /. little tune aristocratie [-si] /. aristocracy Arles /. an ancient city of Provence armateur m. ship-owner arme /. arm, weapon; — s arms (weapons), coat of arms; en — s (like sous les — s) armed, under arms; — s blanches side arms (sword, bayonet, lance ) ; combat à 1’ — blanche (AM) fight with sword and bayonet armée f. army; être à 1’ — , be in (or with) the army armer (de) arm, provide (with); cock (firearms); armées à l’extrémité d’une boule tipped with a ball

armoire /. wardrobe, cupboard; closet, bookcase; — à glace wardrobe with a looking-glass door armurier m. gunsmith, (mil.) armorer (chief mechanic in charge of work on artillery etc.) aromate m. spice, aromatic flavoring arome m. aroma

arracher pull (pluck, tear) out, tear off, snatch out (or away), wrench, wrest, break off ; lui — ses galons de caporal strip off his corporal’s stripes; on se l’arrache there is a regular rush (or scramble) after or for him, it, etc.; les Anglais se les arrachaient ( Mbl ) the English were scrambling for them; les Anglais s’arrachent tout the English grab everything arranger arrange, make right, settle, see to (a matter ); arrangez-vous comme vous voudrez do whatever you please; et qu’est-ce qui t’a arrangée comme cela? (VC) what hurt you like that? (put you in that plight ?) arrestation /. arrest, apprehension arrêt m. stop, decree arrêté m. order (issued by a cabinet minister), “order in Council,” decision, decree

arrêter stop, check, hold in check; arrest, halt; decide on (a plan);

(fam.) “buttonhole,” or halt (a person’to make enquiries) ; il arrêta enfin son regard (sur) his glance fell at last (upon) ; ses yeux s’arrêtèrent sur moi his eyes fastened (rested) upon me; s’ — à stop at, linger over arrière adv. back, behind (one); en — , behind, backward (into the past); saluant la jambe en — , bowing with one leg (extended) behind him; posé en — , tilted backward; m. back part, rear, back, stern; à 1’—, aft; gaillard d’ — , quarter-deck arrière-amertume /. a nonce-word, aftermath of bitterness, bitter aftertaste

arrière-boutique /. back shop, back room of a (the) shop arrière-pensée /. mental reservation arrivage m. (fresh) arrival (of merchandise or, jestingly, of persons, e.g., de cardinaux), fresh batch, consignment arrivée/, arrival

arriver (à, dans) arrive (at, in), reach; get or come (to); —

jusqu’à reach; — dans (of a bullet) penetrate; — à qqn happen (befall), occur to one; — à + inf. succeed in -ing; il arrivait des bouffées d’air frais (S-N) there came (or blew) in, etc.; il nous arrive un bataillon ce soir a battalion is due here (is coming in), etc.; — en tête de la liste come out at the top (in an election); je pourrais — , (Par)

I might manage it (i.e., succeed); c’était là qu’il voulait en — , (BM) that was what he was driving at; [ils] en étaient arrivés euxmêmes à se demander, etc. (Élix) [they] had themselves come to the point of wondering, etc. ; [on) en arriva [à lui laisser, etcf [they] were led at last to, etc.; il lui était arrivé de les voir he had happened to see them arroser water, sprinkle, moisten arrondir round out; — un bassin (AM) form (broaden out in) a round pool (pond)

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

art to. art, craft, ingenuity; sans — , unskilled in art; 1’ — pour 1’ — , art for art’s sake artillerie [artijri] /. artillery as [a:s] to. ace

asile to. refuge; demander un — , ask for shelter and protection aspect [aspe] m- aspect, sight, appearance

aspirant to. aspirant, candidate (à for)

assaillir assail, attack assassin to. assassin, murderer; à 1’ — ! murder !

assassinat to. assassination, murder, murdering

assassiner assassinate, murder assaut to. assault, attack; donner 1’ — (à) charge; à 1’ — ! charge !

assavoir [= à savoir]: il est fait — • à ( F ) a legal formula: be it known to

assemblée /. assembly, assemblage, gathering, throng; 1’— [chez Mme de Dey] oublia presque, etc. ( R ) her company (her guests), etc.; italicized by Balzac ( R ) to indicate that this was the word used at Carentan in 1793

asseoir seat; en asseyant sa maîtresse (R) helping her mistress to sit down; faire — qqn seat one, ask one to take a seat (to sit down), see faire (11); p.p. assis, -e seated, sitting; il demeurait assis he was still sitting; il tomba lourdement — , (AIDS) he fell heavily to a sitting posture; assise dans un buisson fourré (Mbl) having taken up her residence, etc.; rejl. s’ — , seat oneself, sit down; elle revint s’asseoir sur son lit she returned to her seat on the bed assey- see asseoir

assez enough, sufficiently, rather;

- — ■ de enough; n’était-ce pas — de mon malheur? hadn’t I already had unhappiness enough ?

assiette /. plate; se trouver dans son — ordinaire (CP) feel at home (be oneself) again, recover one’s usual composure assis, -e see asseoir

assistance /. bystanders, (the) crowd

assistant to.: les — s the persons present, the bystanders assister (à) be present (at), witness, stand by and watch, attend associer (à, avec) associate (with);

s’— à join in, assent to assoi- see asseoir assombrir darken, shed gloom on assommer knock down, nearly kill assommoir to. bludgeon; (drinking) saloon; freely, rum dive ( Zola’s « Assommoir » ) or rum Assoucy, d’ ( Élix ) Charles Coypeau d’Assouci, a burlesque poet (1605- 75) of whom Boileau wrote:

Le plus mauvais plaisant eut des approbateurs,

Et, jusqu’à d’Assouci, trouva des lecteurs.

assoupir make drowsy (or dull) ; assoupi en face de sa cruche drowsing by his jug; s’ — •, grow (get) drowsy; quand la maison lui parut s’—, as soon as the house seemed to her to be sinking into slumber

assujettir fasten, make firm (or fast), clamp

assurément certainly, assuredly assurer assure, ensure; s’ — , make sure

asthmatique asthmatic, wheezy astiquer polish (up) astre to. heavenly body (sun, moon, or star); les — s du ciel the heavenly bodies

atelier to. workshop, factory, studio athée to. atheist atome to. atom âtre to. hearth

atroce atrocious, awful, terrible, horrible, excruciating atrocité /. atrociousness, cruelty attablé, -e (p.p. of s’attabler) at table, seated (at table) attaché [d’ambassade] to. attaché attacher attach, join, fasten, tie; s’ — à take an interest in, become fond of (attached to) attaque /. attack, fit attaquer attack

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

attarder : s’ — , stay late, linger atteindre (à) reach, strike, affect; j’y atteignis I reached it; atteint d’une faim aiguë attacked by (suffering) sharp pangs of hunger; son esprit, atteint à fond, s’affaiblissait his mind, utterly stricken, etc.

atteinte /. blow, stroke, attack attendre wait (for), await, expect; en attendant la rime (Mil) while waiting for the right rime to come; en attendant de manger while waiting for meal time; s’ — à expect, look for, look forward to

attendrir make tender, soften; (fig.) move, touch, affect; d’un air attendri ( MP ) fondly, with a softened look, almost with tears in his eyes; s’ — , be moved attendrissement m. emotion; sans — , (Peur) without self-pity attente/, waiting, wait, expectation attenti-f, -ve attentive; — au moindre bruit (MD) listening for (or to) the slightest noise attention /. attention; avoir 1’— , take care; faire — à heed, pay heed (or attention) to, notice, mind; avec — , attentively; — !

look out ! (be careful) and (nautically) stand by !

attentivement attentively atténuer lessen, soften atterrer (cf. terre) cast down, overwhelm, astound, (A TVS) dismay; atterré, -e downcast, etc.

attester attest, call to witness, bear witness to .

attifer rig out, array in fine apparel attirer attract, draw, draw toward oneself, bring down upon attitude /. attitude, posture attrait m. attraction, charm attraper catch; attrape! bandit!

take that, scoundrel !

attrayant, -e attractive attribuer (à), attribute, ascribe, lay (to)

attrister sadden, grieve aube (1) /. dawn, daybreak aube (2) /. alb (a long white vestment worn by Catholic priests at mass)

auberge /. inn, tavern aubergiste m. or f. innkeeper, landlord, landlady

aucun, -e any; no, none; ne . . .

plus — , no further audace/, audacity, daring au-dessous (de) below au-dessus (de) above; — de vos forces beyond your strength au-devant: courir — de run (out) to meet

audience /. audience, official audience, (judicial) hearing auditeur m. auditor, hearer auge /. trough

augmenter increase, grow; — (un effet) enhance, heighten Auguste^ Augustus Augustin, saint (Êlix) St. Augustine (354-430 A.D.), a celebrated N.

African bishop, author of “Confessions”

aujourd’hui today, now; c’est — la Saint-Louis today is, etc.

aumône /. alms, charity auparavant before, previously, earlier

auprès near; adv. near by; — de near, by, close to, with, among, alongside; (fig.) in the eyes of; introduit — d’elle admitted into her presence aur- see avoir auréole /. halo, aureola aurore /. dawn

aussi also, too, likewise, as, so, therefore, accordingly aussitôt immediately, straightway, forthwith; — rentré [ = — qu’il fut rentré] immediately after his return; — que as soon as autant so much, as much; — de so much, so many; moi — qu’un autre (AM) I’ll do, as well as anybody else; en faire — , do likewise; — être pendu que de + inf. one might as well be hanged as to, etc ; — se passer . . . might as well give himself ... ; —

valait-il vendre chèrement sa vie they might just as well sell their lives dearly; — et mieux que as fully as and better than; — que j’en puis juger as far as I can

judge; d’ — moins que all the less because; d’ — plus que so much the more that, etc.

autel to. altar auteur to. author authentique authentic, genuine automne [oton] to. autumn, fall autorité /. authority autour around or round (it, us, etc.), round about; — de round, round (about), about autre (s) other (s); — chose anything (something) else, a different matter (see genre); sans — distraction que with no other, etc.; 1’ — semaine (F) the next week; 1* — année (Peur) last year; huit — s jours a week more; d’un moment à 1’ — , at any instant; de temps à — , every now and then; de côté et d’ — , on all sides or round about; avec nous — s with the rest of us; vous — s (Êt) you shepherds; sin: nous — s jeunes gens on us young people; rien — , nothing else; [cet homme] n’était — que le, etc. [this man] was the very same, etc.; l’un 1’ — , each other; l’un et 1’ — , both; l’un ou 1’ — , either of them

autrefois formerly, once upon a time, in days gone by; d’ — , bygone, of bygone days; cette soirée d’ — , that evening long ago autrement otherwise; — dit or in other words

autrui others, another; d’ — , one’s neighbor’s

auvent to. screen, blinds, shutters; in La Peur — cannot mean « petit toit en saillie »; in Paris, and elsewhere, — is often used instead of contrevent and volet (q.v.) avalanche /. avalanche (rushing throng)

avaler swallow, (fig.) devour; — d’un trait (or d’un coup) gulp down

avance /. advance, lead; — s advances, attentions; à 1’ — , or d’— , in advance, beforehand; avoir trois lieues d’ — sur be three leagues ahead of

avancement to. advancement avancer advance, push forward; s’ — , go (or come) forward, advance avant prep, before; — tout first of all, before everything else; — toutes choses whatever else may (or might) happen; le jour d’ — la Noël the day before, etc.; (after neg.) — cinq minutes (AM) for five minutes yet; — de + inf. before -ing; — que (ne) -f subjunc.

before; adv. before, earlier, previously; en — , forward: aller tout le corps en — , walk with a heavy stoop; la tête en — , (F) with his head bent forward; tomber la tête en — , fall head first; to. bow (of a ship); gaillard d’ — , forecastle

avantage to. advantage, benefit avant-garde /. vanguard, advance guard

avant-hier [avâtjeir] (the) day before yesterday avare avaricious, miserly avarice /. avarice, greed avarie /. (usu. plf damage; sans - — s undamaged

Ave Maria [ave marja] to. (Latin) Ave Maria (Hail, Mary!); Ave verum (corpus, etc.) Hail, true body (a Latin hymn) avec with; — l’âge (AM) as one grows (grew) older; — le temps in the course of time; — surprise to my surprise; — avidité eagerly; — cela (MP) for all that; toute rose — ça (AM) as red as a rose besides; (une explication) — nous (CP) between us (you and me) avenant, -e prepossessing, winsome, attractive, pleasing avenir to. future; à 1’ — , in (the) future

aventure /. adventure, experience; àl’ — , (at) haphazard, at random; par — , perchance

aventurer- venture; s’ — , venture (out)

avenue/, avenue, driveway avertir warn, notify avertissement to. warning aveu to. confession, avowal, admission

aveugle blind aveuglément blindly aveuglette: à 1’—, groping in the dark or blindly avide eager avidement eagerly avidité /. eagerness Avignon /. Avignon, an old city (in Latin Avenio) on the Rhone, in Provence. In 1305, Pope Clement V took up his residence in A. and the so-called “ Babylonian Captivity” continued until 1377, when the Papal See was transferred back to Rome. In all, seven popes dwelt in A., living peacefully in the midst of their brilliant courts. Daudet does not name the pope who figures in his story ( see Boniface); en Avignon is used byD. for “ local color” ; standard French requires à. A popular song begins:

Sur le pont d’Avignon,

On y danse, on y danse;

Sur le pont d’Avignon,

On y danse tout en rond.

avis m. opinion, impression, what one thinks; m’est — que, etc., (a colloq. archaism) my impression is, methinks

aviser advise (notify), inform; — à remplacer consider how to replace; s’ — de take it into one’s head to, venture to avocat m. advocate, barrister, lawyer; — du diable (Latin advocatus diaboli) Devil’s advocate (an ecclesiastic officially designated at the Papal Court to oppose a canonization recommended by an avocat de Dieu) avoine/, oats

avoir have, hold, get, bear, wear, feel, make, give, devise; see [avoir] beau + inf. ; — lieu, peur, raison, soin; (1) j’eus encore le numéro 1 once more I got (or drew), etc.; elle eut une émotion poignante she felt, etc.; Dieu ait son âme ! may God keep his soul !

(2) (la robe) a plus d’une reprise shows more than one darning;

sa figure n’avait rien d’effarouché

(S-N) her face showed no sign of alarm; (3) la maison n’avait plus un souffle (AM) in the house, now, not a breath was stirring; (4) — cinq pieds de haut be five feet tall; (5) il avait les pieds fort plats he had very flat feet; ayant le cou pris dans une fourche with his neck held, etc.; (6) mais qu’as-tu ? but what is the matter with you? j’en eus l’estomac tout ensoleillé it filled my stomach with sunlight; (7) [il] avait de si cruelles inventions (MP) [he] could devise (perpetrate), etc.; il eut un geste (BM) he made a gesture; il eut à peine un léger haussement d’épaules (AM) he hardly did more than give, etc.; (8) il en avait donc pour six mois (VC) so he had enough to last, etc.; (9) n’ — point à se plaindre have no reason (ground) to complain; (10) il y a there is (are); il doit y — des sentinelles there must be sentinels; croyez-vous qu’il n’y ait que vous ? (Mbl) do you suppose you’re the only one ? il y a dix ans ten years ago; qu’y a-t-il donc ? what is the matter ? qu’estce qu’il y a ? what is wrong ?

avoisiner be (or lie) near avouer confess, admit, own, disclose avril m. April ay- see avoir Ayché [ai$e] Ayché azur m. azure (cf. azuré, -e) azuré, -e azure, sky-blue

babil [babi or, seldomer, babij] m.

prattle, chatter

babiller [babij e] prattle, chatter badaud m. idler

badigeon m.: (Mbl) un léger — , a thm coat (or just a dash) of whitewash.

badigeonner (AM) whitewash badiner trifle; On ne badine pas avec l’amour One cannot trifle, etc.

bagage m. baggage, luggage

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

bagarre /. hubbub, fray, scuffle bagatelle/, trifle; être — , be trivial bague /. [finger-] ring bah ! nonsense ! pooh ! pooh ! pshaw ! well ! come now ! oh bosh ! my goodness ! (M D) what was the use?

baie/, berry

baigner bathe, wash ( a river bank ) bâiller [baje] yawn, gape bailli [baji] m. magistrate, judge, particularly in Germany; Erckmann-Chatrian ( MD ) are referring to Heidelberg (le grand — , the chief magistrate) bâillonner [baj one] gag bain m. bath

baïonnette /. bayonet; la — au fusil with fixed bayonets baiser vb. [ more safely, and usually, embrasser] kiss; noun m. kiss baisser lower, go down, fall; — la tête bow one’s head, look down, bow, stoop (down); se — , stoop (down)

bal m. ball, dance, dancing party baladin m. mountebank, clown, buffoon

balafo m. (T) a musical instrument used by the indigenous tribes of Guinea

balai [bale] m. broom balance /. balance, scale balancer balance, sway, swing; waft

balayer sweep, sweep away balbutier [balbysje] stammer balcon m. balcony baleine /. whale; souffler comme une — , or des — s (AW/S) puff like a porpoise balle /. ball; bullet, shot ballon m. balloon

ballotter toss (about), swing, dangle balourd, -e thick-witted, doltish balustrade /. railing bambin m. (fam.) \Ital. bambino] youngster, brat banal, -e commonplace banc [bû] m. bench, seat bande /. band, strip, school or shoal (of fish), troop, gang; être de la - — , belong to that gang bander bind up, bandage

bandit m. robber, blackguard bandoulière/, shoulder belt; en — , slung over one’s shoulder bank-notes [bâknot]/. pi., an English word borrowed by the French:

banknotes ( lighter than coin!) bannière /. banner banque /. bank; faire une — de pharaon (CP) take the bank (in a game of faro)

banqueroute /. bankruptcy; faire — go into bankruptcy; faire — à la potence cheat the gallows banquet m. banquet, feast banquette /. bench, seat (each compartment in a French railway car \Brit. carriage ] contains two banquettes, built across the car and facing each other)] in a French café, bench (or lounge) banquier m. banker baobab m. baobab (a gigantic tree; Africa and India)

baptême [batem] m. christening, baptism

baraque /. hovel, shed barbare barbarous, barbaric, outlandish (AM)

barbe/, beard; — de chèvre goatee barbiche /. tuft of beard, billy-goat beard

barbouiller scribble (on) barbu, -e bearded; ce — de vétérinaire (VC) that bewhiskered veterinary

bardeau m. shingle, weatherboard barette see barrette Bariatynski, Prince Alexander B.

(1815-79), a Russian field marshal who distinguished himself in the Caucasus

Bar-le-Duc chief town of dept, of Meuse

Bamabé Barnabas or Barnaby baromètre m. barometer barque /. (small) boat, (ship’s) boat, rowboat

barre /. bar, rod, helm (tiller or wheel)] streak, stroke; mettre la — , bar the door; — s de justice (T) prisoner’s bars (iron bars to which unruly sailors were fastened by rings for punishment) barrer stripe; — de noir les prairies

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

(AM) lie black athwart the meadows, lie in black bands across, etc.

barrette /. berretta (or cap, red or black; red if worn by a cardinal; generally square, some times triangular), worn by Pope “Boniface” (MP) and by choir boys barricader barricade barrique /. cask

bas (1), basse low, lower, down; le — clergé the lower clergy ; en — se Normandie in Lower Normandy ( the regions bordering on the English Channel) ; à voix — se in a low tone; la tête — se with his head down; see basse-cour bas (2) adv. and noun down, etc.:

plus — , lower below; jeter — , (of gunfire) bring down; jeter à — , throw down; me jeter à — de la gouttière knock me off the eaves; tout — , in very low tones; de — en haut (AM) from top to bottom; en — , down, downward, below; d’en — , from below; le jardinier d’en — , OS¬ AO the gardener (who lives) below; les fenêtres d’en — , the ground-floor windows; la pièce du —, (AM) the room below; foot (of stairway) ; bottom; stockings [i.e., — de chausse] base /. base, basis basse-cour /. poultry yard, farmyard; un poulet de — , (Mbl) a back-yard hen

bassin m. basin, pond, mill pond, (big) pool

bassine/, (preserving) pan bât [ba] m. packsaddle bataille f. battle; en — , in line of battle; disposé à la — , inclined to fight

bataillon m. battalion bâtard, -e : porte — e (S-N) garden gate

bateau m. boat

bateleur m. conjurer, mountebank bâtiment m. building, ship; — négrier slave ship bâtir build

bâtisse /. building, masonry bâton m. stick, staff, cudgel

battant m. leaf of a folding door, folding door

battant, -e (of rain) pelting battement m. beat or beating (of a drum), roll, rumble batterie /. battery battre beat, batter, strike; churn (milk); — tous les bois (AM) beat (scour), etc.; — la montagne scour (explore) the mountain slopes; — des mains clap one’s hands; — en retraite (mil.) beat a retreat, retreat; — à grands coups pressés (of the heart) throb violently; reflex, se — (avec, à) fight, tussle, wrestle (with) battue f. battue (for game), hunt, search

baudrier m. shoulder belt (Orion’s belt)

Baux Cbo] a village ab. 15 k. E. by N. of Arles

bavard, -e adj. talkative; m. and f.

babbler, chatterbox bavardage m. idle talk, gossip (ing), chitchat

bavarder prattle, gossip bavette /. bib; tailler des — s gossip, indulge in chitchat béant, -e gaping, wide-open; demeurer — , (AIDS') stop short, with mouth agape; bouche — e gaping, mouth agape béat, -e blissful,^ sanctimonious;

d’un air — , (Êlix) beatifically beau, bel, belle beautiful, lovely, handsome, fair, fine, happy; ce que j’avais vu de plus beau the most beautiful object that I had ever seen; la belle inconnue the fair unknown; un beau nom (CP) a fine name; un bel homme a handsome man; belle humeur good humor, fine spirits; le bel air qu’il savait prendre (AM) the impressive air, etc.; à la belle étoile out in the open; au beau milieu de in the very midst of; il y a belles années de cela (Élix) ’tis many a year ago; de plus belle adv.

harder (faster) than ever; of weather, il faisait beau the weather was .fine; avoir beau +

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

inf.: il avait beau dire (BM) talk as much as he might; il eut beau protester it was useless for him to protest; il eut beau compter ses gouttes it did him no good to count, etc.; les enfants avaient beau faire whatever the children tried beaucoup (de) much, a great deal (of), many; greatly, often, far; contribuer — à répandre contribute largely toward spreading; y être pour —, (S-N) have a good deal to do with it beauté /. beauty, loveliness Beauvais [Love] a city ( dépt . Oise) midway betw. Compiegne and Rouen

bee [bek] m. beak; un coup de — , ( Mbl ) a (violent) peck; — de gaz gas burner, gas light; — de cane (VC) door-handle ( shaped more or less like a duck’s bill), latch bégayer stutter, stammer (out) bégueule f. prude; prudish bel, belle see beau bêler bleat belge (B — ) Belgian Belgique f. Belgium belle see beau

belligérant, -e warring, belligerent Bellone: la — , the Bellona bénédiction/, benediction, blessing; que c’était une — , (Êlix) in a most heavenly way, quite unbelievably bénéfice m. profit bénir bless; see bénit, -e bénit, -e ( archaic p.p. of bénir, now adj .): eau — e holy water bénitier m. holy-water fount béquille [beki:j] /. crutch bercer rock, lull berger m. shepherd bergerette /. ( dimin . of bergère) little shepherdess

berlingot m. single-seated berlin (o

vehicle)

Berthe Bertha besace /. wallet

besides/, pi. spectacles, goggles bésigue m. bézique or bezique ( a card game; various combinations, when declared, are scored; see

Bésigue)

Bésigue: comme feu — , (VC) like the late (Mr.) Bésigue ( Capt .

Mercadier speaks, playfully or otherwise, as if the card game bésigue had been invented by a man of that name; the etymology is unknown)

besogne /. task, job, work besoin m. need, want, necessity, craving; avoir — de (be in) need (of), need (to); il n’éprouvait que le — de défendre Françoise (AM) his sole thought was, etc.; elle n’avait qu’un — immense (AM) she had but one mighty yearning

bestial, -e bestial, animal bête (1) /. animal, small creature; — s fauves, wild beasts (see fauve) les Trois Bêtes (Êt) the Three Horses which are imagined to be pulling the Wain, Charles’s Wagon

bête (2) stupid, foolish

bêtise /. stupidity, nonsense, folly

beurre m. butter

Beuzeville /. a very small town ab.

10 k. S.É. of Goderville (N.E. of Le Havre)

biais [bj e] : de — , diagonally bibelot m. knickknack (or nicknack); trinket, curiosity bible /. bible, Bible bibliothécaire m. librarian bibliothèque /. library, bookcase;

see cigale bidet m. nag

bien (1) adv. and advbl. adj. well, clearly, certainly, good, indeed, of course; very, much, fully, quite (= wholly), carefully; — entendu of course; eh — , well then; un peu — né of rather good birth; ou — , or on the other hand, or else; je crois — ! I should say so ! c’était — lui it was indeed he; ah ! — oui oh ! quite so; le service de Dieu y perdait — , etc. (Êlix) no doubt, etc.; il s’y trouvait — quelques négligences (Mbl) there occurred in it, I admit, etc.; faites — excuse do excuse me; je crains — que I really fear, etc.; je vous réponds — , please believe

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

me; quantitatively: — souffrir suffer greatly; crier si — , shout so loudly; — avant long before; — plus much more; I y a — quatre ans que it’s at least four years since; — des choses many things, — de l’honneur a great honor; je veux — , I’m (quite) willing; veux-tu — descendre? won’t you please come down ?

comment ce gredin . . . avait — pu ensorceler sa fille (AM) how on earth that scoundrel had managed, etc. ; concessively: — que (+ subjunctive) although, though; c’est — , very well; avec laquelle j’étais fort — , (CP) with whom I was on very friendly terms; être — en cour be in favor at court; elle me semble très — , it strikes me as very good-looking bien (2) to. goods, property, piece of property; - — donné ne se reprend plus (prvb.) a bargain is a bargain; un homme de —, a man of worth, a good man bien-aimé, -e beloved; ma — e my well-beloved ; « Ma — e est comme un jardin clos » (J) in the Song of Solomon (King James version iv.

12), “A garden inclosed is my sister, my spouse,” etc.

bien-être m. welfare, well-being bien-faisant, -e beneficent, kind, beneficial

bienfait m. favor, kindness, bounty bienheureu-x, -se blissful; je m’endormis comme un — , I fell blissfully asleep bientôt soon

bienveillant, -e kind, kindly, welldisposed bière /. beer bijou m. jewel (s) bijoutier to. jeweler bile f. gall, anger; se faire de la — , fret, worry

billard [bija:r] to. billiards, billiard table, (VC) cloth thereon; billes de — , billiard balls bille [bi:j]/. (small) ball billet [Jbije] to. ticket; faire des — s give notes (i.e., sign time-notes — s à échéance); nous fîmes deux — s

we made two slips of paper (for drawing lots); — de logement (mil.) billeting ticket; — de banque bank note; — de mille thousand-franc note bique f. she goat, nanny goat bise /. north wind bivac = bivouac

bivouac [bivwak] to. bivouac, camping ground

bizarre odd, queer, singular blague /. joke, humbug, hoax blanc (1), blanche white; très — de peau very fair-skinned; à l’arme — che with sword and bayonet; (2) to. white; un — , a white man; — d’Espagne whiting; se mettre du — , [i.e., d’Espagne] (Mbl) coat oneself with whiting blancheur/, whiteness blanchir whiten, paint white blasphème to. blasphemy, curse blasphémer blaspheme blé to. grain, corn (not Indian corn), wheat; les — s the grain blême pallid, wan blesser wound, hurt, shock blessure /. wound, injury bleu, -e blue bleuâtre bluish bleuet to. see bluet blond, -e light-colored, fair-haired, fair, golden; (of smoke) yellowish brown; une clarté — , a golden brightness

blottir : se — , squat, crouch blouse /. blouse (the usual coat of a French peasant or workingman) bluet to. (blue) cornflower or “bluebottle ”

bock to. glass of beer bœuf [bœf] to. ox; pi. [Lp] oxen or cattle

bohémien, -ne Bohemian, gipsy Boilly [bwaji], Louis Léopold (1761- 1845), a French painter, especially of story-pictures and of popular or familiar scenes. Ab. 1820, he went in particularly for lithography (S-N), an art discovered ab. 1796 by the Bavarian Senefelder and first practiced in France ab. 1806 boire drink (as noun, drinking); — • un coup take a drink; verser

VOCABULARY

à — , pour out a drink; chansons après — , ( Êlix ) songs when in one’s cups, drinking songs (après — , instead of après avoir bu, is a familiar archaism, occurring mostly with chanter and chanson) bois m. wood(s), timber; de — , wooden; sur les — , over the woods; — d’ébène ebony, a -playful euphemism for black slaves boisé, -e wooded, wainscoted boisseau m. bushel basket boisson /. drink, beverage boîte [bwat] /. box ( including box of a compass )

boiter limp; ma mère alla, en boitant, achever de pleurer (Mbl) my mother limped away, etc.

boiteu-x, -se lame, cripple (d) bol [bol] m. bowl; — à punch punch bowl

bon, bonne good(ly), kind(ly), pleasant, nice, good-natured; useful, fit, right, proper; simple, foolish; assis au — soleil basking in the sun; un — feu a cheerful fire; un — - tour (F) a clever trick; de - — ne heure early; de — cœur heartily; à — marché cheaply;

— à ramasser worth while picking up; la — ne place (MD) the right spot; si je puis vous être

— à quelque chose if I can be helpful to you in any way; où — leur semblerait wherever they liked; une — ne moitié (de) fully half; — nés manières (MP) polite attentions; ta — ne amie (Ét) your sweetheart (your ladyfriend); le — Dieu the Lord, God; la simplicité des — s pères (Êlix) the credulity of the worthy friars; — enfant adj. goodnatured; l’air — enfant a look of childlike innocence; j’étais bien — de m’affliger, etc. (Mbl)

I was foolish indeed, etc.; advbly.:

sentir — , smell good (sweet); qui sentait — la lavande (MP) which had a sweet fragrance of lavender; tenir — , hold out; tenez - — , (AM) keep steady

bonasse: d’un ton — , (Êlix) with clownish amiability; personnage

— , (M D) goody-goody-looking individual

bond m. bound, leap, jump bondir bound, leap, spring bonheur m. happiness, good fortune, luck; avoir le — de be fortunate enough to; par — , luckily; un — n’arrive jamais seul (prvb.) good fortune never comes alone

bonhomme m. (good) fellow, worthy man, old fellow, old boy; le — La Fontaine (S-N) good old La Fontaine

Boniface (MP) “It was during the pontificate of Clement V, who appears never to have entered Italy, that the Papal See was removed [ from Rome ] to Avignon, where it remained in what Italian writers call the ‘ Babylonian Captivity ’ for over seventy years ” [1305-77], (P.

Toynbee, Dante Diet.) Daudet’s “Boniface” is legendary or his own creation, for none of the seven popes who ruled from Avignon during the so-called “ Babylonian Captivity ” bore this name, and in any case Daudet’s characterization is fanciful

bonjour m. good morning, good day, etc.

bonne/, servant, (house)maid bonnet m. cap; — de police foragecap

bonté /. goodness, kindness bord m. edge, hem, side, rail (of a ship), ledge, bank (shore), brim; à — (de) on board; à son — , on board his ship; par-dessus le — , overboard; virer de — , tack

bordage m. planking (on ships’ ribs) border border, skirt, edge, hem; bordé, -e de framed in, bordered (or edged) with, etc.

borne/, limit, boundary, bound borner limit, confine bosse /. bump (on the head etc.) boston m. (R) boston, a card game botte/, boot, (U.S.A.) shoe bottelée /. [dimin.; rare] (little) bundle

bou- see bouillir

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

bouche /. mouth; les — s ( F ) everybody’s mouth; sa — souriante her smiling lips bouchée /. mouthful; manger par grandes — s (AIDS) gobble one’s food in great mouthfuls boucher (1) stop (plug) up, clog boucher (2) to. butcher bouchon to. cork (stopper) ; inn (in the Black Forest), a meaning derived from Old French bousche signifying the “bush” of verdure hung over the doors of inns (cf.

“good wine needs no bush”) boucle /. buckle, curl; — d’oreille earring; à — s buckled bouder pout, sulk; se — , (AM) be sulky with each other boue/, mud boueu-x, -se muddy bouffée /. puff, whiff bouffette /. knot of ribbons; favor bouffir swell, bloat bougeoir m. (flat) candlestick, taper stand

bouger stir, budge, move; il n’en bougea plus (AM) once there, he stayed

bougie/, (wax) candle bouillie [buji]/. pulp bouillir [bujhr] boil, seethe bouillonner [bujone] bubble up, seethe, boil boulanger m. baker boule /. ball (of any size) boulet m. (canon) ball, solid shot (used in 1870)

bouleverser upset, turn topsyturvy; bouleversé, -e quite upset, panic-stricken Bou-Maza (VC) “an Arab chieftain, b. ab. 1820, ... In 1845, while Abd-el-Kader [ç.t>.] was a refugee in Morocco, he raised all Dahra in rebellion against French rule." Finally, “ at the end of his resources, he surrendered to Colonel Saint- Arnaud. Brought to Paris, he escaped during the February revolution, was recaptured at Brest and set free later by Louis Napoléon.

In 1854, he joined the Ottoman troops and subsequently again fell into oblivion." (Larousse)

bouquet m. bunch, cluster, bouquet, nosegay; flower-like fragrance bourbeu-x, -se muddy, miry, filthy (commonly describing a slough with a sediment of thick mud) bourdonner hum, buzz bourengrédel /. (MD) a French pronunciation of the German dialectal form Bauerngredel, i.e., -gretel; Gretel is a diminutive of Margarete and the whole expression means farmers’ girls bourg [bu:r] m. (F) market town (usu. a large village) bourgeois, -e in France, applied by the “proletariat” to persons of larger means; by aristocrats, to the “middle classes"; middleclass; (adj.) plain; habits — , civilian dress, plain clothes; noun m. townsman (pi. townsfolk); les principaux — , the leading citizens (not including any nobles)', petits — , (VC) petty tradesmen, plain townsfolk [“lower middleclass persons”]; cette - — e (Par) that middle-class (or plain-looking) woman

bourgeoisie /. middle class Bourget : le — , (Mbl) a small town 6 k. from Saint-Denis, N.E. of Paris, now the public landing place for airships

bourgmestre [burgmestr] m. burgomaster (freely, mayor) bourreau m. executioner bourrelier m. harness maker bourrer stuff, cram, fill bourse /. purse boursouflure /. swelling bousculade/, jostling; pushing and shoving

bousculer toss (about) boussole /. compass, guide bout to. end, tip (of tongue, nose), muzzle; — de cigare cigar-butt; — de corde bit of string; tout au — de l’horizon on the very rim, etc.; un bon — de chemin à faire (S-N) quite a distance to go; son — de champ his bit (or scrap) of field; au — de (of time) after; à — de force (s) with no strength left, worn out; venir à

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

— de succeed in, manage to (CP) ; si tu en viens jamais à — , ( Mbl ) if you ever succeed bout-rimé to. crambo ( a word game) bouteille/, bottle boutique/, shop bouton to. button, knob boutonner button (up); très boutonné very stiff, unapproachable bouvier to. cowherd, ox driver braconnier to. poacher brailler bawl (brawl, squall) braise /. embers brancards to. pi. shafts branchage to. ( growing ) branches, boughs; - — s (ATUS) interwoven branches

branche /. branch, bough branchure/. (rare) branches, boughs branle to. swinging; en — , wagging branler shake or wag (one’s head) bras to. arm; sur les — , on one’s hands; et des — ! and such arms !

ses deux — , (AM) his two strong arms; le fusil au — , (AM) carrying their guns

brasserie /. café, beer shop (the primary meaning, brewery, does not occur in our texts. No English word corresponds exactly to brasserie as used to designate a public resort where beer is sold at retail, coffee is drunk, newspapers are read, etc., often at tables outside the “shop”) brave good, fine, worthy, brave; le — pape ! what a fine (or good) pope ! ce — jeune homme this good lad; un — garçon a worthy young fellow; mon — ami my good friend; - — soldat (VC) brave soldier

bravement bravely, boldly, valiantly braver brave (a danger), defy bravoure /. bravery, daring Bréauté (F) a Norman village between Le Havre and Goderville brebis /. sheep (sg. or pi.), ewe; used as a term of endearment (Et) “lamb” brèche /. breach, break bredouiller sputter bref, brève brief, short, laconic; d’une voix brève (VC) laconi-

cally, curtly; bref adv. briefly, in short

breton, -ne Breton; /. Breton girl (woman)

brevet to. patent, certificate bréviaire to. breviary brick to. brig bride /. bridle, reins brièvement briefly brigadier to. corporal, (police) sergeant

brigand to. brigand, robber Brigitte Bridget

brillant, -e bright, shining, brilliant, shiny

briller [brije] shine, glisten, flash, be aglow; (of a fire) blaze or glow; (of windows) be full of light

brin to. blade, or sprig (of certain plants ); — de mouron sprig of chickweed; (fig.) bit, wee bit brique /. brick

briser break, shatter, be shattered; les jambes brisées (AM) her legs being too weary to support her bristol to. Bristol board, pasteboard britannique British, Britannic broc [hro] to. jug broche /. spit broder embroider bronze to. bronze; de — , bronze bronzer bronze brosse /. brush, eraser brosser brush

brosseur to. officer’s servant (or man), soldier servant brouhaha [bruaa] to. uproar, hurlyburly, hubbub brouillard to. fog, mist brouiller embroil; se — , fall out, get into a row

broussailles /. pi. brushwood bruire rustle

bruit to. noise, sound, clang; rumor, report; à grand — , noisily; un — sourd a muffled (or dull) sound, a thud; le — sec (de la petite jambe de bois) the click or sharp thump, etc.; la vie de — et d’insouciance the noisy, careless life; le — court it is rumored brûler burn; (fig.) kindle, enflame (the blood)', (figure) brûlée sun-

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

burned; (des herbes) brûlées de parfums et de soleil (Êlix) with their perfumes heightened by the sun’s heat

brumeu-x, -se foggy, misty, hazy brun, -e brown, dusky, dark-skinned brusque rough, gruff, blunt; d’une voix — , gruffly

brusquement bluntly, abruptly, suddenly

brutal, -e rough, brutal, brutish brutalement roughly, viciously brutaliser treat roughly (or brutally), bully

Bruxelles [brysel or bryksel] /.

Brussels ( Belgium ) bruyamment [bryjamâ] noisily bruyant, -e noisy [bryjû(:t)] bu- see boire

bûche /. (small) log, fire log buffet m. sideboard buffleterie /. set of “ buffalo ’’-hide straps formerly worn by a soldier:

braces, shoulder belt and waistbelt; pi. (VC) straps Buffon (1707-88) author of many volumes on the natural sciences; particularly famed for his « Histoire naturelle », of which nine volumes (1770-83) are devoted to fords

Bugeaud (1784-1849). After a long military and political career in Europe, B. was sent to Algeria (1836). In 1837, this general signed, with Abd-el-Kader , a treaty called disastrous to France. His chief claim to glory is said to be his consolidation (largely by a system of raids) of French power over the Algerian Arabs. One of his chief lieutenants in his great army (over 100,000 men) was General Lamoriciere. It was his devotion to his companions in arms that won him the affectionate epithet: « le père Bugeaud»

buis m. boxwood; de — -, boxwood buisson m. bush, thicket bureau m. (writing-)desk, office; — de police police station; dans le monde des — x among the office-holders; garçon de — , office attendant

bureaucratie [-si] /. bureaucracy en style de — , in the language of officeholders

bureaucratique bureaucratic, of red tape

burette/, cruet

burin m. burin (tool for engraving on metal), graver buste m. bust

but [by or byt] m. aim, purpose, (fig.) target; un — marqué (Mbl) a set mark ; avoir pour — , aim at buveu-r, -se drinker

c’ form of ce before vowels and, in highly colloquial speech, even when initial before a consonant: c’ qui

m’ faisait deuil, etc. (F) what, etc.

ça a colloq. abbrev. of cela; qui ça qui m’a vu? (F) who’s that, that saw me? des menteries comme ça (F) lies like those; ça, c’est des raisons d’ menteux (F) that’s liars’ talk, that is; general usage:

avec ça (AM) besides, too, withal; (contemptuously of a person) ça n’a pas encore un brin de barbe, etc. (MD) the fellow (or why he), etc.

çà adv. here, hither; çà et là here and there, about; ah! çà! procédons well now ! (now then !) etc.

cabaret m. wine shop; “public house,” or “pub” (Gt. Brit.), and “tavern ” are usually not accurate equivalents of cabaret) ; in BM, le cabaret and le café appear to designate the same place cabaretier m. wine shop keeper, proprietor of a wine shop; tavern keeper

cabaretière f. innkeeper’s wife (daughter, etc.), barmaid cabestan m. capstan cabinet m. study or library (CP), private office; small room caboteur m. coasting sailor, coaster cabrer: se — , rear (up) cabriolet m. gig

cacatoès [kakatoès] m. (more usually cacatois) cockatoo

cacatois [kakatwa] m. ( Malayan kakatüa; see cacuata) cockatoo cacher (à) hide, conceal (from); se — , conceal (hide) oneself, hide

cachet m. seal

cacheter seal; cacheté aux armes de Provence ( Élix ) stamped [on its side~\ with the arms, etc.

cachette /. hiding place cacuata ( Mbl ) “Latin” name of the cacatois (cockatoo); the zoologists’ name is cacatua cadavre m. corpse, dead body; ce - — aimé (Peur) the body of that dear friend

cadeau m. gift, present; faire — de give, present' cadence /. cadence, beat cadencé, -e: les pas — s, the cadenced (even or steady) tread cadran m. dial

cadre m. frame; dans le — de la fenêtre (AIES) framed [like a pictured in the [open] window Caen [k5] an important city on the coast of Normandy café m. coffee, coffee house, café (in France, a resort — somewhat more refined and pretentious than a cabaret or estaminet — where both coffee and alcoholic drinks are served, indoors or outside, and to which the French go to play cards, dominos, etc., to read the newspapers, and to chat, often for hours ) cahot [ka(h)o] m. jolt caille [ka:j]/. quail caillou m. pebble

caisse /. box, chest, — en fer iron tank; — • à eau water tank, tank calcul m. calculation; — de tête mental calculation; les — s humains worldly plans (schemes, ambitions)

calcula-teur, -trice calculating, scheming, self-seeking cale /. wedge, prop (under a cask) calebasse /. calabash, gourd calèche/. (CP) calash or “ barouche” (formerly a stylish four-wheeled carriage, open in front with a movable top or hood on the back) caleçon m. drawers

calice m. (bot.) calyx, cup calligraphie /. calligraphy; sa — de sergent-major (VC) his (elegant) penmanship when he was, etc.

calme (1) calm, collected; (2) m.

calmness, stillness calmer calm, quiet; se — , get calm (calmer), overcome one’s emotions, compose oneself calorifère m. (Par): (la chaleur lourde du) — , central heating plant, furnace; but presumably in Maupassant’s time, as now, calorifère might designate a local, visible, heating apparatus or stove calvaire m. Calvary, image of Calvary (of the Crucifixion) camail [kama:j] m. camail (a little hooded cape worn by priests, choirboys, etc.)

camarade m. or f. companion, chum, fellow soldier; — de couvent former schoolmate at the convent Camargue /. an island between the two branches of the Rhone at its mouth

cambuse /. steward’s room camériste /. lady-in-waiting, (lady’s) maid

camionnage m. hauling (in a camion truck), cartage camp m. camp (see camp-volant) campagnard, -e rustic, countrified;

m. peasant, countryman campagne f. fields and woods, also (open) country, countryside; par la — , (AIDS) in the open country; les gens de la — , the country folk; les besognes de la — , the jobs that farmers must do; (mil.) campaign; la vie de — , (VC) campaigning or campaign life; faire sa - — , see active service

camper camp, encamp camp-volant [ = camp volant] m.:

comme un — , (S-N) (lit.) like a flying camp (as contrasted with un camp de séjour), always on the go (a military term) canaille /. riffraff canard m. duck (see cane) cancan m. idle stories, gossip

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

candide frank, outspoken, bright cane /. ( female ) duck; see bee canne/, cane, (walking) stick Cannes chief town, dept, of Alpes- Maritimes

cannette /. beer mug, “pint” canon m. gun, cannon, artillery; — de fusU gun barrel; un lougre de trois — s a three-gun lugger canot m. small boat, yawl cantine /. {mil.) canteen cantique m. (religious) song, canticle, Song of Solomon canton m. canton (a département is subdivided into arrondissements; these into cantons) cantonnement m. cantonment; en —, quartered

capable capable, able; être — de tout, etc. {AM) be bad enough to do anything; très — de se venger {AM) not above, etc.

cape f. hood, cape, hooded cape capitaine m. captain capital, -e capital, chief capitale/, capital {city; often Paris) capitonner : (antichambres) capitonnées avec des tentures orientales {Par) thickly hung, etc.

Capitou [also written capito] chapter {of a church). In Élix, the reference is to the Provençal proverb: Es coume l’ase de Capito; fuge en vesènt veni lou bast He is like the Chapter’s donkey; it runs away when it sees the packsaddle coming caporal m. corporal capote /. {MD) greatcoat with a hood, hooded cloak capsule /. cap, percussion cap capti-f. -ve captive, prisoner; {of cows) tethered captiver captivate, enslave captivité /. captivity capture /. capture, taking capuche /. capeline {ordinarily a woman’s hood, like a cowl) capuchon m. hood, cowl Capucins {S-N) Capuchins {monks of one of the Franciscan orders; in] Italian, cappuccini; see capuchon) ; the couvent des — , here mentioned as near the rue de la

Santé, like other similar religious establishments, was suppressed by the Loi des Associations, in

caquetage m. cackling, chattering caqueter cackle, chatter car conj. for

caractère m. character, disposition carambolage m. carom (shot), cannon; pi. {fig.) clashing billiard balls

carcan m. iron collar; a term of abuse for a worthless or lagging horse {VC), “jade,” “crowbait” carcasse /. carcass, framework, hulk Carentan (R) a small town {cant, de la Manche), 22 k. from inland port Saint-Lo caresser fondle, pat, pet cargaison /. cargo, freight cariatide/. (VC) caryatid {properly, a draped female figure of marble used as a supporting column for the entablature of classical bldgs.) carillon [karijo] m. peal {of bells), chiming, chimes carillonner [karijone] chime carmagnole/. {R) carmagnole: cutaway coat with narrow tails, broad lapels, and broad rolling collar; affected during the French Revolution

carnassiers m. pi. carnivores carré, -e square; mots — s {VC) word square (s); noun m. garden bed {oblong or square) carreau m. pane {of glass); floor {of squares of stone or wood) carreler pave {with bricks or tiles) carrière /. career

carriole /. a small light vehicle with crude springs, used in the country; trap, etc.

carte/, card carton m. pasteboard cartonnier m. {S-N) filing cabinet cas m. case; en tous — , at all events; au — où in case; conter son — , {F) tell his story; des — de conscience {BM) matters of conscience, conscientious scruples; il en fait si peu de — , he sets so little value on it case [ka:z]/. hut, cabin

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

caserne /. barracks casernement m. quartering in barracks, barracking casque m. helmet casqué p.p. helmeted casquette/, cap

casser break (off), shatter, annul;

cassé, -e broken down casserole /. saucepan caste /. cast; a social class that excludes and avoids other social classes or casts catéchisme m. catechism cauchemar m. nightmare cause /. cause, reason; à — de on account of, because of; à — que because

causer cause; — qqch à qqn cause one to have; chat, confer causerie /. talk, chat caustique caustic, biting cavalerie /. cavalry cavalier m. rider, horseman, (AM) cavalier, ( R ) gentleman cave /. cellar

caveau m. cellar, (wine) vault ce (1), c’ pron. (see cela and ça) this, that, it, he, she, they, etc.; c’est-à-dire that is (to say), I mean; c’est là un des ... that is one of the ... ; ce serait vite fini the thing would be quickly over; c’étaient comme des diables they were like fiends; c’était encore le tic tac you could still hear, etc.; alors c’étaient des larmes then came tears; c’était une foule there was a crowd; ce fut d’abord un cri (AWS) first, there was a yell; ce fut des espérances trompées her hopes were shattered; ce fut dans le moulin, etc. (AM) there arose, etc.; ça, c’est des raisons those are, etc.; les noirs . . . , comme c’est simple, cela . . . the blacks . . . , as they are simple, they ... ; ce dont on l’accusait what he was accused of; ce dont ils avaient besoin whatever they needed; ce qui restait de vin what wine was left; ce qui la soulagea (MD) which [action] relieved her; ce qu’il y a de certain, c’est, etc.

(AM) what is certain is, etc.; à ce qu’elle prétendait as she alleged; ce que c’est que l’amour what love is; ce disant, je tirai mes bottes (MD) so saying, etc.; ce dont je m’acquittai a duty which I performed

ce (2), cet, cette, ces (see -ci and -là) this, that, these, those, etc.:

cette nuit tonight, last night (see nuit) ; ce dernier the latter ceci (cf. cela) this céder give (up, in, way), grant, let . . . have, hand over, yield ceindre (de with) enclose, surround, gird, wreathe ceinture /. girdle, belt cela (see ça and ce pron.) that, this, it; contemptuously of persons: the (that) fellow, the thing, etc.; tout — (jouait), etc. (T) the whole gang; nous verrons — , (C P) we shall see about that ; c’est — , that’s it; où — ? (Mbl) where are you going to do that ? par — même que just because (because of the very fact that) ; — (la soulageait d’être seule) it ... ; de — , (of time) since then célèbre celebrated célébrer celebrate céleste celestial, from heaven célibat m. celibacy; vivre dans le — , live single célibataire m. (old) bachelor cellier m. cellar, storeroom cellule/, cell

celui, ceux; /. celle (s) (celui-ci, etc.) he, she, they, the one(s), this (these) one(s), the former, the latter, that one, these, those, etc.; celle [la chambre] où the one in which; de celle dont of her of whom; celle [la femme] du voisin (J) his neighbor’s (wife); (la misère) de celui qui of the man who; à celle de vous qui en voudra (Mbl) to whichever (to any one) of you who may care for it; celle-ci lui dit the latter said to him; celui des acrostiches (VC) the gentleman of the acrostics; celui-là, par exemple he, let me tell you; (me

266 VOCABULARY

demandant des nouvelles) de celui-ci, de celui-là about one person and another; l’un . . . , un autre ...» celui-là . . . one . . . , another . . . , still another . . .

cendre /. ashes; — d’or {Peur) gold dust

cent adj. and noun (a or one) hundred; un — - [= une centaine] de fagots {MU) a hundred faggots or freely, a pile of firewood

centaine : une — , about a hundred centième hundredth centime m. centime (100 — s = 1 franc; see franc noun) centre m. middle, center cependant however, nevertheless, yet; {archaically) meanwhile cercle m. circle, ring; club cérémonie /. ceremony, formality cerise /. cherry

certain, -e certain, sure ; une — e nuit que on a certain night when; enfin, — - jour finally, one day; pron. (bookish) — s (lui jetaient des mots) {AM) some of them certainement surely, of course certes ( literary ) indeed, of course, surely; non, — , certainly not certificat m. certificate; avec de bons — s honorably certitude /. certainty cerveau m. brain; (qui hantent) les — x men’s brains {or minds) cervelle /. brain; avoir la — - dure be slow of understanding (thickskulled)

cesse : sans — , incessantly cesser cease, stop, die away; il ne cessait de l’examiner he kept examining it; elle [la fusillade] ne cessa pas it was kept up without a lull

chacun, -e everyone, each chagrin (1), -e sorrowful, sad; (2) m. sorrow, grief, disappointment, trouble; shagreen {leather) chaîne/, chain, line; mettre à la — , put in chains, {MD) the chain gang

chair /. flesh, meat chaire / pulpit, chair; armchair; (choir) stall in a monastery {each

of several seats built together in a row, often with carved arms) chaise /. chair châle m. shawl

chaleur f. heat; douce — , pleasant warmth

chaloupe /. longboat, launch chalumeau m. pipe, blowpipe; {Mix) condenser

chamarrer bedeck, bedizen; in AWS (chamarré d’or), presumably describing the showy uniform worn by officers in 1870-71 {gold epaulets etc.)

chambre /. room; — (à coucher) bedroom; chamber; cabin; valet de — , {R) manservant chambrée /. squad room, barracks room

chameau m. camel chamelier m. camel driver champ m. field, farm, farm-land, ground; sur-le — , upon the spot, forthwith; see Champs-Elysées Champagne : la — , Champaign {a province of N.E. France) champagne : le [vin de] — , champagne

champêtre rural; garde —, rural policeman, constable Champignet {AWS) a fictitious name of a village; possibly suggested to Maupassant by Champigny (a town E. of Paris), scene of attempts {Nov., Dec., 1870) to break through the German lines Champs-Elysées [Jâzelize] m.

Champs-Elysées {fig. “ Elysian Fields”) a great modem and highly fashionable avenue leading from the Place de la Concorde to the Arc de Triomphe chance /. chance, luck chanceler stagger, reel; monter en chancelant stagger up chandelier m. candlestick chandelle /. (tallow) candle; brûler de la — , burn tallow candles change : donner le — à put on the wrong scent, throw off the track changeant, -e changeful, changeable, fickle; see changer changement m. change changer change; la — , (i.e., la

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

servante] (AM) get another [servant]; — - de résolution change one’s resolution, waver; tout changea de face everything changed (its) aspect; se — en change (oneself, itself) into changeur to. money changer chanoine to. canon chanson /. song, ditty chant to. singing, song, canto chantant, -e (of intonations) singsong; see chanter

chanter sing, chant, celebrate (e.g., mass); (of a bell ringing for the Angelus ) peal; un coucou chanta a cuckoo called chantonner hum (a tune) chapeau to. hat

chapelet to. chaplet, beads; — (de diamants) string chapelle /. chapel chaperon to. hood; in MP, Daudet probably refers to a medieval cap with a turn-up brim chapitre m. chapter Chaptal : le collège — , (S-N) Chaptal College (or Technical School), a huge brick bldg, boul. des Batignolles and rue de Rome, ab. 6 k. or 4 miles, N. by W., from the Panthéon (S-N). The Collège Chaptal, founded in 1842, and named after the celebrated chemist (1756-1832), is a vocational training school for boys and young men; it offers an eight-year course

chaque each, every; — jour (F) each (successive) day char m. wagonette, etc. ; in astronomy (the) Wagon or Wain; le — des âmes (la Grande Ourse) (Ét) Charles’s Wagon, or simply the Wain (Dipper), a group of seven stars in the Great Bear, or the whole constellation of Ursa Major (la Grande Ourse); — à bancs [sg. and pi. both $arabâ] (F) a light (open) omnibus, without a top, containing several benches set crosswise; the word — à bancs has been adopted in England for a motor omnibus or stage coach charbon m. coal

charbonnier m. charcoal burner,

collier; charbonnières /. pi.

(MD) charcoal burners’ wives (or daughters) ; or their “ girls ” charge/, duty; femme de — , housekeeper

charger (de) load (with); entrust (with); — à son bord take on board as a load; se — de burden oneself with, take charge of, undertake (to), see to; il se chargeait de tout (AM) he [said he] would take the whole responsibility; chargé, -e laden, heavy, in charge

charitable kind-hearted, charitable charlatan m. charlatan, quack Charlemagne (Ét) Charlemagne, the emperor Charles the Great charmant, -e charming, delightful, highly agreeable charme m. charm, spell charmer charm, delight charnel, -le carnal charpente/, framework charretier m. carter; in astronomy (Ét) the Charioteer imagined to be driving the Wain; porte charretière cart gateway charrette /. cart

charrier carry (or bear) away; être charriées dans le courant float away down stream charrue /. plough (plow) Chartreuse: la Grande — , the Great Carthusian Monastery (near Grenoble) ; whence chartreuse, a famous French cordial chasse /. hunting, shooting; fusil de — -, (AM) (hunting) rifle; ses — s his hunting parties, his experiences as a hunter chasser hunt ( game ); (j’allais là) pour —, to do some shooting; drive, drive out (away, off), expel; chassant l’eau des bénitiers blowing the water out of, etc.

chasseur m. huntsman, hunter chasuble /. chasuble (vestment worn in celebrating mass) chat [$a] m. cat; têtes de — , (VC) cobblestones; chatte [$at] /. (tabby) cat châtaigne /. chestnut châtain, -e (of color) chestnut (adj.)

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

château to. mansion, château Château-Neuf [des Papes] (MP) a village ab. 15 k. N. of Avignon; site of a 'payai castle; also the name of a wine chatte see chat

chaud (1), -e, hot, warm; (2) m.

heat, warmth; il faisait — , it was warm (or hot) ; lui tenait — , kept her warm

chaudement warmly chauffer warm

chausser put on one’s boots (or shoes) ; chaussé, -e de shod with chaussette /. sock chaussure f. footwear, boots, shoes;

la — , (R) shoes and stockings chauve bald

chef m. head, chief, chieftain; — de file leader of the file; superior officer; — d’escadron (caval.) major; — d’orchestre conductor chef-lieu [Sefljd] to. chief town chemin m. way, road, path, walk; — de fer railway; les grands — s the highways; C — ■ de (la) Croix (Élix, VC) Calvary (a representation, in 14 pictures, of the Crucifixion) ; le — de saint Jacques (la voie lactée) (Êt) St. Jacob’s Ladder; un bon bout de — , quite a journey; faire plus de — , travel further; se remettre en — , set forth again

cheminée /. chimney, fireplace, mantelpiece, chimneypiece chemise /. shirt; file (for docs.), (U.S.A.) folder, (Brit.) wrapper (open on three sides) ; la mince — jaune (S-N) the thin manila folder (or letter file) chêne to. oak; de — , oak (adj.);

en — , of oak, oaken chenet to. andiron, firedog cher, chère dear; rendre — à (fig.) endear to; mon — , (Mbl) my dear chap; cher adv. dear, dearly chercher look for, seek, try to find; aller — , go for, go to get, fetch; envoyer — , send for; venir — -, come for; — à + inf. try to; — - querelle à try to pick a quarrel with; — si (F) look about ... to see whether

chèrement dearly, dear (adv.) chéri, -e darling, belovèd, dearie chérir cherish; see chéri, -e chéti-f, -ve puny, delicate, weakly, pitiful; — ve pour le pays (AM) not sturdy for that region cheval to. horse; à — , on horseback; (fig.) être à — sur les règlements insist on strict observation of, etc.

chevalier to. knight chevelure /. (head of) hair cheveu(x) to. hair(s); armés jusqu’aux —x (ATFiS) [usu. dents] armed to the teeth ; (des tableaux) en —, (VC) made of hair cheville Bavhj] /. ankle chèvre /. she goat, nanny goat, goat; barbe de — , goatee; la — d’or (Êt) the golden goat (. . . « la chèvre d’or, trésor ou talisman que le peuple croit avoir été enfoui par les Sarrasins sous l’un des antiques monuments de la Provence.

C’est sans doute une réminiscence du Veau d’or. A Arles on croyait que la chèvre d’or passait tous les matins, aux premiers rayons du jour, sur la colline de Montmajour. A Laudun (Gard), on disait que, le 24 juin, sur la montagne de Saint-Jean s’ entr’ ouvrait à minuit un antre profond d’où s’élançait la chèvre d’or ...» Mistral, Diet.)

chez prep, (to, in) at the house, home, household, residence, apartment, room, quarters, shop, stable (referring to a mule) of, etc.; among; — Silvio at Silvio’s; — lequel [épicier] at whose shop; — lui (BM) at his own house; (fid-) — moi (une passion) in my case, in me; comme — une jeune fille (R) as in (the soul of) a girl chez-soi to. (R) home chic stylish, smart chien to. dog

chiffon to. rag, scrap; pi. fig. (Mbl) finery

chiffonner crumple chiffre to. figure (digit)

Chine: la — , China; un merle de la — , (Mbl) a yellowish blackbird

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

chinois, -e (C — ) Chinese chirurgical, -e surgical chirurgien to. surgeon choc [$ok] to. shock, crash chœur [kœ:r] to. choir choisi, -e carefully chosen, choice choisir choose; — dans select (pick out) from choix to. choice

chope /. ( tall goblet-shaped) beerglass or goblet of beer chopine /. pint (of beer or wine) chose /. thing, matter, affair; c’est quelque — ... que d’être un merle blanc it’s worth while, etc.; peu de — , little, a trifle; autre — , something else; le Petit Chose ( freely ) Thingumbob ( here Chose is masc. because merely a ready substitute for some name which one does not know or which does not matter; likewise in quelque — ) chou m. cabbage; la soupe aux — x cabbage soup

Chouan (c — ) Chouan, name given to defenders of royalty during the French Revolution: royalist insurgent (orig. brown owl) choucroute /. sourkrout chouette /. owl choyer pet, coddle chrétien, -ne Christian Christophe Christopher chronique /. chronicle chuchotement m. whispering chuchoter whisper chut ! [$:t] hush ! or sh !

chute /. fall; — d’eau waterfall -ci shortened form of ici ; used mainly thus: cette ficelle-ci this (not that) string

cicatrice /. scar cidre m. cider

ciel to. sky, heaven [God] (AM) ; envoyer au — , send skyward (send “kiting”); être aux cieux be in heaven

cierge to. (wax) taper cigale /. cicada, locust (the male makes a shrill sound by means of certain membranes and muscles under the abdomen ); bibliothèque des Cigales outdoors; vous aviez des — s en tête (Élix) you had a

headful of canaries (implying songfulness due to intoxication) cigare to. cigar

cilice to. haircloth (worn by religious penitents for self -chastisement)

cime /. top, tree top cinq five

cinquantaine (de): une — , about (or some) fifty cinquante fifty

circonstance /. circumstance, occasion, occurrence circulation /. moving about, passing cirer wax; toile cirée oilcloth cirque to. amphitheater ciseleur to. (of metal) chaser, ehiseler, sculptor citadelle f. citadel cité /. city (in a restricted sense), citadel; la C — de Dieu (J), an expression derived from the title of Saint Augustine’s work De Civitate Dei

citer mention, refer to, name citoyen, -ne citizen and “citizeness”; during the French Revolution, monsieur and madame were proscribed and even dangerous; hence, — réquisitionnaire (R) “citizen” conscript, — Jussieu (R)r etc.'

citre to. (Élix). According to Mistral, « une espece de pastèque panachée à graine rouge, courge d’ Espagne, » “a kind of variegated watermelon with red seeds, Spanish gourd”

citrouille /. (variety of) pumpkin civière /. stretcher, litter civilement courteously, civilly civisme to. devotion to the state clabauder (AM) rant clair, -e clear, bright, fair, lightcolored; un front — , (AM) a fair and candid forehead; to. light; au — de lune by moonlight; adv.

clearly, audibly clairement distinctly, plainly claire-voie /. lattice (gate) clameur /. clamor, din; des — s formidables a fearful din clapotement to. splashing clapoteu-x, -se choppy (sea)

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

claquement to. cracking; — s de fouet cracking whips claquer : faire — , crack clarinette /. clarinet; to. clarinetplayer ( MD )

clarté/, brightness, light; pi. (Peur) gleams (of phosphorescence etc.) claudicant : en — , limping claustral, -e cloistered clef [kle] /. key; s’enfermer à — , lock oneself up; reprendre la — des champs skip out once more, escape again

clerc to. cleric, (notary’s) assistant;

■ — - (de maîtrise) choir-boy clergé to. clergy

Clermont (S-N) in full, Clermonten-Argonne (dépt. Meuse) a small town on the E. edge of the Forest of Argonne, ah. 30 k. W. of Verdun

client, -e client, customer clientèle /.: la - — ■, your patrons cligner: — de l’œil wink; — les yeux blink (one’s eyes) climat to. climate

clin: en un — d’œil in the twinkling of an eye, in a trice cliquetis [klikti] to. clank, jingle, chnk(ing), clatter cliquettes/, pi. clappers cloche /. bell; de — s et de clochettes of bells, big and small clocher to. steeple, belfry clocheton to. bell turret clochette /. (hand) bell, or little bell; see cloche cloître to. cloister

clore close; avant la nuit close before nightfall

clos, -e (p.p. of clore) closed, enclosed (Solomon’s Song, iv. 12) clou to. nail clouer nail

cocher to. driver, cabman cochon, to. hog, pig cocotte /. saucepan cœur to. heart, courage; si le — vous en dit if you feel like it; serrer le — à make one’s heart ache; cela me fait gros — , (S-N) that makes me sick at heart (cf. avoir le — gros be sick at heart); par — , by heart; de bon — ,

gladly; d’un tel — , (AM) so cheerfully; à plein — , to one’s heart’s content coffre to. chest, box, coffer coffret to. (small) box or chest, jewelry box cognée /. axe, hatchet cogner knock; on allait se — dur there was going to be a hot fight

cohue /. tumultuous throng, mob coiffe /. headdress coiffer: coiffé de wearing (on one’s head)

coin to. corner, nook; aux quatre — s de la France all over, etc.; — du feu fireside col to. collar, neck (cf. cou) colère /. anger; entrer en — , get angry, fly into a passion colimaçon to. snail; (escalier) en — , spiral, winding colle /. (sticky) paste collecte /. collection (for charitable purposes)

collection /. collection, array collège to. (usu. a secondary or high) school; also a (university) college (e.g., le Collège de France) coller stick, paste, glue; fasten (a garment) tightly; un officier, on lui colle une perception, etc. (VC) an officer, he gets a collectorship (cf. lui coller huit jours de prison tskmÿ])

collet to. collar; au — , by the collar

collier to. necklace colline /. hill colombe/, dove

colombier to. dovecote, pigeon loft colonie /. colony colonne /. column colonnette /. small column colorer color, give color to colorier color, tint combat to. fight, fighting, battle, struggle; hors de — , (AWS) killed, wounded and missing combattant to. combatant, fighter combattre fight; combattu (A JUS') in strife with himself combien how, how much; — je ressemblais peu à how little

VOCABULARY AND NOTES 271

I, etc.; — de how much or how many; — de temps how long comble to. top; de fond en — , from top to bottom; mettre ... au — , bring ... to the highest pitch comédie/, comedy, joke, fun, prank, “little game ” comité to. committee commandant to. commander, commanding officer commande /. order commander (à) command, enjoin, order (out); — le feu give the order to fire

comme as, just as, like, as if, as it were, so to speak; how; while ( or as), when; — hanté as if haunted; douce — un ange as sweet as an angel; — qui dirait as one (you) might say; (je le rassurai) — - je pus as best I could; — te voilà effrayée ! how scared you are ! — il est gentil 1 how nice he is !

commencement to. beginning commencer (à, de) begin (to); sa maturité commençante his middle age now at hand

comment how; — ? ( !) how’s this?

how’s that? what did you say?

what ? — cela? how so? — done !

( BM ) why of course!

commérage (s) to. gossip (ing) commerçant to. tradesman, merchant

commerce (de) to. trade (in), business; les objets de son — , ( T ) his (particular) wares; faire le — - de deal in, trade in; agenda de — , commercial memorandum book; avoir un — avec les loups {AM) have magic relations, etc.

commère /. godmother, gossip commettre commit; — des imprudences act recklessly commi- see commettre commis to. clerk; petit — , petty clerk

commissaire (de police) to. police commissioner or superintendent commissariat (de police) to. police station

commission /. commission, committee

commode convenient, easy, too easy {AM), comfortable commodément comfortably communauté /. (religious) community

communiquer communicate, tell;

— de run from; se — , share compagne /. companion, mate compagnie /. company, society,

flock; de bonne — , gentlemanly (ladylike) ; see mauvais, -e compagnon to. companion comparaison /. comparison; en

— de in comparison with comparaître appear (before a magistrate)

comparer compare comparoir appear (before a magistrate)

comparut see either comparaître or comparoir

compassion /. commiseration compatir (à) sympathize (with) compatissant, -e compassionate, sympathizing, sympathetic compère to. (godfather), crony, pal compétence /. skill, ability; de ma — , {CP) that I know about, in my line

Compiègne a small city on the river Oise, 54 k. from Beauvais; of some importance even before the time of King Louis IX (13 th C); chosen by Anatole France {J) as the birthplace of his Barnabé complaire : se — à delight in complaisance/, kindness, benignity;

d’un air de — , complacently compl-et, -ète complete, full complètement quite, wholly compléter complete complice to. accomplice, confederate complicité /. complicity complies /. pi. compline {end of service after vespers) compliment to. compliment; des — s en vers {Mbl) congratulations in verse

complimenter compliment compliquer complicate, envolve complot to. plot (= conspiracy) componction /. contrition comporter admit of, naturally allow; se — , behave

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

composé to. compound composer compose, make up; se — de consist of, be composed of composition /. components comprendre understand, comprehend; tu comprends que . . . you can realize that . . .

compressibilité /. compressibility compri- see comprendre compromettre compromise, commit compte [kô:t] to. account, reckoning; S. fit son — , (CP) S. marked down what was due; pour voir si elle avait son — , (Mbl) to see whether they [ her feathers'] were all there; à votre — , to your credit; rendre — (de) explain; se rendre — de get a clear idea of, realize; pour vous rendre — , (Êlix) to make your test (of your cordial)

compter [kôte] count (la vie ne compte pour rien life is cheap); number, comprise; expect (to), intend, (firmly) believe, rely (on) ; à — de ce moment (counting) from that moment comptoir [kôtwair] rn. counter, bar; la dame du — , (VC) the lady behind the bar; — d’escompte discounting bank (though commonly applied to banks doing a general business)

compulser examine ( documents ), run through

Comtat (MP, Élix) [ i.e ., le — Venaissin, and le — d’Avignon] :

le — (cf. comté, county and earldom) comprised various regions round about Avignon; these were papal territory until 1791 comte to. count comtesse /. countess concentrer concentrate; concentré, -e intense

concerto [kSserto] m. concerto, concert

concevoir conceive, feel concilier : se — , win for oneself concluant, -e conclusive, quite convincing

conclure conclude, close (up), settle; make up one’s mind; — un marché wind up (strike) a bargain

conçoi- see concevoir concours (de) m. competition (in) conçu- see concevoir condamner [kôdane] condemn, sentence, doom

condition /. condition, position, station; faire — que stipulate that; à la — que provided conduc-teur, -trice leader, guide; (de voiture) driver; — d’esclaves slave driver

conduire bring, take, conduct, lead, show ( . . . the way) or escort; drive (vehicles or animals)', ride conduit m. conduit [kondit], pipe ( for water etc.)

conduite /. conduct, behavior confection f. making, manufacture confesser acknowledge, own confiance f. confidence, trust confidence /. confidential remark or revelation (MD), disclosure, secret

confident, -e confidant, confidential adviser; son — , (R) the sharer of her secret confier entrust confisquer confiscate confondre: après s’être confondue en révérences (S-N) after (making) a profusion of curtseys conformer: se — à conform to, comply with

conformité f. agreement, harmony, conformity; mettre ses actes en — avec ses paroles (BM) practice what one preaches, be as good as one’s word confortable comfortable, cosy; comfort; [le] peu de — , (VC) [the] uncomfortableness confrère to. colleague, fellow member, brother

confrérie /. brotherhood, sisterhood confronter: — qqn avec bring one face to face with

confus, -e confused, at a loss, abashed; ces — rumeurs (ATF$) these jumbled sounds confusément confusedly, dimly confusion/, confusion, shame; d’un air de — , (CP) looking abashed congé to. leave congédier discharge

VOCABULARY AND NOTES 273

congrûment suitably conjecture /. surmise conjuration /. conspiracy; (magic) spell; in pi. also con juries conjuré m. conspirator conjurer conjure (up) connaissance /. knowledge, acquaintance; avoir — - de know (about), be aware of; reprendre — , regain consciousness, come to; sans — , unconscious connaisseu-r, -se expert, connoisseur, judge; son regard de — , bis expert eye connaître know, be (or become) acquainted with, be aware of, understand; je la connais, ta ficelle ! (F) I know all about your string ! qu’on lui ait jamais connue, à ce bon père (MP) that he was ever known to have, this, etc.; ça me connaît (VC) I know all about that (= je m’y connais); se — -a know all about, be a good judge of; ni vu ni connu (F) and no one’s the wiser connu, -e (well) known conquérir win, acquire, earn conquête /. conquest; fier de sa — , proud of winning her over conqui- see conquérir consacrer devote, consecrate, establish

conscience /. conscience, conscientiousness, scruple; se faire — de shrink from

conseil m. advice, counsel, council; un bon — , a good bit of advice; des — s (bits of) advice, “hints”

conseiller (1) counsel, advise; il me conseille la fuite he advises me to flee; elle lui aurait conseillé une lâcheté (AM) she would even have urged him to do something cowardly conseiller (2) to. adviser consentir consent

conséquence /. consequence, result; en — , accordingly conséquent: par — , so, therefore conserver (à) preserve (for), keep; — l’eau keep water fresh; (B) still wear

considérable considerable, rather large, great, copious considérablement considerably, a good deal

considération /. consideration, regard, esteem

considérer consider, contemplate, examine, deem

consigne /. (mil.) orders, instructions

consolation /. comfort, consolation consoler comfort, console; se — de be consoled for, get over consommateur m. customer (of a café)

consommation f. drink (at a café), beverage

consommé, -e consummate constant, -e steady, unremitting Constantine (VC) an ancient Algerian city 439 k. from Algiers, above Rummel; unsuccessfully attacked in 1836 by marshal Clausel but captured in 1837 by general Valée constater note, ascertain, establish, state

consternation/, dismay constituer constitute, set up, organize; se — prisonnier give oneself up

construction /. building, construction, building operation, structure, part (of a bldg) construire build, construct consulter consult, heed contagieu-x, -se contagious conte m. story, tale, yarn, fib contempler gaze at, contemplate contenance/, look, demeanor, bearing

contenir contain, hold content, -e (de) contented (with), satisfied, gratified (by), glad, happy (over, at)

contenter: se — de be content (satisfied) with; elle se contenta d’ajouter un couvert she merely set one more place contenu m. contents conter tell (of, about), relate contester contest, dispute conteu-r, -se m. and f. narrator, story-teller contigu, -e adjoining

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

continu, -e uninterrupted, continuous

continuer continue, go on with, keep up, proceed (with, on); — sa route pass on

contracter contract; se — , ( R ) become drawn

contraindre (de) compel, force contraire contrary, conflicting; au — , on the contrary contrarier vex, annoy, provoke contre against, contrary to, close to, opposite (or facing), with, on, at, for; un être glissait — le mur; puis il passa — la porte {Peur) some creature was slinking close to the wall; then it passed close to the door; tout — , exactly opposite, quite close (to) ; par — -, on the other hand; le pour et le — , the pros and cons

contrebasse or contre-basse /. counter-bass, ( MD ) big bass viol contre-cœur: à — , unwillingly, against the grain contre-coup m. rebound, jolt contredire contradict, gainsay contrée /. district, country, region round about

contremaître m. second mate contretemps: à — , out of time contrevent m. shutter contribuer contribute contribution /. contribution; — de guerre war levy contusionner bruise convaincre convince, convict convalescent, -e convalescent convenable suitable, proper convenance /. fitness; à sa — , to suit him, to his liking convenir agree; suit, become {i.e., befit) ; il convient de + inf.

it is well {etc.) to; il convient mieux que je . . . it is more proper for me to . . ; aussitôt qu’il lui conviendrait {CP) as soon as he saw fit; après être convenus de having agreed to {or upon) Convention: la — , the (National) Convention which followed the {French) Legislative Assembly and set up the Republic in 1792

converser {rare) converse; en conversant with conversation conviction /. conviction; pièce à — , material evidence convive m. or f. guest convoi m. funeral procession convoiter covet

convulsi-f, -ve convulsive, jerky, feverish

coordonner arrange ... in order copeau m. shaving, chip copie /. copy; faire de la — , copy manuscripts copier copy coque /. hull

coquelicot m. poppy; as adj. poppycolored

coquet, -te coquettish; (Par) smart, stylish; pretty

coquetterie /. coquetry, coquettishness; vanity; {AM) thought of prettiness

coquillage (s) m. {VC) shell-work coquin, -ne rascal, hussy cor (de chasse) m. horn corbeau m. raven corbeille/, basket corde /. string, cord, twine, clothesline, halter, rope cordon m. (apron) string Coriolan Coriolanus, a Roman hero {ab. 490 b.c.) said to have died in exile among the Volsdans cormoran m. cormorant {Mbl.), an ungainly, long-necked, black sea bird, used in the Orient as a fish catcher and proverbial for its gluttony come /. horn cornette /. mob cap comue/. (chem.) retort corps m. body; passer sur le — de trample (him) under foot; prendre du — , grow stout; — • d’armée army corps; — de logis block of buildings corpulence /. stoutness correct, -e accurate, exact, right correction: donner une — -, give a lesson (in behavior) corriger correct; — (une déception) remove, amend corsaire m. privateer; as adj.

privateering

VOCABULARY AND NOTES 275

Corse: la — , Corsica; de — , adj.

Corsican

corse m. or f. Corsican costume m. dress, garb, costume côte /. coast, shore; slope, hill side, mountain side; - — à — , side by side

côté m. side, direction ; à — , alongside of it, beside it (them, etc.)) à — de beside, by the side of, along with; à — d’elle at her side; à ses — s ( Mbl ) at his side; sa poche de — , his side pocket; [il] cracha de — , [he] spat to one side; un peu de — , (Mbl) a little on one side; de — et d’autre on all sides; (poster des sentinelles) de - — , (AM) out of sight or ^near by; chacun de son — , (Êlix) each his own way; de mon (son) — , on my (his) side, for my (his) part; du — de in the direction of (toward), in the neighborhood of; du — de la route (AM) on the side facing the road

coteau m. hillock, slope cotonnade (s) /. cotton goods Cottin (R) servant of Mme de Dey cou m. neck

couchant m. setting sun, west couche /. bed, layer coucher lay, lay down; — - en joue aim at (with a gun etc.)) se — , lie down, go to bed; (of the sun etc.) set; je couche sous l’escalier I sleep (my bed is) under the stairway; couché lying(in bed, etc.) coucou m. cuckoo coude m. elbow, bend (in a road) coudre sew, sew on couler flow, (of tears) course, run down; flow out, leak; go to the bottom, sink

couleur /. color, hue; — de rose pink, rosy, rose-colored, roseate; (manuscrit) — du temps of the same color as the weather (it changed with the weather ); — de rouille (AM) rust-colored coulpe [kulp]: faire sa — , acknowledge one’s guilt

coup m. blow, stroke, thrust, stab, jab, shot, shock, peal (of a bell),

etc.; un fusil à deux — s a doublebarrelled gun; voilà un joli — !

(CP) that was pretty marksmanship ! avaler d’un — , gulp down; boire un — , take a drink; déguster [un vin] par petits — s sip; à grands — s pressés (AITS) with rapid thuds; tout à — , suddenly; tout d’un - — , all at once, all of a sudden; ajoutées après — , (AM) added as an afterthought; pom: le — , for once; — - sur — , one after another, in (quick) succession; avoir le plus magnifique — d’archet (MD) be able to do the most magnificent bowing;

— de bec (violent) peck; — de coude whack with the elbow;

— de cloche peal (or ringing) of

a bell; — de couteau stab; — de crosse blow with the butt of a gun; — d’éventail tap (or stroke) with a fan; — de feu shot, gunshot; les — s de feu the firing; faire le — de feu (of an officer) join in the firing (using any spare gun available) ; — ■

de marteau [= de heurtoir] (R) bang of a (the) door knocker; — d’œil glance, twinkling of an eye;

— de pied kick; — de pistolet pistol shot; — de poing blow (with the fist), punch; — de reins (MP) lunge backward; — de tonnerre thunderclap; (en) — de vent (like a) gust of wind

coupable guilty coupé m. brougham, coupé coupe-gorge m. death trap, awful den couper cut, cut across, cut off; cut out; intersect; coupant la prairie de biais (AM) running (or cutting) diagonally across the meadow; — la figure à qqn slash up one’s face; ne pas — , (of tools etc.) be (very) dull cour /. court, (court) yard; être bien en — , be in favor (at court) ; faire sa — , pay court courage m. courage, fearlessness, pluck; — ! cheer up ! ayez bon — , cheer up

courageu-x, -se brave, courageous, plucky

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

courant m. stream; — d’air draught; dans le — de la semaine in the course of the week courber curve, bend, etc.; se — , bow, bow down, stoop, bend over; courbé, -e bowed (down), stooping

courir run, run about, hurry, speed; go the rounds, flit (about); j’ai couru pour venir I ran all the way; — en déroute (of clouds ) rush madly; (of lights ) move swiftly; par le temps qui court nowadays; où court un faible sourire on which there plays a faint smile; le bruit courait it was rumored; un murmure . . .

courut a murmur passed quickly about; ... y firent — (un murmure d’admiration) (MP) . . .

called forth on every hand couronne/, crown; une — de soleil (AM) a radiance of sunshine couronner (de, par) crown (with) cours m. course, flow course /. course, running; à la — , by running

coursier m. steed, charger court, -e short; — es paroles few short words; le plus — , the shortest way; couper — à cut . . . short

courtier m. broker, agent courtiser pay court to, court cous- see coudre couteau m. knife

coûter (à) cost, be too costly for (à); À lui en coûte (de) it costs him an effort (to); dût-il nous en — la vie even were it to cost us our lives

coûteu-x, -se expensive, costly coutume /. custom, habit; comme de — , as usual

coutumi-er, -ère accustomed; être — de be used to couvée /. brood, batch couvent m. convent, monastery; convent school; abbés de — , (MP) abbots (in charge of an abbey)

couver (Mbl) sit on her eggs, brood couvert m. cover; à — , under cover, safe, protected; mettre

le — , set the table; ajouter un — , set one more place; un — ■ reluisant (VC) a glistening array of table things (i.e., napkin, knife, fork, etc.; the captain’s “place” was set spotlessly) couverture f. blanket couvrir (de) cover (with); — un bruit drown a noise crachat m. spittle cracher spit craie /. chalk

craindre fear, hold in awe; à — ■, to be feared; je craignis de n’avoir pas I feared I should not have crainte /. fear, dread; — respectueuse awe

crainti-f, -ve timorous cramponner: se — (à) cling (to), lay hold (on) crâne to. skull

craquement to. creaking, cracking, crackling sound (as of dry wood when struck by a bullet) craquer crack, crackle, creak cravache /. riding whip crayeu-x, -se chalky crayon to. pencil; au — , with a pencil

créance /. credit, credence, trust créature /. creature crécelle /. rattle crèche /. crib, manger créer create, make Crémone /. Cremona (Italy), where the famous Stradivarius made his violins

crêpe m. crape

crête /. crest, ridge, comb (of a cock or hen)

creuser hollow (out), scoop, dig, rack; se — , of dimples (AM) deepen; se — la tête rack one’s brains; figure creusée hollow face

creux (1), creuse hollow, racked; (2) m. hollow; — de l’estomac pit of the stomach crevasse /. crevice, chink, crack crever burst, split open, tear, make holes in, slash

cri m. cry, shout, yell, scream, screech (of an owl) ; à grands — s loudly

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

criard, -e screaming, clamorous;

dettes — -, pressing debts cribler riddle cric [kri] m. jack, derrick crier shout, cry out, yell, crackle, creak, rustle; make an ado; — au sacrilège cry “ sacrilege ” crieur m.: — public town crier Criquetot a Norman village ab. 20 k. N. by E. of Le Havre crise (/.) : — de larmes fit of (hysterical) weeping

crisper shrivel, contract (as a muscle ), set one’s nerves on edge; la face crispée his face tense cristal m. crystal, fine glass critique critical; nounf. criticism critiquer criticize, make censorious remarks

croire believe, believe to be, trust, fancy; je crois bien que ... ! I certainly believe; je crois bien ! I should say so ! je crus sentir I believed I felt; je croyais rêver I believed I was dreaming; — à: — aux revenants believe in (the existence of) ghosts; le maire croyait à un prêtre insermenté (R) the mayor believed there must be, etc.

croisée /. (French) window (opening outward or inward) croiser cross, meet croiseur m. cruiser croisière m. course of a vessel, cruise, cruising patrol croiss- see croître croissant m. crescent moon, quarter of the moon croître grow, increase croix /. cross; — d’honneur (VC) (cross-like) badge of honor; l’argent de sa — , (VC) the money that went with his decoration; Chemin de (la) Croix, see chemin croquemitaine m. bogie, bugbear croquer crunch, munch crosse /. shepherd’s crook, crosier, butt (of a gun)

crosser club, pound, (AIDS) bat about

crotte /. (dry) mud, dirt crotter befoul (or splash) with mud (or dirt)

crouler crumble

croupe f. crupper, rump, buttocks, croup

croyable credible, believable croyance /. belief, tenet cru (1) m. growth; du — , of local vintage, homemade, home grown cru- (2) see croire cru (3), -e raw cruauté /. cruelty cruche /. pitcher; la — au cidre the cider jug cruel, -le cruel, painful cruellement cruelly ct’e (ficelle-là) plebeian pronunciation of cette [set] çu (F) Norman patois for ce cubique cubic

cuculle /. (Élix) monk’s cowl cueillir gather (herbs etc.) cuiller [kqijeir]/. spoon cuir m. leather; en — , (made) of leather

cuire cook, bake, roast; vin cuit mulled wine cuisine /. kitchen cuisse /. thigh cuit, -e p.p. of cuire cuivre m. copper, brass; — rouge (Élix) red copper or simply copper (as contrasted with — jaune brass)

cuivré, -e copper-colored, coppery cul [ky] m. rump; un lapin, tapant du — , (AW/S) a rabbit, stamping with its hind feet

culbuter upset, pitch . . . over, send heels over head; (fig.) overthrow culotte/, or — courte knee breeches; une simple — , (MD) merely breeches

culotter color (a pipe by smoking) culte m. worship

cultivateur m. agriculturist, farmer cultiver cultivate, till cupidité/, greed, cupidity, covetousness

curé m. parish priest, priest curieusement curiously, inquisitively

curieu-x, -se queer, interesting, inquisitive; une ville bien — se (Mbl) a city well worth seeing; un — , an inquisitive person, a gossip

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

curiosité /. curiosity; avec — , inquiringly

cuver sleep off ( strong drink) cymbale /. cymbal, drum (of the locust )

cymbalier m. cymbalist

dague f. dagger; — - de plomb toy sword (of lead)', fin comme une — de plomb (Élix) freely, as dull as a hoe

daigner deign to; daignez m’apprendre kindly inform me d’ailleurs see ailleurs dalle /. flagstone, stone (or marble) slab

damas m. damask (silk, or linen, decorated with flowers etc.) dame/, lady, dame; — ! well ! to be sure !

damné noun; see damner damner [dane] damn, curse ; un damné a lost soul; se — , risk damnation, go to perdition danger m. danger; moins en — , safer dangereu-x, -se dangerous dans in, into, to, within, among, on, about, at, in the course of (time, etc.)] — Paris inside P.; on m’appelait — la descente (Ét) somebody was calling to me from the road leading down; — le dos on the (her) back; — peu in a short time; — lui-même (fig.) in his heart; les envoyer tous — l’étoile polaire (MP) send every one of them all the way to, etc.

danse/, dance, dancing danser dance, caper davantage more, still more, further, longer, better; cela effrayait —, that increased the dismay de of, about, concerning; off, from, out of, since; on, in, at; with, by, for, through, because of; to; than; (before numerals) moins de sept less than seven: étant de mes parents (Mbl) being relatives of mine; la route d’Argueil the road to (or from) A.; ce barbu de vétérinaire that bewhiskered veterinary; ce vaurien

de Tistet this rogue of a T.; n’était-ce pas assez de mon malheur? (Mbl) was not my misfortune enough? tomber de quelques mètres (AM) fall from a height of a few yards; (il y, a belles années) de cela (Élix) . . . since then; d’un geste (BM) with a gesture; reculer d’épouvante shrink back in terror; trembler de tremble at; noir de poudre black with powder; (where or when) de l’autre côté on the other side; de ça in this direction; de mon temps in my time; haut de cinquante à soixante pieds fifty to sixty feet high; sans tarder d’une minute without delaying (for) a minute; faire baisser la rente d’un franc (Mbl) make government bonds drop a franc; se faire aimer des filles get oneself loved by the girls; rien de bon nothing good; cinq ans de plus five years more; et toute la salle de rire aux éclats (M D) and the whole roomful burst into uproarious laughter débâcle /. downfall, defeat, crash débarrasser (de) rid or free (of) débarricader: — la sortie (Peur) remove the barricade from the way out

débat m. debate, dispute débattre debate, discuss; se — , be debated; struggle, writhe, (of flames) flicker débauche /. debauch, spree débaucher debauch, lead astray déblayer clear, flush out débordement m. overflowing déborder overflow déboucher open, uncork; — dans come out upon (into) debout [de + bout] standing; — (au milieu d’un champ) standing conspicuously (A IPS) ; être (or se tenir) — , stand; (tout le monde) aussitôt fut — , was instantly on his feet; elle se remit — , she stood (got) up again; pas un vitrail — , (Élix) not one stained-glass window left whole déboutonner unbutton

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

débris m. sg. or pi. rubbish, litter, wreckage

début m. beginning, introduction débuter begin, make one’s first appearance, begin a career deçà . . . delà hither and thither décacheter unseal, break open, open décembre m. December décent, -e decent, tidy déception /. disappointment déchaîner unchain, let loose; se — , break loose; le vent déchaîné a gale; des flots déchaînés wild billows

décharge /. discharge, volley décharger discharge; se — , flow décharné, -e emaciated, gaunt déchiqueter cut (tear) to shreds, slash to pieces déchirant, -e heart-rending déchirement m. tearing, (AM) tearing sound

déchirer tear, tear up, tear open, rend; des cris à — les oreilles ear-splitting shrieks décidé, -e determined, resolved décidément unquestionably décider determine, resolve; — qqn win one over; — de + inf. decide to; ... décida de ma vie entière . . . determined the course of my whole life; se — , be decided; se — (à) make up one’s mind (to), resolve (to) ; se décidant au rabais proposé (F) making up their mind to accept, etc.

déclaration /. statement; faire sa — , report oneself

déclarer declare; — avoir, etc. declare that one has, etc.

déclassé, -e who has fallen from his (her) proper station, person with no (recognized) social standing; waif, outcast décliner decline; (CP) give or mention (one’s name) décollé, -e stripped of its paste décomposition /. dissolution, breaking down (or up)

décorer decorate (e.g., with cross of the Legion of Honor) découragement m. discouragement décourager discourage; se — , become disheartened

découvert, -e exposed, open découverte/, discovery découvrir discover, uncover décrépit, -e dilapidated décrire describe; — un grand cercle ( R ) stand in a wide circle décrocher unhook, take down dédaigner scorn, disdain, jilt dedans inside; in; in or into it (them); mettre — -, take in (cheat); (très gai) en —, inwardly; là — , into that, (AWS) in there

dédoré, -e with its gilding worn off défaillance /. swoon, faintness défaillir weaken, grow weak, faint, fail

défaire undo; se — de get rid of défaut m. defect, flaw, fault, shortcoming

défavorable unfavorable défendre defend, protect, stand up for; — (à qqn de) forbid . . .

(to) ; se — -, as above and le cheval de ma femme se défendait (CP)

. . . was restive or unruly défense /. defence, self-defence;

sans — , helpless défenseur m. defender défiance/, distrust défier challenge, defy défiler (devant, etc.) file by, march past

définitivement positively, definitely déformer put . . . out of shape, deform; déformé, -e misshapen; (chapeaux) déformés battered défraîchi, -e no longer fresh, faded défrayer lead, keep up défunt, -e deceased dégagé, -e free and easy, easy dégager release, give off dégeler: se — , thaw (out) dégénérer degenerate dégourdi, -e brisk, lively (cf. engourdi, -e benumbed) dégourdir rid of stiffness, take the chill off; se — , limber up, get rid of one’s numbness, feel warmer dégoûter disgust, repel, turn one’s stomach

dégoutter (cf. goutte) drip degré m. degree, step, rung (of a ladder), percentage

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

dégringoler tumble (scramble, roll, hurtle, come tumbling, clamber) down

déguenillé, -e tattered, ragged déguiser disguise déguster taste

dehors outside; au — , outside déjà already; of itself (etc.); anyhow déjeuner (1) breakfast, lunch; nous servir à — , (MD) let us have some breakfast

déjeuner (2) m. breakfast, lunch delà: au — , beyond, further on; au — de beyond

délai [dele] m. postponement, delay; dans un — de in the course of délasser refresh délibérer deliberate délicat, -e delicate, not strong délicatement daintily délicatesse /. delicacy; toutes les — s (Par) all the elegant things in life; arbitre des — s umpire on fine points

délices /. pi. raptures; avec — , blissfully

délicieu-x, -se delightful, delicious délicieusement delightfully délié, -e slender délire m. delirium délivrance/, deliverance délivrer set free, release, deliver, issue; se — (de) get rid (of) déloger dislodge demain tomorrow demande (de) /. request (for) demander ask, ask for, wish to see (a person); — des nouvelles de enquire about; — qqch à qqn ask something of one; lui — - à voir ses papiers ask him to show his papers; j’allais — à me coucher I was going to ask leave to go to bed; — à qqn de + inf. ask (request) one to + inf. ; se — (si) wonder

(whether); elle se fit — un loto she got someone to ask her for a lotto set

démanger (à) itch démanteler dismantle demarche /. gait; (fig.) step, plan démâter dismast

démence /. madness; en — , mad

démener: se — , be waved wildly démentir belie, set aside démesurément excessively demeure /. dwelling, residence; in AM the demeure refers to the combined mill and dwelling; la — d’un honnête garçon (AM) a proper abode for a respectable young man; à — , permanently demeurer (aux. avoir) reside, dwell, live (à at), stay; (aux. être) remain, tarry, stay; — interdit, -e stand speechless demi (or demi-), -e half; — --encablure half a cable’s length;

- jour twilight, (CP) dim light;

une - place half a seat (a half¬

fare seat); les — --portes (des

jardins) (VC) the low gates; à -

voix in an undertone; à - — , half;

- clos, -e half -shut; deuxheures

et — e (AM) half past two démission: donner sa — , send in one’s resignation, resign démocrate m. democrat démodé, -e (gone) out of fashion demoiselle /. young lady (not married), girl; — à marier marriageable daughter démon m. demon, devil, evil one, fiend, imp.

démontrer demonstrate, prove dénaturer distort, misrepresent (a thing) ; pour — un honnête homme (F) to misrepresent (slander), etc. (make unnatural, heartless) dénégation /. denial denier m. (fig.) farthing, coin dénoncer inform against, denounce;

(Jam.) ‘‘give . . . away” dénonciation /. denunciation dénouement (dénoûment) m. upshot (of it all), how a thing turns (turned) out, ending dénouer untie dent/, tooth dentelé, -e (bot.) toothed dentelle /. lace, lacework; une — , a piece of lace; la fine — du clocher (Êlix) the delicate traceries, etc. (i.e., the stone traceries in the Gothic windows) départ m. departure, leaving; point de — , starting point

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

départir (à) allot (to), bestow (upon)

dépêche /. dispatch dépêcher: se - — , make haste, hurry (up), be quick (about it) dépeindre depict, portray dépendre (de) depend (on) dépens [depci] m. pi. expense dépense /. expense, outlay; larder; en faisant grande — , at heavy cost dépenser spend dépérir waste away, pine away dépeupler: se — , empty dépit m. spite, vexation; avec — , petulantly; par — , out of spite, (CP) out of sheer desperation déplaire (à) displease; ... lui déplaît he doesn’t like ... ; fall out of ... ’s good graces; ne vous en déplaise with all due deference to you; n’en déplaise à . . . with due deference to . . .

déplorer deplore, bewail déployer display, unfold déplumer pluck (feathers off) déposer lay down, set down déposition/, evidence, testimony dépouiller strip

depuis from, since, ever since; since then, later; il habite (habitait) le pays — longtemps he has (had) been living in this neighborhood for a long while; . . .

lui apparaissaient — un moment . . . had just come into his vision; — quinze jours during (for) the last two weeks; — un instant (AM) a moment before; — que (ever) since

déraisonnable unreasonable déranger disturb, trouble demi-er, -ère last, final, latter, latest, highest; les — s arbres (AM) the remotest trees; les — ères fleurs (R) the last autumn flowers

dérobée: à la — , by stealth, on the sly

dérober: se — (à) steal away (from), disappear (from), shun déroute /. rout, disorder, disorderly flight; courir en — , rush in a wild flight

derrière prep, behind; de — , back; adj., hind (sabots de — ) ; par — -, (from) behind, from the rear; m. back, rear

dès from, as early as, by (not later than); — le petit jour at (with) the very break of day; — - le seuil on reaching, etc.; — son entrée the instant that he entered; — le premier couplet with the very first couplet; — à présent from now on, henceforth; — que as soon as; — qu’il pérorait whenever he began to hold forth

désagréable unpleasant, disagreeable

désappointer disappoint désarmer disarm; uncock (e.g., un pistolet); désarmé, -e unarmed (or disarmed) désarroi m. disorder, disarray, confusion, turmoil désastre [a] m. disaster désavantage to. disadvantage désavantager injure descendre (1) intrans. descend, alight, land, come (go, walk, run, flow) down, go (or come) down stairs; (of a ladder) reach down; — à (of a stairway) lead down to; — en courant come running down; (2) tram, bring (take, carry, get, let, come, go) down; (of a boat) sail down (a river etc.)] lower (anything)] un couteau qu’elle avait descendu (AM) a knife that she had brought down with her

descente /. descent, getting down, way down

désenfariner [ perhaps coined by Musset, from enfariner]: [un oiseau] désenfariné (Mbl) with all the flour off désennuyer divert désert, -e adj. deserted, uninhabited; m. desert, wilderness, (fig., of a street) loneliness désespéré, -e desperate, in despair;

despairing creature désespérément desperately, woefully

désespérer despair

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

désespoir m. despair, fit of despair; pi. fits of despair

déshabitué: — du luxe (CP) having become unused to luxury déshonorer disgrace, disfigure désigner designate, assign désir m. desire, longing, wish désirer desire, wish; je désirerais ... I should like . . .

désœuvré, -e idle; noun idler désolé, -e grieved, sorrowful, in (deep) distress; des regrets — s despairing regrets

désoler distress, grieve; se — , be distressed, be disconsolate désordre to. disorder; en — , disordered

désormais henceforth desquels, desquelles, see lequel dessécher dry up, parch dessein m. plan, intention desservir clear (the table), serve, attend to dessin to. pattern dessiner draw (a picture), sketch dessous under, underneath, below;

au - (de) under; en — , below;

par - , underneath, from under;

le — , the under part, the space beneath; avoir le — , get the worst of it

dessus over (it, them), above (it, them); penché — , stooping over it; et passaient — , (AlUS) and trod over them (i.e., the women); ils lui tireraient — , (AW S) fam.

or vulg. for . . . sur lui they’d

shoot at him; au - , over or

above (it, them); au - de

above, over; là - , thereupon;

par - , over, upon; par là - , be¬

sides that; le — , the upper part, the top; le plancher de — , (AW S) the floor above destin m. fate

destination /. destination; il arriva à — , ... at his destination destinée /. destiny, fate destiner (à) intend (for), mean (for); appoint; destiné à (+ inf.) intended to

détachement m. detachment détacher detach; en — ses yeux take his eyes off it; — un coup

let drive a kick (blow, etc.); se — , break (off), get loose détail m. detail, item détaler take to one’s heels, scamper away, be off déteindre fade

détendre unbend, relax; se — , relax

détente /. trigger détirer stretch

détonation /. report, sound of firing détour m. way round; pi. (Jig.) twists and turns

détourner turn (thrust) aside; se — , turn aside (away); regards détournés sidelong glances détresse /. distress dette/, debt

deuil m. mourning, grief, sorrow; faire — , grieve

Deus meus es tu (Latin Vulgate Bible, Psalm xxi. 11) Thou art my God (King James version, Psalms, xxii. 10)

deux two; — fois twice; les — mains both hands; tous (les) — , both (of them): pliée en —, (BM) bent double deuxième second dévaler go down devancer arrive ahead of devant before (in space), in front of, ahead of, in the presence of, at; (assis) — une table at, etc. ; — une attaque (Peur) in the face of, etc.; — le silence général (BM) under the spell of, etc.; reculer — un tel devoir shrink from, etc.; elle marcha — elle (herself) she walked straight ahead; aller — , go before, lead; par — , in front, in the presence of; le — , the front (fore part);

aller au - de (qqn) go to meet

développer: se — , develop devenir become, grow, get; — fou go mad; — rouge turn red; qu’allons-nous — ? what is going to become of us? savoir ce que devenait . . . (Ét) leam how . . .

was faring; je ne savais plus que — , (CP) I no longer knew what to do with myself dévêtir undress

VOCABULARY AND NOTES 283

dévier swerve; faire — , ( F ) make crooked, warp

devin- see devenir and deviner

deviner guess, divine; read (one) aright; qu’on devine (trempés, etc.) whom one guesses to be, etc.; j’ai deviné la peur I guessed what fear is; vous devinez you can (easily) guess

devoir (1) owe, ought to, must, be destined to, be likely to, be obliged to, have to, be to; il aurait dû travailler (AM) he ought to have been working; les Prussiens devaient avoir trouvé le pont the P. must have, etc.; les Prussiens ont dû battre en retraite the P. have had to fall back; ils durent manger . . .

jusqu’à onze heures (AM) they must have kept up their eating, etc.; la sentinelle avait dû se coucher par terre the sentinel had doubtless (must have) lain, etc.; nous devions souper we were to sup; une dernière décharge semblait — emporter, etc.

(AM) it looked as if a final volley must carry off, etc.; tout ce qui devait être nécessaire everything (that was) likely to be, etc.; ils devraient être ici (AM) they should be here (by this time); quel effet il dut produire (CP) what effect he necessarily produced; il doit y avoir des sentinelles there must be sentinels; il devait être midi (ATF/S) it must (he thought) be noon; il devait marcher du mur à la fenêtre (AM) he evidently was walking, etc.; qu’il ne semblait — lui appartenir (Mbl) than seemed properly to behove her (to show); je ne veux vous — à rien . . . qu’à vous-même (R) I don’t want to be indebted for you to anything except to yourself; — à qqn de + inf. owe it to ... to , etc.: des gens comme nous doivent à leur propre gloire de ne pas se marier, etc. (Mbl) ersons of our sort are bound y their own social prominence

not to get married, etc.; ça se doit (AM) that is proper devoir (2) to. duty, performance of duty’ se mettre en — de + inf.

set about -ing

dévorer devour, (fig.) swallow eagerly; stifle

dévot, -e (à) devoted (to) some saint; ses — es (VC) his feminine devotees (here dévote has its usual unfavorable sense) dévotion /. devoutness, piety dévouement or dévoûment m. devotedness, devotion di- see dire

diable m. devil, fiend, (the) deuce, (the) dickens; va-t’en au — !

deuce take you ! get out ! que — !

deuce take it ! de quoi se donner au — , enough to drive one to despair (originally, se donner au — meant literally sell one’s soul to the devil, as Faust did, in exchange for worldly benefits); (un air) à porter le — en terre (T) hideous enough to drive the devil to his grave; un pauvre — , a poor wretch, an unlucky fellow diablement deucedly, devilish (adv.) diabolique devilish, fiendish diamant m. diamond dictée /. dictation dieter dictate; [il] lui dicta des conseils (R) [he] gave her certain injunctions

Dieu m. God; le feu de — , hell fire; le bon — , the (good) Lord, or simply God; la vérité du bon — , God’s own truth; juste — !

(Mbl) Heavens ! or bless my soul!

— juste ! (Mbl) righteous Heaven !

mon — ! dear me ! oh dear ! my goodness! oh well, why yes, to be sure; see simple

différent, -e different, otherwise;

of waves (Peur) never the same difficile difficult, hard; over-particular, hard to please difficulté /. difficulty, objection, obstacle; faire — de object to, boggle at, haggle over digne worthy, deserving, dignified;

— d’intérêt worth considering, worthy of (further) consideration

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

dignement worthily dignité /. dignity dilater: se — , dilate diligence /. diligence; stagecoach dimanche to. Sunday diminuer lessen, diminish diminution /. decrease, reduction (of a price )

diner (1) dine, have dinner; — mal not have a good dinner diner (2) to. dinner dîneur to. diner diplomatie [-si] /. diplomacy diplôme to. diploma dire (1) say, tell (about); c’est-à- — , that is (to say) ; pour ainsi — , so to speak; dis donc, Rouleau say (I say or look here), R.; dites seulement speak right out, just say what it is; — non de la tête shake one’s head in negation; — à l’oreille (de qqn) whisper to, etc.; — que + subjunc.: je dis qu’on ne laissât entrer personne I said not to let anyone in; il laissa — - ( intr .) he let them talk; on dirait deux hirondelles ( MP ) one might think it was, etc.; on eût dit de la lumière, etc. (Peur) one might have imagined it to be, etc.; c’est dit all right, it’s a bargain; et tout fut dit (CP) and that’s all there was to it; il n’y a pas à — , there can be no question of it; vouloir — , mean; si le cœur vous en dit if you feel like it; se — , be said, declare oneself, etc.: Mme de Dey se disait indisposée (R) Mme de Dey made herself out to be indisposed; autrement dit in other words dire (2) to. assertion, statement direct, -e direct, short direction /. direction, management;

dans la — du vent with the wind diriger direct, steer, aim; se — - (vers) proceed (toward), steer (for, toward)

discernement to. insight, judgment, discretion

discerner discern, distinguish discipline/, discipline, chastisement; (Élix) whip

discours to. speech, talk discret, discrète discreet, tactful, prudent

discrètement cautiously discussion /. argument, dispute discuter discuss, debate, argue disette/, want, need; jamais de — , never any want (dearth) disparaître disappear, vanish, lie hidden, go away dispenser (de) excuse (from) disposé, -e disposed, inclined disposer arrange; se — , prepare (oneself), get ready disposition /. arrangement; prendre des — s make arrangements disputer contend, wrangle; se — , contend (for), squabble (over), wrangle (about)

dissimuler dissemble, conceal (à from); se — , hide (oneself) away; ne point se — qqch be quite aware of something dissiper scatter, dissipate, dispel; se — , pass away, (of smoke) clear away dissoudre dissolve distance /. distance; à — , at a distance; à quelques pas de — , a few steps away distinctement distinctly distingué, -e distinguished, very good

distinguer distinguish, descry, discern, make out

distraction /. inattention, absentmindedness; amusement, recreation, form of recreation distraire divert, distract distrait, -e inattentive, absentminded; le regard — , the faraway look

distribuer distribute dit, -e see dire

divers, -e different, diverse; several, various

dix [di, diz, dis] ten dix-huit [dizqi(t)] eighteen dix-neuf [diznp, diznœf] nineteen dix-sept [dise(t)] seventeen dizaine/, half a score; une — d’eux about ten

docile docile, obedient docteur to. doctor

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

doi- see devoir

doigt [dwa] m. finger; montrer au (du) — , point to (at), point the finger of scorn at

doléance f. complaint, grievance, wail, wailing

dom [d5] dom (a title, from Latin dominus or domine, given in certain monastic orders) domestique domestic, private, tame;

m. or f. servant, maid domicile m. residence, abode domination /. control, dominion, rule, ruling; j’ai l’habitude de la — , I am accustomed to have my own way

dominer rule, govern, master, (fig.) rise above

Dominique- m. Dominic dompter [dote] subdue, overcome don m. gift, faculty done then (therefore), so; pray, please; offre — le fauteuil à, etc.

do offer, etc.; mais elle est — devenue folle ! why, she must have gone crazy ! pensez — !

(. MP ) just think! qu’est-ce — ?

(MM) what can be the matter?

n’est-ce pas — ? (S-N) isn’t it now?

donner give, devote, hand over, put on (them, etc.), lend, attribute, bring forth, look out upon; étant donnés ses principes (BM) given, etc. ; il les [Ms books ] donnait volontiers à lire (CP) he liked to lend them to people to read; (of trees etc.) — (des fleurs et des fruits) bring forth or produce . . .; — l’assaut charge; - — sa démission send in, etc., resign; on lui donnait quelque chose comme quatre-vingt mille francs (AM) he was supposed to be worth about, etc.; (of doors, windows, etc.) — sur open on, look out upon, lead to donneurs: - — d’eau bénite m. (MP) givers of holy water (Daudet probably refers to the beggars who expect a tip or alms for offering holy water to persons entering or leaving French churches) dont rel. pron. (implies de) of whom,

whose, of which, in (by, with, from, among, at) which, etc.; la manière — , the way in which; à la façon — , (AM) as to how doré, -e golden, gilded (gilt), golden-hued dorénavant henceforth dorer gild, glaze (with yolk of eggs) dormir sleep, be asleep; allez — , go to bed

dorure /. gilding, gilt, gilt part dos m. back; sur le — , on my (your, etc.) back; se mettre (qqch) sur le — , put on, wear dossier m. collection or bundle of documents, file (of papers), papers (or documents) concerning a special matter

dot [dot] /. dowry, marriage portion; en — , as a dowry douanier m. customhouse officer doubler double; [il] doubla ma balle (CP) [he] shot (put) a bullet in the very hole made by mine; — d’efforts double one’s efforts

douce see doux

doucement sweetly, pleasantly, softly, quietly, slowly doucettement [= tout doucement] nicely, demurely; bit by bit douceur /. sweetness, gentleness, softness

douer (de) endow (with), favor (with)

douleur/, pain, sorrow, grief douloureu-x, -se painful doute m. doubt; sans — , no doubt, doubtless

douter doubt; — de (qqch) doubt, have doubts as to; ne pas — que ... ne (+ subjunc.) not doubt (but) that, etc.; se — (de, que) suspect (that); je m’en étais douté à votre accent (S-N) I (had) rather thought so from your accent

douteu-x, -se doubtful, questionable, in doubt, dubious (un dimanche — , because it might rain) douve /. stave

doux, douce sweet, gentle, kind, soft, mild (weather); faire les — yeux [duzjd] à look lovingly at;

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

d’un air — , kindly; profond et — , (of a forest ) profoundly peaceful douzaine: une — (de) a dozen douze twelve

doyen to. dean; — des drapiers senior member [hence — ■ morally, at least — leader] of the woollen drapers’ guild dragon to. dragoon drame to. drama

drap to. cloth; (fauteuil) de — , upholstered; — s de lit bedsheets

drapeau to. flag

draper (de) drape (with, in);

drapé, -e dans clad in drapier to. woollen draper, clothier dresser rear, raise, set (a table), also (Peur) set (a table) on its edge; set up (a battery ); draw up (a plan); se — , rise, stand up, stand on end; dressé sur ses pattes (of a dog) standing on all fours; faire — - les cheveux sur la tête à qqn make ... ’s hair stand on end

Dreyfus [drefys], Alfred, a French Jew, falsely accused of high treason (1898) and sentenced by a courtmartial to life imprisonment on Devil’s Island. Owing largely to initiative of E. Zola, D. was ultimately released and rehabilitated drogue /. drug; (contemptuously) stuff

droit (1), -e right, straight, erect, upright, flat; assise — e sitting bolt upright; (le sable) — , stretching straight ahead; — (or tout — ) adv. straight ahead; (2) to. right, law, privilege; le — de vie ou de mort (R) the power over life or death; avoir — à be entitled to; de — , by right, rightfully

droite /. right hand, right side; à — et à gauche to (the) right and to (the) left; la rangée de — , the right-hand row drôle odd, funny, queer; un (or une) — de ... a queer ... ; un - — , a scamp, a rogue du and du- see le, art., and devoir dû, due due; see devoir

due [dyk] to. duke ducat to. (CP) ducat, a gold or silver coin (no longer current) of variable value but implying a considerable sum — more than “$2.25,” its approximate value three or four generations ago. Mérimée uses this word (from the Italian ducato) partly because it suggests gold coin, partly because it is vague and exotic duel [dqel] to. duel; le code du — , the dueling code dune /. sand hill, dime duquel for de + lequel dur, -e hard, rough, hardened; — e au jongleur (J) hard for the juggler; on allait se cogner — , there was going to be a hot fight; élevé à la — e (S-N) raised harshly

durant during; une heure — , for a whole hour

durcir: se — , harden, grow or become hard, stiffen durée f. duration durer last, go on, continue dureté /. hardness, harshness, roughness duvet to. down

eau /. water; laver à grande — ,

scrub, swab, or mop (a floor ) eau-de-vie/, brandy ébahir amaze; s’ — (de) be amazed or astounded (at)

ébattre: s’ — , frolic, romp, gambol (about)

ébaubi, -e dumfounded, nearly

speechless

ébaucher sketch; [elle] ébauche une antique révérence [she] makes something like, etc.

ébène /. ebony (see bois) éblouir (de) dazzle (with, by) éblouissement to. dizziness, giddiness

ébouriffé, -e unkempt, tousled, in disorder

ébouriffer tousle, disorder ébranler shake (violently), cause to totter, shake (something) from its base; tell on (one’s strength); ébranlé tottering

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

ébruiter noise . . . abroad, divulge écaille /. shell, scale écarlate scarlet

écarquiller (les yeux) open . . .

wide; les yeux écarquillés with staring eyes

écart to.: à 1’ — , to one side, aside écarté to. écarté (a card game in which two players may discard some of their cards, or all, and take up others ) écarté, -e remote, lonely écarter turn (or push) aside, separate, remove; — les genoux spread the knees; elle [la fenêtre] s’écartait de l’échelle (AM) it was (or it lay) some distance from the ladder; les oreilles écartées de la tête projecting ears

échafaud to. scaffold; (fig.) death on the gallows or (in France) under the guillotine échange to. exchange; en — de in exchange for échanger exchange échanson to. cupbearer échapper (à, de) escape or slip (from), keep away (from), elude; laisser — un geste make an involuntary gesture; en laissant — un sourire d’incrédulité (R) allowing a smile of incredulity to steal over his face or with a knowing smile; s’ — , run away, escape; s’ — à la course run away; s’ — de (of a coin) drop out of; s’en — , drop out (of it) échauffer heat, overheat, excite échéance /. faffing due, time for payment (of a note etc.) échec [e$ek] to. check; jouer aux — s play (at) chess échelle /. ladder échelon to. rung, round échelonner (mil.) post . . . one after another; s’ — , (AM) be stationed at regular intervals échevin to. alderman échine /. backbone, spine échouer run aground, fail éclabousser splash éclair to. flash of lightning, lightning

éclaircie/, glade, clearing éclairé, -e enlightened, constructive éclairer light, light up, give light to, illuminate; (fig.) enlighten; (mil.) reconnoiter; — (la route) explore; s’— (of a face) light up éclaireur to. scout éclat to. splinter, chip; burst, bursting, outburst, explosion, brightness, brilliance; — de bois splinter; — - de voix outburst, loud ejaculation; des — s de voix (AM) angry shouting; un — - sourd (of artil.) a low boom (or dull explosion); rire aux — s laugh uproariously; action d’ — , (BM) brilliant exploit éclatant, -e ringing (sound), resounding; dazzling, splendid; — de blancheur glistening white; un exemple — , (AM) an example that will not be forgotten, a glaring example; une preuve — e an overwhelming proof éclater burst, burst forth, explode, break forth, ring out, crash; — de rire burst out laughing, laugh uproariously écluse/, sluice école /. school

écol-ier, -ière pupil, schoolboy, schoolgirl

économe thrifty, economical économie /. economy, thrift, saving, necessity of saving money écorce /. bark, (nut) shell écorcher skin, take (or tear) the skin off ... ; — vif skin alive écouler: s’ — , pass (away, by), go or slip by, elapse; l’heure s’écoulait (AM) the hour was coming to an end; sa vie tout entière s’y était écoulée (VC) his whole life had been spent in that way écouter listen (to), give one’s attention to; hear; [ils] écoutaient dans la maison (R) [they] were listening for any sound that might be made in the house; en écoutant si, etc. (R) listening to discover whether écoutille [ekuti:j] /. hatchway écrasant, -e see écraser écraser crush, smash, overwhelm;

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

s’ — , be smashed, crushed or flattened; une chaleur lourde écrasait la campagne {AM) the countryside lay sweltering in an oppressive heat; d’un luxe écrasant overwhelmingly luxurious écrevisse/, crayfish (crawfish) écrier: s’ — , exclaim, cry, cry out écrin m. jewel case, case écrire write

écrit m. writing, ( written ) work écriture /. writing, handwriting; — s accounts, clerical work; la [sainte] Écriture Scripture, the Scriptures, Holy Writ écrivain m. writer écrouler: s’ — , crumble (to the ground), fall in, collapse écu m. shield, escutcheon, crown {an obsolete coin once worth about three livres) ; ses — s her money, her “cash”; qui avait des — s {F) who had made his “pile” écubier, m. hawse hole {for anchor chain )

écuelle/. bowl, porringer écume/, foam écumoire/, skimmer écurie/, stable édifiant, -e edifying effacer efface, obliterate, rub out, erase; s’ — , be {or become) obliterated

effarer scare, frighten effaroucher scare, alarm; sa figure n’avait rien d’effarouché (, S-N) her face bore no sign of alarm; s’ — -, take fright, be (or become) alarmed, be startled effectivement indeed, in truth, in fact, actually

effectuer carry out, bring about effet m. effect, impression; en - — , in fact, in truth, indeed effeuiller strip ... of leaves; effeuillé, -e leafless effilé, -e slender effleurer just touch, graze efforcer: s’ — - (de) endeavor, strive, exert oneself (to)

effort m. effort, endeavor, strain, resistance

effranger fray (wear out) on the edges

effrayant, -e dreadful, frightful, appalling

effrayer frighten, terrify, appal, fill with dread; cela effrayait davantage that increased the dismay effroi m. fright, dread, dismay;

avec —, in dismay effronté, -e brazen, shameless, impudent

effroyable: un beau temps — ,

frightfully fine weather effusion /. effusion, {of the heart) overflowing

égal, -e {pi. égaux, égales) equal, even; c’est — -, no matter, all the same; cela m’est — , I don’t care; égaux dans son cœur (VC) equally dear to him également equally, evenly or smoothly, uniformly; likewise égaler equal, match égard to. regard (respect); à 1’ — de with respect to; à cet — , in this (that) respect, about them, etc.; beaucoup d’ — s high regard égarement to. bewilderment égarer mislead, mislay; bewilder; s’ — , go astray; femmes égarées {Peur) women beside themselves; une balle égarée a stray bullet

égayer enliven, cheer . . . up, make . . . merry église /. church égoïsme to. selfishness égorger cut . . . ’s throat, slay, slaughter, “butcher” égosiller: s’ — , sing (make) oneself hoarse; s’ — - à chanter sing oneself hoarse

égouttement to. dripping égoutter: s’ — , drip Égyptien, -ne Egyptian eh (!) oh(j!) ah(!) aha! well; hello!

I say ! eh bien very well ! {or all right) ; eh oui (or eh ! oui) why of course or to be sure !

élan to. bound, start, outburst (of passion) ; la mule prit son —, the mule got all set; des — s vers un avenir inconnu ( R ) flights (of the spirit) . . .

élancer: s’ — , spring (up forward), dash, rush, shoot up (or out);

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

je m’élançais pour partir ( Mbl ) I was about to dash away élargir widen; s’ — , widen, spread (out); le silence s’élargit encore (AM) the silence deepened électeur to. elector; avenue de l’Électeur (MD) in German Kurfiirstenallee

élégant, -e elegant, graceful, refined

élève to. or /. pupil, student élever raise, start (an argument), bring up, rear; s’ — -, rise, spring up, (AM) rise in loud (or heated) discussion élire elect

élixir to. elixir (used by Daudet with the implication that Gaucher’s cordial is exquisite and rejuvenating; in fact, it “rejuvenates” a ruinous building and, possibly, some of the persons who drink it) elle she, it; her; itself, herself; he (une sentinelle); et pour — [la jeunesse] (CP) and for youth; Françoise, — aussi (AM) F., too; — s they; them; themselves éloigné, -e distant, far (away), remote, not near

éloigner remove, drive . . . away; dont l’extérieur seul éloigne de pareilles idées (CP) whose mere outward appearance banishes such ideas (de is partitive) ; s’— (de) move away, go (walk, sail) away, leave; of a sound (VC) die away

Elster (VC) known as Elster Blanche, a German river which rises in Bohemia, flows through Leipzig, and joins the Saale above Halle

élu, -e elected, elect élucider elucidate, clear up Élysées Elysian; see champ émailler enamel; (fig.) embellish (speech)] les mots patois dont la grand’ mère émaillait ses phrases (S-N) . . . sprinkled colorfully into her sentences; elle [la petite ville] s’émaillait des grands parapluies (VC) it was bedizened with, etc.

emballer pack, pack ... up

emballeur to. packer embarcation /. (small) boat embarquement to. embarking embarquer embark, load on embarras to. perplexity, embarrassment

embarrassant, -e puzzling, awkward, embarrassing embarrasser embarrass, encumber, perplex, puzzle, befog; embarrassé de -4- inf. puzzled as to how to, etc.

embaumer perfume; embaumé, -e fragrant

emboîter jit one thing into another; hence j’emboîtais le pas (MD) I was treading in my companion’s tracks

embouchure /. mouth (of a river) embranchement to. branch line embrasser kiss, embrace; take up (an occupation)

embrocher put (a fowl) on the spit embrouiller tangle, entangle or “mix up” (a person)] ni vu ni connu, je t’embrouille (F) a popular locution, nearly equivalent to “and no one’s the wiser,” though its second part means “ literally ” I’m muddling you émeraude/, emerald émerger emerge, come out émérite: un ivrogne — , a prize drinker; pi. (CP) champion boozers

émerveiller astonish, amaze émietter (cf. miette crumb); elle émietta encore la muraille (AM) she crumbled more mortar out of the wall

émigration/, emigration (R) (flight of many French nobles during the Revolution)

émigré to. emigrant, (political) refugee

émissaire to. emissary, agent emmener take (lead) away, take (lead) along; (of death) carry (or take) off

émotion /. emotion, feeling, agitation, excitement, anxiety; ses — s her agitation

émouvoir move (the feelings), stir, excite, stir to pity; s’ — , be or

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

become moved or excited; ému, -e moved, etc., also moving, touching, deeply felt

empanacher adorn (deck) with plumes (or the like); toute empanachée d’herbes et de mousses (AM) all plumed and feathered with grasses and mosses emparer: s’ — de take possession (hold) of, take in hand empêcher (de) prevent, keep, hinder (from)

empereur m. emperor empeser starch

empire m.: — sur soi (soi-même) self-control emplette /. purchase emplir (de) fill (with); s’ — (de) fill up (with)

emploi m. employment, use; faire 1’ — • de put ... to use employé m. employee, clerk; ses — s (S-N) his subordinates employer use, make use of, apply emportement m. excitement; avec — , excitedly, passionately emporter carry away (off, out), sweep away (along), blow away; — chez soi carry home; 1’ — (sur) get the upper hand (of), prevail (over)

empourpré, -e (fig.) crimson (with blushes)

empreindre impress, stamp, impart, mark; empreinte dans, etc.

(R) stamped upon, characteristic of; empreints de (R) characterized by: (baisers) empreints d’une sorte de frénésie (R) in which there was a kind of frenzy empreinte /. imprint, footprint empressement to. eagerness; avec — , eagerly

empresser: s’ — (de) be eager (to), lose no time (in) emprunter (à) borrow (from) ému, -e see émouvoir en (1) prep, in, into, within, to, at, while, with, by, like (a), as (a), of (made of, in the shape of); en Avignon (so used archaically or dialectally for à Avignon), in (or to) A. ; entrer en paradis (Et) archaic for dans le p.; en un jour in

a day (in 24 hours); dans un jour expresses, not how long, but how soon; en lui-même ( Elix ) to himself; en choux, navets in the form of, etc., like, as, etc.; artager en frères go shares like rothers; en bon voisin like a good neighbor; en faisant cela while (upon, by) doing that; en s’asseyant as she sat down; dire en souriant say with a smile; monter en courant run up en (2) adv. and pron. corresponding to, or implying, de + a noun or pronoun ( test words: thereof, therefrom, thence, thereby, thereat, for that, therefore, thereby, of it, of him, of her, of them, etc.); il y en avait qui there were some who; tout le monde en veut everybody wants one; y en a-t-il encore pour longtemps? (Mbl) is this going to last much longer? comme si je n’en étais pas as if I weren’t one; en voilà assez ! enough of this !

je n’en crois rien (see below) I don’t believe anything of the sort; en être à ... (or en être arrivé à . . . ) be at (or have reached) a certain point: j’ensuis là (Êlix) this is what I’ve come to; lorsqu’on en fut à se partager les casquettes (CP) when we had come to the moment for distributing caps; lorsque j’en fus à toucher, etc. (Mbl) when I came to touch upon, etc.; il en est ainsi such is the case; quoi qu’il en soit whatever the truth may be; comment en eût-il été autrement? how could it have been otherwise ? le malheureux en fut pour sa démarche (BM) all that the poor man got out of it was his inconvenience; la malheureuse bête n’en dormit pas de la nuit (M P) it kept the poor beast from sleeping a wink; il en fut malade toute la nuit (F) he was sick over it all that night; la roue en paraissait plus gaie (AM) the wheel looked all the gayer; j’en avais fait le héros (CP) I

had made of him the hero; ils en feraient une bouillie (AILS) they would make pulp of him encablure /. cable’s length encadrer (dans, de) frame (in) encens [ûsûj to. incense enchaîner chain, fetter, shackle enchanté, -e (de) delighted (to), very glad (to)

enchanter (de) enchant, entrance, delight (with)

encoignure /. corner; pi. nooks and comers

encombrement to. obstruction, jumble of things, litter, clutter encombrer clutter, litter, crowd encore again, yet, still, also, besides, more, further; — une fois once more; — une goutte ! (just) one drop more ! — une demiheure half an hour more (or longer); — des détonations further detonations; c’est — une chose ( Mbl ) that’s one more thing; ça se monte — ; mais, etc. ( MP ) it can be climbed up, of course; but, etc.; — le disait-il en provençal (MP) even so, he, etc.; et — , and then; — que (vnth, subjunc.) although, even though encre /. ink; tache d’ — , inkspot endiabler: faire — , drive . . . wild endimanché, -e (all) dressed up endimancher: s’ — , put on one’s best clothes

endormi, -e sleeping, asleep, sleepy;

air — , sleepy (or drowsy) air endormir send (put) ... to sleep; s’ — , fall asleep, go to sleep; il s’endormit d’un sommeil fiévreux (AIDS) he fell into a feverish sleep

endroit to. place, spot, passage (in a book etc.)', le notaire de 1’ — , (F) the local notary endurcir harden énergie /. energy, force énergique energetic, forceful, vigorous, strong, emphatic enfance /. childhood, boyhood enfant to. or f. child, boy, lad, girl, infant; un — , (in contrast) a mere boy; c’est là qu’il a vécu — , ... as a boy; bon — , good fellow,

good-natured; l’air bon — , a look of childlike innocence; — trouvé foundling

Enfants-Trouvés to. pi. Foundlings’ Asylum

enfantin, -e boyish, childish, childlike

enfariner sprinkle . . . with flour enfer to. hell, hell fire enfermer shut up, lock up (or in), hide; s’ — , shut oneself up, retire to one’s private rooms, closet oneself; s’ — à clef lock oneself up (or in)

enfiévré, -e (fig.) feverish enfin at last, finally, after all, anyhow, however, in short enflammer inflame; le vitrage enflammé the flame-lit panes; tout enflammé (fig.) all aglow, flushed with pride

enfler swell; enflé, -e swollen, bulging

enfoncement to. recess enfoncer sink, thrust, bury, smash through; s’ — , sink in, go far or deep (as into a forest); (of doors etc.) be (or get) smashed in enfouir bury

enfuir: s’ — , flee, rim away, (off, out), take to flight, escape engagements to. liabilities, obligations

engager enlist, hire; pledge, pawn;

urge, persuade engelure /. chilblain engloutir swallow . . . up, engulf, bolt down (food); s’ — , go to the bottom (of the sea) engouffrer swallow up; s’ — , be swallowed up, pour; (of wind) rush down

engourdi, -e benumbed, drowsy engourdir benumb; ses idées s’engourdissaient (AIDS') his ideas were getting hazy enhardir [fiardir] embolden; s’ — , become bold (or bolder); s’ — (à) be (or become) emboldened (to), make bold (to) énigme /. riddle, enigma enivrer [ânivre]: s’ — , get drunk enjamber stride (or climb) over; straddle (put one leg over)

enjoué, -e playful, merry, lively enlacer interweave, tangle enlever take (carry) off, sweep away (off), lick off enluminer color, tint; en plâtre doré et enluminé (VC) Co-pyée means tinted tawdrily, though enluminer commonly means illuminate a MS., or other object, with bright, flat pigments enluminure f. coloring or illumination (of a MS.)

ennemi, -e [enmi] hostile, (mil.)

enemy; noun enemy, foe ennui [fmqi] m. boredom, tediousness, weariness, annoyance ennuyer [ânqije] bore, tire, annoy; s’ — , be (or become) bored (or weary); il se serait trop ennuyé he would have got too bored ennuyeu-x, -se [&nqij0(:z)] wearisome, tiresome, tedious énorme enormous, huge, unheard of, flagrant

énormément tremendously enquérir: s’ — • (de) inquire (about) enqui- see enquérir enragé, -e mad, furious, wild; madman, crazy fellow; ces — s de tambourins (MP) those mad tambourine players enrager enrage, drive . . . wild enregistrement m. registration, recording; receveur de 1’ — ■, registrar

enrichir enrich: s’ — , get rich enroué, -e hoarse enseigne /. sign, shop sign enseigner teach

ensemble together, in company, at the same time

ensemencer (de) sow (with); ensemencé d’étoiles (Peur) strewn with stars

ensevelir bury (usu. a body) ensoleillé, -e filled with sunlight, sunny, aglow

ensommeillé, -e drowsy, half asleep ensorceler bewitch ensuite afterward, subsequently, next

entamer graze, slash entendre hear, listen to, and (in certain forms) understand; —

dire hear (hear . . . said) ; — parler hear (hear tell); — marcher (AIES) hear somebody walking; se faire — , make itself heard, be heard; j’entendis qu’on m’appelait I heard myself being called; c’est entendu (or bien entendu) of course, quite so; sans y entendre malice (Élix) with no mischievous intention, (elsewhere) without taking anything amiss; je ne l’entends pas ainsi (Mbl) that is not what I mean; s’ — -, understand each other, come to an agreement

enténébrer darken, wrap in darkness

entêté, -e stubborn; quelques — s some stubborn persons entêter: s’ — , persist in one’s obstinacy, (AM) hold out stubbornly

enthousiasme m. enthusiasm entiché, -e (de) tainted (with), full (of), “wedded (to)” enti-er, -ère entire, whole; des semaines — ères weeks at a time; tout — , wholly entièrement wholly, altogether entonner (un air) strike up, begin singing

entourage m. company, persons standing about

entourer (de with, in) surround, wrap; (fig.) hang about entrailles/, pi. entrails, bowels entrain m. zest, “ go,” life, animation

entraîner draw or drag (away, out) entre between, among; — les mains de in the hands of, at the mercy of; un d’ — eux (never un d’eux) one of them entre-bâillé, -e half -open, ajar entre-choquer : s’ — , strike against each other, clash, come into collision; des arbres entre-choqués (Peur) . . . rubbing violently together

entrecoupés: des mots — , inarticulate words, broken words entrée /. entrance entrefaites: sur ces — , in the midst of all this

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

entremets m. sg. or pi. (S-N) sweetdish (e.g., a jelly omelet, pastry, etc., served between, say, a salad and cheese; in Theuriet’s story the entremets is a tôt-fait, followed by roasted chestnuts) entrepont ra. ’tween-decks ( space between two decks), steerage entreprendre undertake entreprise f. undertaking entrer (dans, à, en) enter; go (come, get, walk, flow) in or into; faire — , let (or show) in; laisser — , let in; — en conversation engage in, etc.; il entra dans une telle colère he got so angry entretenir entertain entretien m. maintenance, support entrevoir catch a glimpse of entrevue f. interview entr’ouvert, -e half-open, halfparted, ajar

entr’ouvrir open ... a little, halfopen; en entr’ouvrant prudemment les fenêtres (AM) on peeping through the shutters énumérer enumerate, reckon up envahir invade, pour into, overrun, take possession of; le froid m’envahissait the cold was chilling me to the bone enveloppe /. envelope envelopper wrap . . . up, surround, cover

envenimer inflame; les soupçons s’envenimèrent (R) suspicions became virulent enverr- see envoyer envers toward, to envi : à 1’ — , vying (with each other) ; célébrer à 1’ — , vie in celebrating

envie /. (a) desire, (a) mind (to); j’avais — - de répondre (Ét) I should have liked to answer; avoir — de dormir feel sleepy; avoir — de pleurer feel like crying; je n’ai plus — de + inf.

■ I no longer care to ... ; faire — à qqn fill . . . with longing, make . . . yearn; porter — à qqn envy . . .

envier envy environ about environner surround

environs m. pi. neighborhood; aux — , (F) abroad

envoler: s’ — , fly away, soar (away), float away; of an odor (F) be wafted (away) envoyer send, send out (forth, up); dispatch; order or assign (à un régiment); — chercher send for épais, -se thick, dense épanouir: s’ — , bloom, blossom, brighten up, (fairly) beam épargner spare, save épars, -e scattered, stray, miscellaneous, wandering; (of hair) disheveled, in disorder épaule /. shoulder épauler bring (one’s gun) to one’s shoulder, take aim épaulette /. epaulet, gold epaulet, shoulder strap épée/, sword

éperdu, -e distracted, (Peur) dismayed, frenzied, wild, frantic éperdument wildly, frantically éperon m. spur épicier m. grocer

épier watch (furtively), observe secretly

épigramme/. epigram épine /. thorn; — (dorsale) spine, backbone épingle/, pin épingler pin (on) épithète (de) /. epithet éplucher preen, clean éponger mop (one’s brow) époque /. (particular) time, period; faire — , be epoch-making, be a real event

épouse /. wife, spouse épouser marry, wed; adapt oneself to

épouvantable frightful, fearful;

(Peur) ghastly, awful épouvante /. fright, terror, horror (horrible thing); plein d’ — , (Élix) horrified; être dans 1’ — , be terror-stricken épouvanter terrify, appal épreuve /. proof, test éprouver experience, feel éprouvette /. gauge, test tube épuiser exhaust, wear out, use up, waste

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

équarrir ( carpentry ) square; son pilon mal équarri (VC) .. . roughly made ( a pilon is usually cylindrical) équerre/, square; en — , forming a right angle

équilibre to. equilibrium, balance; en — , balanced; mettre en — , (in juggling) balance équipage to. crew; dix hommes d’ — , a crew of ten men équipée/. ( Mbl ) prank équiper equip, fit out, supply équivoque equivocal éraflure /. ^scratch Érasme (Élix) Erasmus, a Dutch humanist and philosopher, b. in Rotterdam (1467); famous for both his scholarship and his wit, displayed in his many writings, e.g., his Anecdotes; he died ai Bâle in 1536

ermite to. hermit, recluse errant, -e roving, stray errer wander, rove, stray erreur/, error, mistake, misconception

érudit to. scholar escabeau to. stool escadre /. squadron escadron to. squadron; chef d’ — , (CP) major (in the cavalry) escalier to. stairs, staircase; monter 1’ — , go upstairs esclavage to. slavery esclave to. or f. slave escogriffe to. great lanky fellow of forbidding appearance escompte to. discount; comptoir d’ — , (BM) discounting bank espace to. space Espagne/. Spain; see blanc espagnol, -e Spanish espèce /. kind, sort espérance/, hope, expectation espérer hope (to, for), expect espiègle frolicsome, waggish, mischievous

espionner spy (upon) espoir to. hope, expectation esprit to. mind, spirit, sense, nature, cleverness, wit; sprite (a being)] le Saint Esprit the Holy Ghost; la situation des — s the state of men’s minds

essai to. trial, test; en faire P — , try it, test it

essayer try, try on, test, attempt;

— de try to essieu to. axle

essouffler put out of breath; s’ — , get out of breath (winded); essoufflé, -e breathless, out of breath

essuyer dry, wipe (away), “ mop ” est [est] to. east

estaminet to. bar room, beer shop (commonly a small and rather lowclass resort)

Estérelle: cette fée — , (Ét) that fairy Estérelle («Ces montagnes [d’ Ester ellef étaient autrefois, suivant la tradition du pays, le séjour d’une fée appelée Estérelle, gui leur a donné son nom. Selon les actes de saint Hermentaire, on lui offrait des sacrifices .» Mistral, Diet. Prov.) estime /. esteem estimer esteem, respect estocade /. thrust, lunge estomac [-ma] to. stomach estropier cripple, maim et [ only e] and; et ... et both . . . and; so; but; un triste et doux espoir (R) a sad yet sweet hope étable /. cattle shed, cow house, cow shed, pig sty, sty établir stow, pack, establish; — le pour et le contre settle the pros and cons; — ses comptes reckon up one’s accounts; s’—, settle (down)

établissement to. settling, moving in étage to. story, floor; landing (of a staircase)] le premier — , (acc.

to French usage) the second story (the ground floor is le rez-dechaussée) étain to. pewder

étaler spread out, display; s’ — , spread out, stretch away étang to. pond

étape /. (lieu d’ — ) halting place état to. state, condition occupation, trade; de mon — , by trade (or occupation); en — de in a position to, fit to (en — de servir usable, seaworthy)

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

état-major to. (mil.) staff été (1) m. summer été (2) p.p. of être éteindre put out, extinguish' de son œil presque éteint with his almost sightless eyes; s’ — , go out, die out

étendre spread (out), stretch (out); (jambes) étendues (MD) (legs) making great strides; s’—, reach, stretch (out)

étendue /. extent, expanse étemel, -le everlasting, perpetual; cet — enfant gâté (CP) that eternally spoiled child éternité /. eternity étinceler sparkle, twinkle; les yeux étincelants (CP) his eyes blazing

étincelle /. spark étique underfed, emaciated étiqueteur to. labeler; frères — s brothers to do the labeling étiquette /. tag, label étoffe /. fabric, material; la laideur des — s (Par) probably refers to the goods in the window curtains, but may include all the upholstery

étoile /. star; Etoile du berger (Ét) a name given popularly to the planet Venus, visible as a morning star, if west of the sun; as an evening star, if east; — - filante shooting star; à la belle — , under the open sky étoilé, -e starlit, starry étonnant, -e wonderful étonnement to. astonishment étonner astonish, amaze; s’ — (de) be astonished (at), wonder (at) étouffer suffocate, smother; j’étouffe (R) I’m stifling (i.e., I find this situation unendurable) ; elle étouffait she was choking with emotion

étourdir stun, daze, deafen étourneau to. starling; (fig.)

thoughtless fellow, scatterbrain étrange queer, odd, (AM) uncouth étrangement oddly, queerly étrang-er, -ère strange, foreign, unfamiliar; noun, foreigner, stranger étrangler strangle, choke

être (1) be; (as aux.) have; le maître de la maison n’était plus au jeu (CP) the thoughts of the master of the house were no longer on the game; qu’est-ce done?

(Mbl) what can be the matter ?

non, n’est-ce pas? no, I don’t, do I ? qu’est-ce que vous feriez ?

what would you do ? tu n’es pas de la bande ? you don’t belong to the gang? d’où sont-ils? whence do they come? c’est de son âge (Mbl) that’s natural at his age; il en est quelques-uns, etc.

[ literary style equiv. to il y en a, etc.~\ there are some; il en est ainsi such is the case; comment en eût-il été autrement? how could it have been otherwise ? soit 1 ~swat] very good ! or all right ! soit swa] que . . . soit que (or . . . ou) whether ... or; tant soit peu (just) a bit; c’est que . . . the reason is ... ; ce fut une agitation (AM) there arose, etc.; y être pour beaucoup (S-N) have a good deal to do with it; être à qqn belong to ... ; c’était à moi de tirer le premier (CP) I was to be the first to shoot; comme j’étais ainsi à ressasser ... (M D) as I was thus sifting again and again . . . ; lorsque j’en fus à toucher, etc.

(Mbl) when I came to touch upon, etc.; j’en suis là (Élix) I have reached this point; le malheureux en fut pour sa démarche (BM) all the poor man got out of it was his inconvenience; il est venu he has come or he came; m’étant couché having gone to bed

être (2) to. being, existence, life; (living) creature: 1’ — moral (MD) the moral (or ethical) life; la vie des — s (Ét) the fife of animate beings étreindre clasp, squeeze étreinte /. embrace, grasp, clasp étriqué, -e scanty étroit, -e narrow, cramped, pinched;

narrow-minded, petty, mean étude /. study

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

étudier study, examine, scrutinize, scan ( with a field-glass) étui to. case, box eu, -e pp. of avoir européen [œropeë], -ne European eux to. pi. them, they, themselves évaluer (à) estimate (at) évangile to. Gospel (gospel) évanouir: s’ — , faint, faint away, swoon, vanish

évanouissement to. fainting fit évasi-f, -ve evasive évasion /. escape, flight éveillé, -e wide-awake, watchful, lively

éveiller awaken, wake up, rouse, arouse; s’ — , wake (up), waken événement [evenmâ] to. event, incident, occurrence éventail to. fan éventrer rip up, rip open, gut éventualité/, contingency, outcome, issue

évêque to. bishop évidemment [evidamü] evidently, obviously, (BM) of course (not) évident, -e evident, obvious éviter avoid, dodge évoquer conjure up, evoke exact, -e exact, precise, accurate, thorough

exactement exactly, correctly exactitude/, accuracy exalter exalt

examen [egzamê] to. examination, scrutiny

examiner examine, scrutinize, inspect, look sharply at exaspérer exasperate; drive frantic;

s’ — , become exasperated excentrique eccentric excepté except, (all) but exception /. exception; à 1’ — de with exception of exceptionnel, -le unusual excès to. excess; avec — , to excess excessi-f, -ve excessive exciter excite, rouse, arouse exclamer: s’ — , exclaim excuse (de) /. excuse (for), apology (for); faites — ! excuse me!

faire des — s apologize excuser excuse; s’ — , excuse oneself, apologize

exécuter carry out, perform, fulfil exécution/, execution; peloton d’ — , firing squad

exemplaire exemplary, model exemple to. example, sample, specimen; par — , for example, for instance, ( MP ) let me tell you exempt, -e (de) free (from), devoid (of)

exercer exercise, train, practice; — des ravages create havoc, do damage; à l’œil exercé with experienced eye; s’— à train oneself in, practice

exercice to. exercise, drill; faire 1’ — , (mil.) drill exhalaison /. exhalation exhaler breathe out; utter (a sigh);

s’ — , be breathed out exhiber show, display, exhibit exhorter urge, beseech exigence /. requirement exiger demand, require, exact exiler exile, banish; s’ — , seclude (or “bury”) oneself existence /. existence, way of living

exister exist; [telle chose] n’existe pas there is no [such thing] ex-mari to. former husband exorciser exorcise; un exorcisé a person being exorcised, a “maniac ” expansi-f , -ve expansive, free, openhearted

expédient to. expedient, way out (of a difficulty), shift expérience /. experience, experiment; par — , by (or from) experience

expirer expire, pass away explication /. explanation; avoir une — , (CP) get the matter straightened out

expliquer explain, account for, set forth

exploit to. feat, deed exposer lay open, set forth, state; expose; risk

expression /. expression; avec — , (MD) meaningly exprimer express, squeeze out expulser drive out exquis, -e exquisite, dainty extase /. ecstasy, raptures

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

exténuer wear . . . out; exténué, -e worn out, utterly fagged extérieur m. exterior, outside, outward appearance

exterminer exterminate, wipe out, kill to a man

extraire (de) extract or take (from) extraordinaire extraordinary, unusual; et, chose — , and, wonderful to relate, . . .

extravagance /. excess extravagant, -e fantastic extrême extreme, very great, (fig.) boundless

extrêmement extremely extrémité /. extremity, very end, tip

fable /. fable, story, tale fabrique /. manufacture, make fabriquer manufacture, make fabuleu-x, -se fabulous façade /. front, front wall (of a bldg.)

face /. (front) face, aspect, look (of things); ces bois-là, en — , . . . over there (facing us); l’épicier d’en — , the grocer across the way; en — de facing, opposite, by, in the presence of; en — - de risques vagues when one faces, etc.

fâché, -e angry, sorry, displeased fâcher vex, make . . . angry; il n’était pas fâché d’être un peu oracle (VC) he didn’t mind being regarded as a bit oracular; se — (de) get (or be) angry (about), be annoyed (at)

fâcheu-x, -se vexatious, annoying, troublesome facile easy

facilement easily, readily facilité /. ease

façon/, fashion, manner, way, turn; à la — de in the style of, like; réfléchir à la — dont . . . reflect how ... ; de — à so as to; de cette — , in that (or this) way; sans — , without ado facultati-f, -ve permissible faculté /. faculty (see libre) fadaise (or pi.) f. twaddle, bosh, rubbish

fagot m. faggot (a bundle of firewood) faible weak, feeble, slight, faint; meager, scanty; un — détachement a little detachment; m.

weak man

faiblement weakly, faintly faiblesse /. weakness, frailty, faltering, faint-heartedness; some sign of weakness; fainting fit; il se sentait dans les jambes de telles — s (AIDS) he felt so wabbly

faiblir get weak

faïence [fajms] /. earthenware, delftware

faillir 4- inf. be on the verge of ... , come near . . . , etc.: (les gardes) faillirent le prendre almost caught him; qui faillit me jeter à bas de la gouttière that well-nigh knocked me off the gutter faim/, hunger; avoir — , be hungry fainéantise /. slothfulness, laziness, idleness

faire make, make up, constitute, compose; do, perform; get, obtain; causally, have, let, make, cause to, enable to, get ... to, etc.; in third person only, say; (1) comment c’est fait (BM) how it looks; c’en était donc fait (AM) so all was over; (la longueur de ma queue) n’en fait pas les deux tiers (Mbl) isn’t two thirds of it [my tail]; (2) si fait (S-N) yes indeed, yes they do, etc.; (3) elle se laissait — , (S-N) she made no resistance; nous ne ferions pas mal de + inf. we might well ... ; comment faisait-il? (CP) how did he do it? ce qu’elle faisait de cette drogue (Mbl) what she used that stuff for; — comme si, etc. (Mbl) act as you would if, etc.; (4) — sa provision d’air take in a stock of air; (5) — peu de cas de hold . . . cheap, care little about; — le commerce de deal in, trade in; — sa cour à pay court to, court; — grande dépense incur heavy expenses; — ■ une exclamation utter, etc.; — ■ plus de chemin . . . travel further . . . , go

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

a longer distance; — un pas go (take, walk) a step; tine promenade take a walk; — du feu build (make, kindle) a fire; — feu sur (mil.) fire at; — le coup de feu (of an officer; AM) join in the firing; — ■ sa partie de dominos play his game, etc.; — pitié à un tigre soften the heart of a tiger; fais-moi le plaisir de ... be so good as to ... , please . . . ; — une question ask (or put) a question; — un bon mari be (or make) a good husband;

— le personnage de play the part [rôle] of; (6) — - le même effet produce the same effect;

— le malheur de bring misfortune to; (7) à la bonne heure !

fit la vieille dame “that’s something like,” said the old lady; tiens, fit-il (R) “there,” said he; quand ses voisins ... lui faisaient d’un air malin, etc. (Élix)

. . . would say to him, etc.; (8) il fait beau the weather is fine; il fait chaud it (the air) is warm (hot) ; il commençait à — sombre it was beginning to grow dark; il faisait un jour de pluie it was a rainy day; il faisait un temps de neige extraordinaire it (the weather) was extraordinarily snowy; il faisait un beau temps effroyable (Mbl) it was awfully fine weather; dans une heure, il fera jour (AM) ... it will be light; (9) ce que ces choses-là pouvaient me — , (Ét) how such things could matter to me; — envie à (Élix) fill with envy; (10) s’ils n’avaient fait que lui voler son vin if they had only (merely) stolen her wine; (11) se — aimer de qqn get oneself loved by ... , win the love of ... ; il fit apporter des cartes he had cards brought in; après qu’il l’eut fait asseoir after he had caused her (asked her) to be seated; comme on fait conter sa bataille au soldat qui, etc. (F) as one gets a soldier who ... to tell about his battle;

— danser invite (or cause) to

dance; qui, fait danser des moinettes (Élix) who goes dancing off with little nuns; elle se fit demander un loto (R) she got them to ask her for a lotto set (se is the indirect object of demander); [il] se fit descendre [he] had himself landed; sans se — écraser (AM) without getting crushed; je fais entendre ma voix I make my voice heard; faites-la entrer show her in; faites — l’élixir have the elixir made; — observer (des lois) enforce; il la fit partager à toute la compagnie he caused it to be shared by, etc.; faisant passer balle sur balle dans, etc. (CP) firing bullet after bullet into, etc.; — venir summon; je lui fis voir mon livret I showed him (I had him look at) my livret; ses leçons nous faisaient vivre his lessons enabled us to live; — que : le hasard fit que je passai un mois, etc. (CP) chance caused me to spend a month, etc.; (12) puis, il se fit un grand silence then there was a deep silence; le silence se fit (AM) silence was restored; un lourd silence se faisait (AM) an oppressive silence was coming on; il se fit un tumulte épouvantable there arose a frightful uproar; se — vieux grow old; se — conscience de shrink from; me — à mes nouvelles connaissances get used to my new acquaintances fait m. fact, act, feat, deed, matter, truth; — d’armes feat of arms; dire son — à qqn tell a man just what one thinks about him; mettre qqn au — de qqch acquaint one with ... ; en — , in fact; tout à — , quite, completely, exactly fait, -e p.p. of faire falloir (impers.) be necessary, be needed, etc.; il faut être honnête one must be honest, and (colloquially) ivithout il: faut être honnête (BM); il ne fallait plus songer à retourner à la ferme

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

(Êt) it was now quite out of the question to think of, etc.; il n’y fallait pas (lit. style; = il ne fallait pas y) songer that was not to be thought of; il fallait voir quel accueil, etc. ( Élix ) you should have seen what a welcome, etc.; il fallait voir (AM) that would have to be looked into; il nous faut un exemple we need (or we must have), etc.; il me faudrait une servante ! I ought to have a servant ! comme il faut peu de chose ... ! how little it takes ... ! combien n’avait-il pas fallu d’autres réformes, etc. (VC) how many other reforms it had cost, etc.; il a fallu que le père Bontemps me contât les choses (AM) if old B. hadn’t told me all this, I shouldn’t have known anything about it

falot to. (large) lantern fameu-x, -se renowned, famous; la — se [chanson] (Élix) the famous one

familiariser familiarize, acquaint, accustom

familiarité/, familiarity famili-er, -ère familiar; un — (de la cour) one frequently in attendance (at court) , a frequenter familièrement familiarly famille /. family

fanfaronnade/, brag (ging), boasting fange /. (thick) mud, muck fantaisie/, fancy, notion, whim fantassin to. infantryman; pi. infantry

fantastique fantastic; des terreurs —s (Peur) weird and terrible things

farandole /. farandole (a Provençal dance performed by a long row of dancers holding hands) farce /. farce, prank, joke farceur to. joker, humbug fardeau to. burden, load farine [de blé] /. flour farouche wild, grim, forbidding fass- see faire

faste to. display, ostentation fatal, -e fatal, fateful

fatalité/, fatality

fatigue /. fatigue, weariness, hard work; pi. hardships fatiguer tire, weary; fatigué, -e tired, weary fatuité /. conceit, idiocy fau- see falloir

faubourg to. suburb, outskirts fauchage to. reaping, mowing faucher mow

fausseté/, falseness, untruthfulness; la — de sa position (R) her false position

faute/, fault, mistake, sin (of Adam), fall (of man) ; comme si la — en était à elle as if she were to blame; — de for lack of; — de pouvoir . . . (BM) not being able to ... ; ne pas se faire — de + inf. not fail to + inf.

fauteuil to. arm chair, easy chair fauve wild; les — s the wild beasts (es p. lion, tiger, etc.) fauvette /. warbler faux (1), fausse false, untrue, wrong, mistaken; (of a necklace) paste faux (2) /. scythe faveur/, favor

favorable favorable, auspicious favoris to. pi. whiskers, side whiskers

favoriser favor

fécond, -e prolific

fécondité /. copiousness, fecundity

fée/, fairy

féerie [feri] /. fairyland, fairy scene feindre feign, pretend, sham félicitation /. congratulation; . . .

de — , congratulatory femelle/, female féminin, -e feminine, female femme /. woman, wife; leurs — s (F) their womenfolk; bien qu’il n’eût pas de — [wife], il ne convoitait pas celle du voisin [his neighbor’s (wife)], parce que la — [woman in general ] est l’ennemie des hommes forts (J); — de charge housekeeper; jocularly, — de plume (Mbl) authoress, pun on plume, pen or feather(s)

fendiller [ffidije] crack; (se) — , split

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

fendre cleave, split, crack ; se — , split fenêtre /. window fente /. cleft, crack, chink, slit fer m. iron; le — de ses sabots her iron-shod hoofs; chemin de — , railway; une échelle de — , an iron ladder; une volonté de — , an iron will; (des) — s irons, shackles; en — , made of iron fer- see faire

ferme (1) firm, steady, strong, resolute

ferme (2) /. farm fermement firmly fermer shut, close (up), fasten, lock (up); — le verrou bolt the door; — à clef lock, lock up; se — , close, be closed; une figure moins fermée a more open countenance

fermeté /. firmness, steadiness, strength

fermeture /. fastening, clasp fermier m. farmer ferrure /. iron work; des — s (AM) bits of iron

fervent, -e fervent, devout ferveur/, fervor; avec — , fervently fête /. festivity, jollification, party, ball; feast; holiday; [le moulin j était en grande — , (AM) . . .

was the scene of merrymaking; — , (of some saint) patron saint’s day; — patronale parish feast Fête-Dieu: la — , Corpus Christi fêter celebrate, do honor to, entertain, make much of, receive with open arms; à Paris, on ne fête pas ce saint-là ! in P., they don’t keep that saint’s day !

fétiche m. fetish

feu (1) m. fire, flame, light, gleam, shot; en — , [on fire, afire; faire du — , make (or light) a fire; mettre le — à set fire to; prendre — , blaze (up) ; le — est dans la maison the house is on fire; faire — (sur) fire (at); un coup de — , a shot (a gunshot ); faire le coup de — , (of an officer) join in the firing

feu (2) adj. (the) deceased; le — comte the late count; — Bésigue the late B.

feuillage (also pi.) m. foliage, leaves feuille/, leaf, sheet; — de punitions guardhouse record (of disciplinary punishments) février m. February fi ! fie ! fi done ! for shame !

fi- see faire

fiacre m. cab (a “four-wheeler,” drawn by one horse and hired for given distances or by the hour; largely replaced by taxis after ab.

1900; now rare)

fiancer betroth; on devait la — ...

avec Dominique she was to be betrothed to Dominic (formally and publicly) ficeler tie (up), lash ficelle /. string, twine; La Ficelle (title of Maupassant’s story) A Bit of String

fichtre ! hang it ! by George !

fidèle faithful

fidélité /. fidelity, faithfulness, accuracy, honesty

fier (1) entrust; se — à trust, depend on

fier [fje:r] (2), fière proud, haughty; rare; tu as un — courage you’re mighty brave fièrement proudly fierté [fjerte] /. pride, dignity;

avec — , proudly fièvre /. fever

fiévreu-x, -se feverish; un — , a person ill of a fever, a fever-patient fifre m. fife, fifer

fignolette f. (dialectal) fignolette, a local cordial

figure /. figure, face, countenance; faire — , cut a figure, be prominent; elle prit une petite — , (AM) she began to have a nice little face

figurer figure, represent, picture; se — , fancy, imagine; figurezvous que ... let me tell you, or just think !

fil m. thread, string; dessin de — blanc white stitchwork (or threadwork) pattern; (fig.) quelques — s gris (S-N) some grey hairs; — de la Vierge air threads, gossamer threads filante (of a star) shooting

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

file /. file, row; à la — , in file, in a line

filer spin, (of a star ) shoot

filet m. thread, net, network;

slender stream (of blood ) fille /. girl, daughter, child; (requiring jeune) une jeune — , a girl, a young lady; (without jeune, but not in a bad sense) se faire aimer des — s (AM) get oneself loved by the girls; la — d’auberge (MD) the hired girl (of the inn)

fillette /. little girl, lassie filouterie/, cheating; des — s (Mbl) cases of swindling fils [fis] m. son

filtrer filter, (of light) glimmer (through)

fin (1) /. end, close; inventaire de

— d’année (Élix) annual inventory; à la — , at last; sans — , endless, endlessly, again and again; mettre — à put an end to

fin (2), -e fine, exquisite, delicate, dainty, refined; (of a metal) pure; ma perle — e my precious pearl;

— voilier (a) trim sailing ship; meubles — s delicately wrought furniture; (of mentality) keen, sharp, knowing, clever, shrewd;

— comme une dague de plomb (Élix) about as sharp as ... ; d’un air — , (R) shrewdly

finauderie /. cunning, craftiness;

— de Normand Norman cunning [a proverbial trait ]

finesse /. fineness, shrewdness, craftiness; — native inborn shrewdness; les étroites — s (R) the expressions of narrow craftiness; — dangereuse ! (R) a perilous game ! lutter de — avec match one’s wits with fini m.: (le) — (de) finish, excellence of workmanship finir finish, end, put an end to; en — , have done with it; finissonsen (AM) let’s have done with all this; — par + inf. finally ... :

— par s’éteindre finally die out; elle devait — par être ronde, etc.

(AM) she was destined to be

ultimately as plump, etc.; finit-il par dire (AM) said he, finally; fini, -e finished, all over, settled, done for, ruined, etc.

fiole /. phial, vial fit-il said he (see faire) fixe steady, (of the eyes) staring; regarder d’un œil — , look steadily (at)

fixement steadily; regarder — -, stare at

fixer fix (= fix something so that it will not move)] fasten; — les yeux sur look steadily at; [il] fixa les têtes qui l’entouraient [he] gazed at, etc.; — - une heure set an hour

flacon m. (small) bottle (with a glass stopper), flask flagellants m. pi. (the) Flagellants, a R. C. order (13th-15th Cs.) who scourged themselves as a sign of contrition and who, by regarding this act as an equivalent even of baptism, encurred charges of heresy.

“Certain brotherhoods of Flagellants — by the way, submissive to the authority of the Church — continued to exist until rather late, e.g., the Flagellants of Avignon, called les blancs-battus because of the color of their long gowns and, of their cowls” (Nouv. Larousse illustré) ; also because they scourged themselves

flageller scourge (see flagellants) flambeau m. (torch), candlestick, sconce

flambée/, blaze flamber blaze (up), flame (up) flamboyant, -e flamboyant (architecture; see gothique) flamboyer gleam, flame, (of a red cordial or wine) flash flamme/, flame; pleine de — claire (F) full of bright flames flanc m. side, flank flanquer flank; flanqué de tourelles with turrets on each side; (jam.

far donner, jeter, etc.) on le flanque aux Invalides (VC) he’s slammed into the Pensioners’ Hospital; on allait leur — une raclée soignée (AM) they [the

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

Prussians] would get a jolly good licking

flatter flatter; se — (de) fondly hope (to), trust (to) flatteu-r, -se flattering Flaubert (1821-80,) Gustave, writer of naturalistic school fléau m. (fig.) scourge, plague, curse flèche/, arrow fléchir flinch, bend, give way flegmatiquement phlegmatically, coldly

flegme m. coolness, impassiveness;

garder son — , remain cool fleur /. flower, blossom; — d’oranger (S-N) orange blossoms; en — , in bloom, in blossom; ruban à — s ( Ét ) flowered ribbon; assiette à — s (VC) plate with a floral design; à la — de l’âge in the prime of life, (R) in the bloom of her girlhood fleurer be fragrant with fleuri, -e flowery, flowered; les sacristains — s en robes de juges (MP) sextons gorgeously arrayed in judges’ robes (which in France are red); colonnettes • — es . . . richly ornamented (with flowery carvings) fleuve m. (tidal) river flocon to. flake; puff (of smoke) florin m. (MD) florin (a coin worth somewhat less than a dollar in Germany about 1860) flot m. billow, wave, flood, stream; à — , afloat; mettre à — , launch; des — s déchaînés wild billows; - — d’argent silvery wave; un — d’hommes a surging throng flotter float, drift (about), wave, waver, blow in the wind, hang loosely

fluxion/, inflammation (of lungs) foi /. faith, belief; digne de — , worthy of trust, trustworthy; ma — (!) upon my word (!) to be sure (!) of course (!) foin m. hay

foire /. fair, market place (usually a square ■ — particularly in small towns — utilized on certain days by farmers for the sale of their cattle and other animals; formerly,

by merchants of all sorts; — s générales, now replaced by small circuses or by individual acrobats and the like); jours de — , market days; un paillasse de la — , a clown of the market place fois /. time (a given occasion); une — , once; deux — , twice; qu’une — assis (VC) until he had got comfortably seated; toutes les — que every time that, whenever; à la — , at once (at the same time) fol (1) see fou

fol (2) m. (archaic form of fou) “ fool ” or jester (medieval jesters commonly feigned madness) folâtre playful, frolicsome, sportive folgar m. probably the Portuguese word meaning “enjoy oneself .” Many Portuguese words came into use along the African coast, where the first explorers and traders were Portuguese

folie /. madness, lunacy, (occasionally) folly

folle /. crazy woman (see fou) follette (/. of follet) : une barbe — , a downy (or silky) beard fonctions /. pi. duties fonctionnaire m. official, (government) employee

fond m. bottom, lowland; depths; back, background, far end; la porte du — , the back door or rear door; au — du Marais (Mbl) in the heart of the M.; à — , thoroughly, utterly; au — , at (the) bottom, in reality; de — en comble from top to bottom fonder found, establish, ground, base

fondre melt; — en larmes burst into tears; — sur swoop down on fonds m .: — de commerce stock in trade; un petit — de mercerie a little mercery (dry goods) shop font see faire

fontaine /. fountain, spring, tap, spout

Fontaine see La Fontaine fonte /. cast iron

force (or forces) /. strength, force, ability, skill; à bout de — , ex-

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

hausted; à — de through, by, by dint of; à — de boire through drinking; (silencieux) à — de solitude through living alone; hébétés à — de prêter attention {R) dulled by the strain of watching; à toute — , at all hazards, at all costs; avec — , violently; — lui fut de ... he had to ... , he could but . . .

forcer (à, de) compel, oblige, force

(to)

foresti-er, -ère forest adj.

forêt /. forest; la Forêt Noire (der Schwarzwald) the Black Forest, extending ab. 150 k. from N. to S.

and from 20 to 40 E. to W. ; mostly in the Grand Duchy of Baden, 'partly in Württemberg {pines and firs ) forme /. form, shape formel, -le (BM) explicit, unqualified former form, devise (a plan), shape, frame, make

formidable formidable, terrific formule f. (conventional or wellknown) form, formula fort (1), -e strong, big, heavy, loud, labored; {of heat ) oppressive, intense; une — e somme a considerable sum; — du service . . . ( R ) relying upon the value of the service ... ; — , adv. very (much), greatly, hard, loud; — en l’air [fortûleir] high in the air; — sujette (à) often subject (to)

fort (2) m. fort

fortement strongly, markedly, very much, firmly forteresse /. fortress fortifier strengthen fortune/, fortune (income or wealth), (good) luck; sans — -, of small means; la — du pays {R) the fortunes {or fate) of the country round about; une bonne — , a happy chance, a piece of good luck

fossé m. ditch

fossette /. dimple; à — s dimpled fou (1), fol (before a m. noun beginning with a vowel, or archaically for fou), folle crazy, mad

(insane), wild; à l’œil fou with a wild eye; verdure folle wild

greenery {unrestrained natural growth )

fou (2), folle madman, lunatic;

crazy woman (girl) foudre /. thunder (bolt), thunder and lightning; comme la — , like lightning

foudroyant, -e blasting or withering (words), thunderous {voice)] see

foudroyer

foudroyer strike {as a thunder bolt strikes), strike down, overwhelm; crush; foudroyé par une insolation smitten down (overwhelmed) by, etc.

fouet [fwc] to. whip; le — , a whipping; — de poste horsewhip fouetter whip, lash, beat fouiller search (o person)] — dans sa poche rummage {or fumble) in one’s pocket fouillis to. jumble, confusion fouine /. marten foule /. crowd, throng fouler tread (upon), trample four to. oven

fourbe (1) /. (low) trick, wile fourbe (2) to. impostor, knave fourche /. fork, cleft stick; coups de — , (Êlix) jabs of pitchforks fourchette/, (table) fork fourmi/, ant fourmiller swarm, tingle fourneau to. stove, range fournir furnish (supply), provide;

— qqch à qqn supply (furnish,

provide). .. with ... ; — (des

services) render

fourré (1) to. thicket

fourré (2), -e thick (densely grown);

{of gloves) (warmly) lined fourrer poke, stick, thrust; line; se — (dans) thrust oneself (into), hide away

fourrure /. fur; (Jig. of a bird) ma

— naissante {Mbl) my halffledged feathers

foyer to. hearth, fireside; home fracas to. crash

fracasser break {to bits), smash, shatter

fragment to. chunk, bit

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

fraîche see frais (1)

fraîcheur /. coolness, freshness;

coolness of early morning frais (1), fraîche cool, fresh, freshlooking, healthy; (des liqueurs) fraîches (CP) apparently means freshly made rather than cool frais (2) : de — , freshly frais (3) m. pi. expenditure, cost franc (1) m. franc (a French silver coin worth in modern times, until 1919, ab. 10 pence or 20 cents) franc (2), franche free; compagnies franches (AM) guerilla companies (companies not regularly enrolled in the army; an individual member is a franc-tireur) français, -e (F — , -e) French, Frenchman, etc.; à la — e (Mbl) in the French style Francet [“Franky”] Marnai (MP) franche see franc (2) franchement frankly, really franchise /. openness, freedom, candor

Françoise Frances

franc-tireur m. (jol. francs-tireurs)

soldier belonging to a light irregular troop, or a civilian fighting without orders and liable, if caught by the enemy, to be executed frapper strike, pound, hit, beat, knock; slap, tap; inflict, impose; — dans la main smite the hand; (fig.) frappé au cœur stricken to the very heart; — (Rocreuse de mesures terribles) smite fraternel, -le fraternal, brotherly, kindred

frayeur /. fright fredonner hum (an air) frégate /. frigate

frémir shudder, tremble, quaver, quiver

frénésie /. frenzy frénétique frantic fréquenter associate (or be) with frère m. brother, friar; pi. (eccl.)

brethren, brothers, friars friand, -e dainty, appetizing friper rumple; une robe fripée a rumpled and shabby gown fripon m. rogue, rascal frisé, -e curly

frisottant, -e (S-N) frizzly (by

nature)

frisson m. shiver (ing), quiver, shudder, (on water) ripple; me donna le — , gave me the shivers; le — des futaies (S-N) the rustling of the forest

frissonner shudder, shiver, quake, (of water) ripple

frivole frivolous, trivial, shallow froid, -e cold, chilly, cool; ra. cold, coolness, chill; j’ai — , I am cold; il fait — , it is cold froidement coldly, coolly froideur/, coldness, coolness froissement m. rumpling, ruffling froisser hurt (one’s feelings), offend; d’un air froissé with an offended look

frôlement m. rustling frôler just touch, graze, (BM) hover close to

fromage m. cheese fromageon m. (Ét) dialectal, white cheese made from ewes’ milk (S. France)

front m. forehead, brow frotter rub, polish; strike or scratch (a match)

fruiti-er, -ère fruiterer, greengrocer; des arbres — s fruit trees fu- see être

fuir flee, flee from, shim, take refuge,

(fig-) fly

fuite /. flight (escape); prendre la — , take flight

fumée /. smoke; fume, cloud of smoke or of vapor fumer smoke, (of food) steam fumier m. dunghill, manure heap funeste fatal, disastrous, dire furet m. ferret fureter pry about fureur /. rage, fury; avec — , vehemently; de — , (adv.) in a rage furieu-x, -se furious, mad, raging;

m. maniac, madman furti-f, -ve furtive, sly furtivement slily fusée/, rocket

fusil [fyzi] m. gun, rifle; — de chasse (AM) hunting rifle; — à pierre flintlock; — à deux coups double-barrelled (shot) gun; la

VOCABULARY

baïonnette au — , with fixed bayonets; le — au bras (AM) carrying their guns fusillade [fyzijad] /. fusillade, riflefire, firing

fusilier [fyzije] shoot; son fils était fusillé (R) her son was being shot

futaie /. forest (in which trees are allowed to reach their full growth) futaille /. cask {commonly holding ah. 200 litres) futur, -e future, coming fuy~ see fuir

gager stake, bet, wager gageure [ga3y:r] /. wager, bet gagner earn, make {money), gain, gain possession of, win (over), reach (a -place) ; il aura gagné les bois (AM) he must have escaped to the woods; {of sleep) overcome Gagny {AM) imaginary place gai [ge], -e gay, merry, gleeful, cheerful, lively, jolly; affecter un air — , feign high spirits; l’âme du — moulin (AM) the soul of the blithe old mill gaïac (sometimes gayac) [gayak] m.

lignum vitae tree

gaiement gaily, merrily, (of the sun’s rising) cheerily gaieté [gete] /. mirth, merriment, cheerfulness, liveliness, fun; (un campagnard) en — , gleeful with wine; une vraie — , (describing a mill; AM) a real delight; allumer les — s make everyone merry gaillard, -e sturdy, lusty; m.

sturdy (or strapping) fellow (boy, rogue, dog); ( naut .) — d’arrière quarter-deck; — d’avant forecastle (deck)

gaillardement efficiently, manfully galamment with great politeness, handsomely, gallantly galant, -e gaü ant and gallant, jaunty, smart; d’un air — , smartly, gallantly; une cour — e a gay court (gay with love affairs arid flirtations)', m. lover, ^sweetheart; de nouveaux — s (Êt) new suitors or new admirers

galanterie /. gallantry, compliment galère /. galley

galerie /. gallery; la — de bois (AM) the wooden gallery (leading to a mill wheel and enabling the miller to inspect it)

Galice /. (Êt) Galicia, a province of N.W. Spain

galon m. stripe, braid (on a cap) galop [galo] m. gallop; au — , at a gallop; au grand — , at full gallop; partir au — , gallop off; prendre le — , get into a gallop galoper gallop, (of the heart) bound, throb (violently) galopin m. scamp, imp gamin m. (lively) little boy, urchin, little scamp

gamine /. used by Capt. Mercadier (VC) as a term of endearment:

little tot, lassie gant m. glove garance /. (bot.) madder garçon m. boy, lad, young man, hired man, (old) bachelor; — de bureau ( S-N ) office attendant;

— (de café etc.) waiter garçonnet m. (dim. of garçon) lad garde (1) f. guard (monter la — ,

mount guard), watch, care, keeping, protection; de — , on guard; sur ses — s on one’s guard, watchful; n’avoir — de be very far from (some act), take (good) care not to ... ; Macha n’avait — de me croire M. knew better than to believe me; prendre — (à) pay heed (to), heed, take notice (of), take care (of), mind garde (2) m. guard, keeper, watchman, warden; — champêtre rural policeman, constable garde-robe/, wardrobe garder keep, guard, watch (over), take care of, hold in reserve;

— au cœur une haine . . . (AIDS) have a heartfelt hatred ... ; se

— de + inf. be careful of ... , take care not to . . .

gardien m. guardian, keeper gare f. railway station, (possibly) terminus

garnement (or mauvais — ) m.

blackguard, scamp, ne’er-do-well

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

garnir furnish, fit up, hang ( with curtains), adorn, cover, fill; — des vases fill (or adorn) vases (with flowers) ; garnie de feuilles encore with its leaves still on; se — de provide oneself (with), fill up (with) garnison/, garrison garnisonner (a neologism) : où il avait gamisonné (VC) where he had been garrisoned garrotter bind . . . firmly, put . . .

in irons

gars [ga] m. lad gâteau m. cake gâter spoil

gauche left; clumsy, awkward; /. left (side) ; à — , to (or on) the left; de — , to the left gauchement clumsily, awkwardly gaudriole /. broad joke, spicy story gaule/, switch

gavotte /. gavotte; le petit pas de — , (MP) little gavotte step (implying a brisk, dancing gait) gaz [gcoz] m. gas; bec de — , gas burner, gaslight

gazette /. (now generally replaced by journal) newspaper gazon m. turf, greensward gazouiller warble, chirp geai [se] m. jay geler freeze

gelinotte (Par) hazel hen (or possibly some other land of gallinaceous bird), freely, some delicious game bird

gémir groan, moan, whine gémissement m. groan, moan, whine

gênant, -e bothersome, annoying gendarme to. gendarme, constable gendarmerie /. constabulary gendre to. son-in-law gêne /. annoyance; embarrassment, uneasiness; sans — , without ceremony, cheeky gêner bother, bore, embarrass, annoy, trouble; cela ne la gênait nullement pour écrire that in no wise bothered her in writing général, -e general, all-round généralement generally, widely généreu-x, -se generous, hand¬

some, mettlesome (charger), manly (effort)

générosité /. generosity, liberality;

ces — s those acts of generosity génie to. genius

genou to. knee; être à — x be kneeling; se jeter à — x throw oneself upon one’s knees

genre to. sort, kind; dans ce — , of this (that) kind; ou autre chose dans ce — , or the like gens to. (though variable descriptive adjs. immediately preceding gens are feminine) people, persons, men, folks; jeunes — , young men [cf. jeunes filles], young folks; les — des champs (F) (the) rustics; les — de sa maison (R) her own servants; les — , (R) the servants; deux

bonnes — , (MU) two good souls (a pair of blackbirds) gentil [3ûti], -le [ôûtij] nice gentilhomme [3ûtijom] to. nobleman

gentillesse [3ûtijes] /. attractiveness, prettiness gentiment nicely, prettily germinal to. seventh month in the calendar of the first French Republic (21 March — 16 April) gésir (with gît, gisait, etc.) lie; gisait was lying

geste to. gesture, motion, movement; un — de main a wave of the hand

gesticuler gesticulate gi- (gît, gisait) see gésir giberne /, cartridge pouch, (leathercovered) cartridge box gibet to. gibbet, gallows gibier to. game gigantesque gigantic, huge gigot (de mouton) to. leg of mutton giron to. lap

girouette /. vane, weather vane, weathercock, whirligig gisait see gésir

gîte to. shelter, night’s lodging glace /. ice; mirror glacer freeze, chill; un bruit les glaça some noise made their blood run cold; glacée d’un frisson (AM) benumbed by a cold shudder

VOCABULARY

glacial, -e icy, freezing; (fig.) cutting

gland to. tassel glapir yelp, squeak glapissant, -e yelping, squeaky glisser glide (along), slide, slip, creep; (of a boat) sail smoothly, glide along; (un être) glissait, etc.

(Peur) was slinking; se — -, slip, glide, creep; (of fear) je sentais se — dans mes os la peur, etc.

(Peur) I could feel, creeping into my bones, fear, etc.; faire — , slip gloire /. glory, pride, social prominence ( Mbl ); nos — s militaires our glorious military achievements; avec — , gloriously; (se) faire — de glory in glorieu-x, -se glorious, triumphant, elated, conceited; l’air — , (MP) the conceited look, the swagger gloriole /. vainglory, petty satisfaction

glouglou to. gurgling gobelet: — de vermeil to. (Élix) silver-gilt goblet

Goderville [godervil] a small town ab. 27 k. N.E. of Le Havre goguenard, -e jeering, mocking, bantering

gommier to. gum acacia, gum tree gonfler swell, blow up (inflate), puff up, bulge gorge /. throat, neck gorger gorge gosier to. gullet, throat gothique: — flamboyant to. (VC) flamboyant Gothic [architecture]

(“ characterized by waving or flamelike curves, as in the tracery of windows,” Webster) gourdin to. cudgel gourmand, -e greedy Gourouli /. an onomatopoetic name coined by Musset (Mbl) but given by herself to a cooing turtledove (cf. roucouler coo) whom we may dub “Cooey”

gousset to. (M D) (watch) pocket goût to. taste, flavor, savor; liking, relish; d’un — médiocre in rather bad taste

goûter (à, de, or trans.) taste, try, relish, like; — [qqch] médiocre-

ment not particularly like; que je n’y ai goûté (S-N) since I’ve tasted one

goutte f. drop, gout (the malady );

— à — , drop by drop; suer à grosses — s perspire profusely

goutteu-x, -se gouty gouttière /. gutter, eaves; comme des chats de — , (Mbl) like (a pair of) common roof cats gouvernail to. helm gouverne/, guidance gouvernement m. government gouverner govern gouverneur m. governor grâce /. grace, graciousness, gracefulness, charm; mercy; de la meilleure — , with the utmost graciousness; des — s (AM) charming freshness (i.e., attractiveness); avec — , gracefully;

— à thanks to, owing to; — au ciel thank Heaven; de — ! I entreat you ! or for goodness sake !

faire — à spare, show mercy to; faire — (à qqn) de pardon . . .

gracieusement favorably gracieu-x, -se gracious grade to. rank; — de capitaine captaincy grain to. grain grainetier to. seedsman grand, -e (with the old, but familiar feminine grand’, os in grand’mère grandmother) great, large, big, tall, main, loud; (une ligne) de • — s pas of long strides; avec de — s cheveux with masses of hair; laver à — e eau scrub or mop (a floor) ; de — matin very early (in the day); sous le — soleil (AM) in the hot sunshine; (je n’ai pas) — temps a long time, many years; — ordre [grûtordr] major (contrasted with petit ordre minor); — ’peine great difficulty; une — e révérence a low curtsey; garder le plus — silence keep absolutely silent; un — homme [grûtom] a tall man; le — bailli the chief magistrate; les — s chemins the highways, la — -’route the (main) highway; la — e rue the main

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

street; la Grande (Êlix) abbreviation of la Grande Chartreuse the Great Carthusian Monastery;

le - livre the ledger; le — mât

the mainmast; la — ’messe high mass; la — e mode (de notre temps) the reigning fashion; la — e salle (du moulin) the main room; sa — e occupation (CP) his chief pastime; en — uniforme in full uniform

grandir grow (up); gain strength; grandissant sa haute taille (AM) drawing himself up to his full height

grand’mère, grand’peine, etc., see grand

grange /. bam

Granville (R) a town in the Département de la Manche; besieged in 1793 by the Vendéens grappe /. cluster gras, -se fat, plump, greasy gratification /. reward, bonus gratter scratch

grave solemn, serious; (of a sound) deep, dirgelike; — - mélancolie (R) grave melancholy gravement gravely, seriously Graveson a village near Arles gravir climb, clamber (over) gravité /. gravity, seriousness; avec —, gravely

gré to. pleasure, will; bon — , mal — -, willing (ly) or unwilling (ly), willy-nilly

gredin m. rascal, villain; ce — de braconnier that scoundrel of a poacher

gréer rig (a vessel) greffier m. recorder (of a tribunal), clerk of the court

grêle (1) slender, slim; une beauté — , a slender loveliness; (of a voice) shrill

grêle (2) /. hail, hailstorm grelot m. (small round metal) bell (fastened to a mule, sheep, or other animal)

grelotter shiver grenier m. loft, garret grès [gre] m. sandstone grésil m. sleet

griller broil (grill); — au four

(S-N) roast; bake; (fig.) scorch or bake

grimace f. grimace, wry face grimper climb, creep grincement m. gnashing, grinding gringalet m. runt, pigmy grippe (/.): prendre en — , take a dislike to

gris, -e grey; tipsy grisâtre greyish, leaden griser: se — , get drunk grisette /. [ French 3 girl of the working class (so called because such girls formerly dressed in grey; see gris), gay (or coquettish) shopgirl

grisonner (of hair) turn (or get) grey grogner grunt, grumble, growl grognon grumpy, peevish grommeler grumble, mutter gronder rumble, growl, scold gros (1), -se big, large, stout, fat; heavy, rough, coarse, gruff; cette — se besogne that heavy work; — rire loud laughter; (personne) à — se voix loud-voiced; (il écarquillait) ses — yeux (ATUS) his bulging eyes; cela me fait — cœur (S-N) that makes me sick at heart gros (2) m. bulk, main body grossi-er, -ère gross, coarse, crude, uncivilized

grossièreté f. rude thing, scurrility grossir magnify, swell, enlarge grotesque grotesque, uncouth groupe m. group gué to. ford; passer à — , ford guenille/, rag; pendre en — s hang in tatters

guère hardly, scarcely; ne . . . — , hardly, by no means, (not) by any means; il ne possédait — • que ses deux bras he possessed hardly anything but his two strong arms; [elle] n’y était — demeurée qu’un mois (CP) [she] had stayed there at most a month

guérir cure, heal, get well guérison /. cure, recovery guerre /. war; cri de — , war cry guerri-er, -ère war (adj.); chant — , war song; to. warrior

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

guetter watch (for), spy about gueule/, mouth (of animals ), jaw guide m. or f. guide guider guide, act as guide for, direct, lead

guigne /. black-heart cherry guilleret, -te [gijore(t)] lively, cheerful, “chipper” guillotiner Qjijotine] guillotine guinée /. guinea (an English coin worth 21 shillings; not struck after 1817, though still used as a word in counting money) guiriot m. (French form of an African negro word) magician, voodoo man

guise [ cf . our wise] /.: à sa — , in one’s own way guitare/, guitar

habilement skilfully, cleverly habileté /. skill, ability habiller (de) dress or clothe (in), cover (with) ; s’ — , dress (oneself) habit m. coat, garment; pi. clothes; en — (s) bourgeois in plain clothes (civilian dress) habitacle m. binnacle habitant, -e inhabitant habiter inhabit, live in habitude /. habit, wont, custom; familiarity, practice; d’ — , usual, usually; avoir 1’ — de be accustomed to; en avoir 1’ — , be used to it; la grande — qu’elle avait du monde her great familiarity with society

habitué m. frequenter, regular patron habituel, -le customary, well-established

habituer accustom; habitué, -e à accustomed (used) to; s’ — à become accustomed (get used) to hâbleur adj. talkative, loquacious ’hache /. axe

’hagard, -e haggard; d’un air — , wildly, with a wild stare ’haie /. hedge; faire la — , line up , (in a row along a passage)

’haillon m. rag; ces — s cuivrés (AM) those ragged coppery clouds

’haine /. hatred

’haïr hate, be filled with hatred (for) ’hâle m. sunburn, “ coat of tan ” haleine /. breath; reprendre son — , get back one’s breath (or wind)

’haleter pant, gasp, breathe hard ’halle /. (town) market (a large space, roofed over but open on the sides)

’hallebarde /. halberd (“ an ancient long-handled weapon, of which the head had a point, and several long, sharp edges, curved or straight, and sometimes additional points.” Webster)

’halte /. halt, stop; faire — , halt, stop

’hangar m. shed

’hanneton m. may beetle, cockchafer

’hanter haunt

’harangue /. speech, harangue ’hardi, -e bold, daring ’hardiesse /. boldness, courage, daring

’hardiment boldly harmonie /. harmony; table d’— , sounding board

’harnacher harness, rig (out), caparison ’harpe /. harp

’harpiste m. or f. harper, player on the harp

’hasard m. chance, hazard (s) ; au — , at random; par — , by chance, perchance

’hasardé, -e risky, venturesome ’hasarder risk, venture, hazard, expose (ivith some risk); se — , venture, risk it

’hasardeu-x, -se hazardous; et c’était le plus — , and this was the biggest risk

’hâte /. haste, hurry; à la — , hastily; en — , quickly ’hâter hasten; se — , hasten, make haste

Hauchecorne: Maître (Maif) — de Bréauté (F) a name suggesting a cantankerous character (hocher la tête shake the head in denial, and cornes horns; cf. Grumpy and like English names)

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

’haussement m.: — d’épaules shrug ’hausser lift, lift up, raise; — les épaules shrug one’s shoulders; se — (sur la pointe des pieds) stand on tiptoe

’haut (1), -e high, tall, lofty; loud; une — e passion an exalted passion; le chemin — , ( Ét ) the upper road; le — clergé the higher clergy; à — e voix aloud; (2) adv.

and noun high, up; loud, loudly, aloud; très — , (AM) well above his head; répéter tout — , repeat

aloud (quite audibly); là - , up

there; de — , from above; tombant de — , (S-N) falling from well above her; en — , above; de bas en — , (AM) from top to bottom; (le) —, top, height de — , in height; avoir . . . pieds de — , be . . . feet high (or tall) ’hautain, -e haughty, lofty ’hauteur /. height; à la — de (up) to the level of

’hé (or hé [e] ) ! hello ! or holloa ! (. derisively ) oh ho ! ( representing laughter) hee hee ! or ha ha !

hébéter stupefy, daze, blur Heidelberg [èdelbe;r] Heidelberg, on the river Neckar, in Baden; famous for its university, its ancient castle, and its 'picturesque setting

’hein (? or !) eh ? or hey ? or huh ?

(h’m ?) or what ?

hélas ! [elas] alas !

hélice /. screw, propeller herbages m. pi. pastures, pasture (or grazing) lands

herbe (s) /. grass, herb; mauvaise — , weed

hérissé, -e bristling, bristly hérisser cause (hair) to bristle or stand on end; se — , bristle (up), stand on end

héritage m. estate, inheritance hériter (de) inherit, receive an inheritance

hériti-er, -ère heir, heiress héroï-comique mock-heroic héroïque heroic, drastic héroïquement heroically héroïsme m. heroism; un — , an act of heroism

’héros [(h) ero] m. hero hésitation f. hesitation, faltering, wavering

hésiter hesitate, falter, waver hétairiste m. (CP) hetairist, member of a Greek political secret society or hetairia [hetair'ia] heure /. hour, time; à 1’ — même (ATUS) at that very hour; à 1’ — - qu’il est now, at the present time; tout à 1’ — , presently, just now; à la bonne — ! well and good ! fine ! d’ — en — , hourly; de bonne — , early; regarder 1’ — , look to see what time it is (was, etc.)) quelle — est-il?

what time is it ? une — , one o’clock; après trois — s (MD) after three o’clock or after three hours ( according to the context)) neuf — s et demie hah past nine; sur les trois — s about three o’clock

heureusement luckily, fortunately;

— que . . . fortunately . . .

heureu-x, -se happy, lucky, fortunate, successful; souhaiter — voyage (à) wish . . . godspeed; le véritable — , (noun) the really lucky (or happy) one; la bienheureuse vierge Marie (J) the blessèd Virgin Mary; see simple

’heurter knock, knock at, dash against, hit ’hibou m. owl ’hideu-x, -se hideous hier [i(j)e:r[| yesterday; ce n’est pas d’ — que je rime (Mbl) it’s not merely since yesterday that I’ve been riming ’hiérarchie /. hierarchy hirondelle /. swallow histoire /. history, story, yarn; des — s stupides the sheerest rubbish;

— de rire for the fun of the thing, just for a joke; c’était — - de parler (BM) . . . was just for the sake of saying something

historiette f. (little) tale hiver m. winter; 1’ — , adv. in winter hochement: un — de tête a toss (or shake) of the head (to express negation or doubt) hocher shake or wag ( the head)

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

hommage to. homage, respect; pi.

acts of homage or respect; rendre

— à pay homage to

homme to. man; — d’affaires (CP) business agent, manager honnête honest, virtuous; — homme honest (or respectable law-abiding) man; — s gens respectable people honnêtement honestly, respectably, courteously, properly honnêteté/, honesty honneur to. honor, credit, good faith; en 1* — de in honor of; faire

— à honor, make good (e.g., une signature)

’honte /. shame, disgrace; avoir — , be ashamed; n’as-tu point de — ! (note de) have you no sense of shame ?

’honteu-x, -se shameful, ashamed hôpital to. hospital horizon to.: à 1’ — , on the horizon ’hoquet to. hiccup horloge /. (large) clock (with its dial, or dials, exposed to public view)

hormis except, save horreur/, horror, loathing horrible frightful, fearful horriblement horribly ’hors (de) outside (of), out (of); les yeux — de la tête (MD) her eyes bulging out of their sockets;

— de combat disabled, also killed, wounded, and missing;

— de lui beside himself hospice to. hospice, asylum hostilité /. hostility

hôte to. [/. hôtesse] host or guest, visitor

hôtel to. hotel, (private) mansion; (government) building; — (du ministère) palace huile /. oil

huissier to. (official) doorkeeper, usher; bailiff

huissier-priseur to. (VC) appraiser (of goods to be sold at auction ); now called commissaire-priseur ’huit eight; — jours a week huître /. oyster

hum ! (spelled also horn) a mild expletive, commonly pronounced

Ccem], or [m] sounded with the lips closed: er . . . er or h’mh’m humain, -e human, humane, kind; les intérêts — s (R) worldly interests; les — s to. human beings, mankind

humanité /. fellow feeling humble humble, meek humblement humbly, meekly ’humer sniff

humeur /. frame of mind, mood, humor, temper; ne pas être 4’ — à mourir be in no mood to die; bonne — , cheerfulness, good humor; en belle — , in good spirits; plein d’ — , in a bad temper, out of sorts; de mauvaise — , testily humide damp, moist, wet; (of the mouth) watering

humilier humble, humiliate, mortify

humilité /. humility, humbleness, meekness

’hurlement to. howl, roar; pi. (of wind) shrieks, howling ’hurler howl, yell ’hussard to. hussar Huysmans, Joris-Karl (1848-1907), a French novelist, at first a “naturalist ” and follower of Zola; later a Neo-Catholic mystic hymne [imn] to. hymn

i represents a frequent and general pronunciation of il or ils before a consonant, though in La Ficelle (i m’a vu) it is intended to represent, and does represent, peasant speech

ici here, this place, here and now;

— même on this very spot idée /. idea, notion, thought, reason, plan, theory identiquement identically if to. yew tree, yew ignominieu-x [ijiominjp], -se ignominious

ignorant [ijiorci], -e ignorant; to.

ignoramus, man of no learning ignorer [ijiore] not know, know nothing of, be unaware of; ne rien — de know all about

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

il {cf. i) he, it, etc. ; il y a and (in lit. style ) il est there is or there are; il est mort trois esclaves there have died three slaves; il montait une petite fumée there rose a little cloud of smoke; il a été perdu, ce matin, ... un porte-feuille there was lost, etc. ; il me prit un éblouissement I was seized by ( there took hold of me) a dizziness; il lui sortit de la bouche cinq roses there came forth from his mouth five roses; . . . qu’il vînt à faire un jour de pluie ( Mbl ) . . . for a rainy day to come; il se fit un tumulte épouvantable there arose a frightful uproar île/, island

illusion/, illusion, delusion illustre renowned, distinguished illustrer illustrate ils (cf. i) m. or inclusive they image /. image, picture (in a hook), likeness, (visible) symbol: des — s de la Vierge (J) images (i.e., visible symbols) of the Virgin imagination /. imagination; mon ■ — romanesque my romantic turn of mind; toutes les — s everybody’s imagination imaginer think out, think up, devise, contrive, design; — de + inf.

conceive the idea of -ing; s’ — , imagine, fancy; qui s’imagine apercevoir un spectre who fancies he perceives, etc.

imbécile idiotic, foolish; noun idiot imiter imitate

immédiatement [immedjatmfi] at once

immense [immcns] huge, mighty immobile motionless, still immodéré, -e excessive, immoderate

immoler sacrifice immortaliser immortalize immortel, -le immortal, deathless impassible impassive, unmoved impatienter put . . . out of patience, provoke; s’ — -, lose (all) patience impératrice /. empress imperceptible imperceptible; (Ét) very faint

impériale /. outside or top (of a stagecoach etc.)

imperturbable impossible to shake, immovable, unyielding impétuosité /. impetuosity; avec — , impetuously

impitoyablement ruthlessly, pitilessly

implacable relentless implorer implore, entreat for importance /. importance, selfimportance; . . . d’ — , important, weighty

important, -e important, self-important

importer matter; n’importe no matter, it doesn’t matter; n’importe de quoi (Mbl) anything whatever (normally, de n’importe quoi)

importun, -e importunate, tiresome importunité /. troublesomeness, importunity

imposant, -e imposing, impressive imposer impose, enjoin, inspire respect or a sense of awe; — un interrogatoire à qqn (R) force an examination upon one imposteur m. impostor impôt m. tax

imprégner [ëprejie] impregnate imprévu, -e unlooked-for, unforeseen

imprimer print, impress, press, impart; s’ — , be printed imprimerie /. printing press imprudence /. recklessness, carelessness; commettre des — s (R) act recklessly

imprudent, -e imprudent, reckless impulsion /. impulse, impetus, push imputer (à) impute (to), charge . . .

with

inaccoutumé, -e unaccustomed, unwonted, unusual

inattendu, -e unexpected, unlookedfor; plus — , (CP) less commonplace

incendier set on fire, set ablaze incertain, -e uncertain incertitude /. uncertainty incliner incline, bend (down or over), tilt, slope; — la tête nod; s’ — , lean, slant, bend down, bow

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

down or over; (of a vessel ) heel over, list

incommode uncomfortable inconnu, -e unknown; 1’ — , (to.

or n.) the unknown; des — s strangers

incontestable unquestionable incontinent archaic adv. forthwith incrédule incredulous; to. or f.

unbeliever

incrédulité /. incredulity, unbelief incroyable incredible, past belief indéterminé, -e indefinite indication/, indication, sign, clue indice to. clue; pi. evidence indicible inexpressible, unutterable indifférent, -e indifferent, unconcerned, careless, listless; d’un air — , unconcernedly, as if one didn’t care; noun.: (l’opinion) des — s (CP) of persons in whom I am not concerned; quelques — s some who didn’t care indigène to. or f. native indigné, -e indignant indigner exasperate, make . . . angry (or indignant), anger; s’ — , become indignant (angry) indiquer designate, point out, show;

appoint (or name) indiscipline /. insubordination indisposé, -e indisposed, ailing, unwell

indistinct, -e indistinct, faint indistinctement without distinction individu to. individual inégal, -e [inégal] unequal, irregular, uneven

inégalité [inégalité]/, inequality inespéré, -e [inèspere] unhopedfor, unlooked-for, unexpected inestimable [inès-] priceless inévitable unavoidable, sure inexprimable [ineks-] inexpressible infailliblement unmistakably infâme infamous, scoundrelly, vile inférieur, -e lower, inferior infini, -e infinite, endless; une peine — e no end of trouble; avec des précautions — es taking every precaution possible; to.: à 1’ — , ad infinitum

infirme weak, feeble, frail infirmité /. infirmity

inflexible inflexible, unbending infliger (à) inflict (on) influence /. influence, ascendancy, sway

informer inform; s’ — (de) inquire (about), ascertain infortune /. misfortune, adversity infortuné, -e unfortunate, ill-starred infraction (à, de) /. breaking (of rules etc.)

infuser (à, dans) infuse (in), steep (in)

ingénument frankly, artlessly, openly

ingrat, -e ungrateful; noun ingrate inhabité, -e uninhabited inhumanité [inymanite] /. inhumanity, cruelty

inintelligible [inêtelliôibl] unintelligible, incomprehensible injure /. insult; (rarely) injury (a wrong)

injurier insult, berate, abuse innocent, -e [inôsâ(:t)] innocent, guileless, harmless innommable [innomabl] (F) unnamable, nondescript inonder deluge, surge over inoubliable [inubliabl] never-to-beforgotten, unforgettable inouï, -e [inwi] unheard-of, unparalleled, extraordinary inqui-et, -ète worried, anxious, uneasy, disturbed, restless inquiétant, -e disquieting, disturbing

inquiéter make . . . uneasy, cause ... to worry, worry (a person), trouble, disturb; s’ — - (de) be uneasy (about), worry inquiétude /. uneasiness, disquietude, anxiety, worry insaisissable impossible to grasp, elusive

insensé, -e insensate, crazy; qui firent de nous des — s which made us behave like madmen insensible unsusceptible (to emotions), indifferent, unfeeling insensiblement imperceptibly, bit by bit

insermenté [ more usually, inassermenté] unsworn (said of priests who refused to swear allegiance to

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

the civil constitution of 1790, First Republic ) insignes m. pi. insignia insinuer insinuate insister insist, persist insolation/, sunstroke insolent, -e insolent, overbearing, impertinent; doué d’un bonheur plus — , (CP) endowed with a more undeserved happiness insouciance /. unconcern, carelessness, heedlessness; vie d’ — , carefree, heedless life insouciant, -e (de) unconcerned (as to, about); bravoure — e du danger reckless bravery inspecter inspect, examine inspecteur to. inspector inspirer (qqch à qqn) inspire . . .

(with), arouse . . . (in) installer instal; s’ — , settle (down), take up one’s abode, establish oneself

instance/, entreaty, urgent pleading instant to. instant, moment instinct [esté] to. instinct; leur — d’élégance their instinctive recognition of elegance instincti-f, -ve instinctive instruction/, instruction, education instruire instruct, inform (de as to); tell

insulter ( sometimes with à) insult insupportable unbearable insurgé to. insurgent insurger: s’ — , retort intact, -e untouched intelligence /. intelligence, mind, understanding, quickness of understanding; les — s normandes ( R ) the cleverness of Norman minds; en bonne — , on good terms

intelligent, -e intelligent, keen, showing comprehension; d’un air —, ( R ) as if he were in the secret

intention /. intention, purpose ; avoir 1’ — de intend (or mean) to; à bonne — , with a good intention; à votre — , for your sake

intercaler insert, put in interdire (qqch à qqn) forbid;

interdit, -e forbidden; overwhelmed, stunned, speechless (with astonishment), abashed intéressant, -e interesting, of interest

intéresser interest; s’ — à take an interest in, be interested in intérêt m. interest, self-interest or personal advantage; consideration; prendre — à take an interest in; les — s de la comtesse the business interests, etc.; vos — s (R) whatever is to your advantage; des — s de cœur dictates of the heart; — superposés compound interest

intérieur (1), -e inner, inward intérieur (2) m. interior, inside; à 1’ — , inside, within; sortir de 1’ — , (AM) come from within; (les royalistes) de 1’ — , (R)

within the borders (of France) interprète m. interpreter interrogatoire m. examination interroger interrogate, question (closely), “buttonhole” interrompre interrupt; s’ — , break off, stop (speaking), pause intervalle to. intermediate space intervenir interfere intime intimate, private; ami — , close friend; cette — jeunesse that deep-lying youthfulness intimider intimidate, overawe; s’ — , become abashed

intimité /. intimacy; les — s féminines (S-N) the feminine touch intonation/, intonation, inflection (s) intrigant m. intriguer, “wirepuller” intrigue /. intrigue, plot; voilà ce que c’est que 1’ — , that’s what scheming can do intriguer puzzle (a person ) introduire introduce, bring in, show in; — auprès de (or près de) admit into the presence of; — chez qqn (AM) take into somebody’s household; s’ — (dans) get in (into), creep (into); venir s’ — , (Mbl) intrude

inutile [inytil] useless, needless, not needed, vain

inutilité [inytilite] /. uselessness, needlessness

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

invalide adj. invalid; to. disabled soldier; les Invalides (VC) 'presumably an allusion to the Hôtel des Invalides (Pensioners’ Hospital for Aged and Infirm Soldiers) in Paris

invariablement invariably invasion /. invasion; vous êtes de 1’ — , ( Mbl ) you belong to the time of the Invasion [ when the Allies entered Paris, after Waterloo (1815)3; freely: you’re behind the times

inventaire to. inventory inventi-f, -ve inventive; esprit — , inventiveness

invention /. invention, trick invétéré, -e inveterate, deeply rooted

invincible unconquerable, uncontrollable

invitation /. invitation; (quelques ivrognes comprirent) cette — , (MD) this hint inviter (à) invite (to), entice invoquer call upon, appeal to ir- see aller ironie f. irony

irréguli-er, -ère [irr-] irregular, straggling, desultory irrégulièrement [irr-] irregularly, stragglingly

irresponsable [irr-] not responsible irrévérencieu-x, -se [jrr-] irreverent irriter [irr-] irritate, make . . . angry; phrases irritées angry words isolé, -e isolated, solitary, cut off;

des coups — s (AM) single shots isolement to. isolation, loneliness isoler isolate; isolé, -e de cut off from, aloof from

issue /. way out, escape; sans — , (fig.) hopeless Italie /. Italy italien, -ne Italian ivoire to. ivory ivre drunk

ivresse/, drunkenness, intoxication ivrogne to. drunkard, inebriate

fi (before a consonant) is intended to represent highly colloquial and

more or less plebeian speech:

j’ vous P donne [3vuldon] (F) Jacques [30k] James; saint — de Galice (Ét) St. James of Galicia.

The Way of Saint James crosses the Pyrenees and continues through northern Spain to Santiago de Compostela in Galicia, where the body of Saint James is believed to lie. Ref erring to the stars le chemin de saint Jacques is St. Jacob’s Ladder

jadis [sudis] formerly, once upon a time, of yore

jaillir gush, gush out, spurt (out) jalousie/, jealousy jalou-x, -se jealous jamais (urith or without ne) ever, never; à — , for ever; à tout ■ — ■, for ever (and ever); — de réclamations (there were) never any protests; — de disette never any want; ne — , never; — projet ne fut, etc. no plan was ever, etc.

jambe /. leg; je ne tiens plus sur mes — s I’m ready to drop jambon to. ham janvier to. January jaquette /. coat (falling below the knees), frock; trainer sa — dans tous les ruisseaux (MP) loaf about all the gutters jardin to. garden jardinier to. gardener jargon to. lingo

jarre /. jar; — s d’olives (Mix) big (earthenware) jars, etc. (often two feet tall)

jaser chatter, prattle jaunâtre yellowish jaune yellow

jaunir become (or make) yellow je (before a consonant or aspirate h); j’ (before a vowel and, sometimes, colloquially, even before a consonant) I

Jean John; — de Milan name given in Provence to the star Sirius Jeanne [3 an] Jane or Joan Jeanneton [3an(o)t5] dimin. of Jeanne; et pas la moindre — , (MP) and not even one little Jane (or Jenny dear) to love (quoted from Béranger’s song: le

316 VOCABULARY

Roi d’Yvetot; found also in other • popular songs and other lyrics as the pet name of a sweetheart )

Jersey [scrze] m., a British island in the English Channel (la Manche), 20 k. from the French coast jeter throw, fling, cast, toss, dash, shed; — un cri utter a cry; — de la neige (of clouds) scatter showers of snow; lui jetant une tape giving him a pat (or tap); lui jetant au cœur une audace désespérée (A1US) suddenly nerving him with the boldness of desperation; — bas (and à bas) (AM) bring down [by gunfire ]; se — , throw oneself, fall (sur upon), jump, rush; se — (derrière un arbre or dans la forêt) take shelter, dash for safety jeu m. game, gambling, performance; dettes de — , gambling debts; être au — , be in the game; [il] n’était plus au — , (CP) his thoughts were no longer on the game

jeune [seen] young, youthful; une — fille a young lady, a girl; dans votre — ■ temps (Mbl) in your youthful days; cf. jeûne jeûne [son] m. fast (abstention from food), fasting

jeunesse /. youth, youthfulness, boyhood, girlhood, young people joaillier [swaje] m. jeweler, maker (or seller) of jewels Joale (T) Joal, a town in Senegal, 50 k. S. of the French island of Gorée

joie /. mirth, delight, joy; ...

m’avaient mis le cœur en — , (Mbl) . . . had filled my heart with joy

joign- see joindre

joindre join, add, clasp (together); catch ... up (overtake), meet (with), reach; à pieds joints with one’s feet together joli, -e pretty, handsome, fine joliment mighty (adv.), uncommonly, . . . and no mistake joncher (de) litter, strew or spot (with)

jongler juggle

jongleur m. juggler; le Jongleur de Notre-Dame described by A. France is not only a juggler but a clown and tumbler (in Old French, tombeor, as in the I2th-C.

poem — Li tombeor Nostre Dame “Our Lady’s Tumbler” — from which A. France derived his story). In the Middle Ages, the word jongleur included professional entertainers of many kinds, minstrels, acrobats, clowns, men with trained animals, etc. — all in low repute in “respectable” society (particularly in ecclesiastical circles) but very popular joue /. cheek (see coucher) jouer play, gamble; faire — le ressort make the spring work; — à play (a game ); — de play (an instrument)

joueur m. player, card player, gambler; — de fifre fifer jouir de enjoy, avail oneself of jouissance /. enjoyment, pleasure joujou m. plaything, toy jour m. day, daylight, light, daybreak; life; une nappe de trois — s a tablecloth three days old (already used for three days); — pour — -, to a day; tout le — , (F) all day long; (faire qqch) le — , by day (not at night); au petit — , at dawn; demain, au — , (R) tomorrow, at daybreak; au — levant at daybreak; demain, il fera — , et nous verrons (AM) tomorrow when daylight comes we shall see what is going to happen; voir le —, first see the fight of day (be born); mettre au — , bring to fight, put forth, publish; chaussettes à — , socks full of holes; la vie est à — dans une petite ville in a small town every one can see what is going on; des — s bien durs very hard times; au péril de ses — s at the peril of one’s fife journal m. newspaper; il se rendit . . . aux journaux (Par) he called ... at the newspaper offices journée /. a day, conceived as a unit devoted to a given quantity

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

of work, to certain festivities, etc.: (un bal superbe termina) la — , (Mbl) the day’s festivities; bonne — , (MD) a fine day ( not a greeting ); toute la — , all day long (here interchangeable with tout le jour, but more familiar)

joyeu-x, -se cheerful, joyful, merry, jolly; tout — x full of joy joyeusement cheerfully, merrily judas [3yda] m. peephole juge m. judge

juger judge, appraise, deem, make up one’s mind as to, think (of), guess; — de ce nouveau péril see what this new peril might be; on juge facilement (T) it is obvious

jui-f, -ve Jewish; noun Jew, Jewess juillet [3yije] m. July juin [3qê] m. June Julien Julian jument/, mare jupe /. skirt jupon m. petticoat jurement m. oath jurer swear, give one’s word; — entre ses dents mutter an oath;

— (avec) clash (with) jus m. juice, gravy

jusque till, until, to, as far as, even;

— là (AM) up to this time; — passé minuit till after midnight; jusqu’aux genoux up to the knees* nus jusqu’à la ceinture naked down to the girdle (or, fig., waist) ; (laugh) jusqu’aux larmes to the point of tears; tous, jusqu’aux donneurs d’eau bénite all, even the, etc.; même jusqu’à des filouteries (Mbl) even out-andout cases of swindling; jusqu’à ce que (usually with subjunctive) until

juste (1) just, fair, righteous, correct, right, exact; — Dieu!

merciful Heaven ! Dieu — ! (Mbl) righteous Heaven ! au — , precisely, exactly; (2) adv. just, right, exactly

justement just, exactly, in fact, as luck would have it; — ce soir-là (on) that particular eve¬

ning; Françoise, — , mettait la table F., as it happened, was setting the table; elle venait — d’être blanchie (AM) it had, in fact, just been painted white

justice f. justice, (the) law, punishment; - — de paix office (or court) of a justice of the peace (a juge de paix is authorized to deal ivith petty cases, both civil and criminal; each canton and each arrondissement in Paris has such a judge)-, les hommes se faisaient — , (R) the men passed judgment on themselves, restrained themselves; banes de — , (T) iron bars to which unruly sailors were fastened for punishment

justifier justify

Kacatogan (Mbl) fanciful name of an imaginary poet; coined to match cacuata, kakatoès (or kakatoès), and cacatois (see these words)

kakatoès [kakatwa] m. (Mbl) old spelling (along urith cacatoès and cacatoès) of cacatois [kakatwa] cockatoo

Karl (German) Charles

képi m. a light cap of various shapes, with a small visor; worn before ab. 1915 by French soldiers in undress (forage cap) and by schoolboys; le haut — droit (VC) the high straight képi originated in Algeria shortly after the French conquest of 1830

kilomètre m. kilometer (0.62138 of a mile; exactly 1000 meters)

Kingston seaport and capital of Jamaica

kirsch m. abbrev. of kirschwasser (German), cherry brandy

Kouzka (CP) name of a servant or orderly

kreutzer m. (MD) a German copper coin (no longer current) worth (formerly) ab. 4 centimes or a little less than a Brit, halfpenny or one U.S. cent

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

la see le, les, and La Fontaine

La Fontaine ( S-N ), Jean de, the most celebrated and delightful of all authors of Fables; b. at Château- Thierry in 1621, d. in Paris in 1695. His Fables began to appear in 1668 with the modest title Fables d’Ésope mises en vers par M. de La Fontaine; the last of them were composed in 1694. He wrote also various Contes ( like wise in verse), etc. The verse quoted by Theuriet (Ai-je passé le temps d’aimer?) is from a poem composed when La F. was 57 years old:

Ah! si mon cœur osait encore se renflammer!

Ne sentirai-je plus le charme qui m’arrête ?

Ai-je passé le temps d’aimer ? Etc.

là and -là (1) there, yonder, thither, to that place; then, at that time; here; j’allais là pour chasser I was going there (emphatic), etc. (the unstressed form here would be j’y allais pour chasser); ce que je vous dis là what I’m telling you; qu’est-ce que j’entends là?

what’s that I hear ?... est-ce là siffler? (Mbl) is that whistling ?

c’est là notre vie that is our life; c’étaient là des images de la Vierge those (or these) were, etc.; c’était là qu’il voulait en arriver (BM) that was what he was driving at; j’en suis là (Êlix) I’ve reached this point; [il] me laissa là, see laisser; (2) là (-là) as suffix and after preps.: cet étatlà that state; ces ficelles-là those strings; loin de là (AM) far from it: à quelque temps de là some time after that; jusquelà (AM) until now; par là that way, in that neighborhood; (3) là (-là) may also mean close to one, here; vous êtes là (AM) you are here (not “there”); pourquoi suis-je \a? (AM) why am I here ?

(4) prefixed, with or without a

hyphen: là-bas over (back) there, there, yonder; là-dedans in there, in it (them), inside; là-dessous under that, under (all) that, under it (them); là-dessus thereupon (see dessus) ; là-haut up there là-bas, là-dessus, etc.; see là laboratoire m. laboratory lâche cowardly

lâcher let go, release, drop, loosen lâcheté /. cowardice, act of cowardice

lâcheur to. turncoat, “traitor,” ( U.S.) quitter

lactée: la voie — , the Milky Way lai [le], to. adj. [/. laie] lay brother (one who has not taken the monastic vows and who performs the duties of a servant)

laid, -e ugly, plain (to look at), unseemly

laideur/, ugliness laine /. wool; de — , woollen laisser leave, leave . . . alone, let, let . . . alone, let . . . have, allow (to); [il] me laissa là (CP) [he] dropped my acquaintance (in R, left me to my own devices) ; avec un — aller (R) [ sometimes written laisser-aller] with an unconcernedness; se — aller à indulge in; on se laissait aller à sourire one could not help smiling; il laissa dire he let them talk; — faire not concern oneself; se — faire make no resistance, not interfere; — tomber let fall, drop; je laisse à penser you can easily imagine; ne laissez pas de faire, etc. don’t fail to act, etc.; ne pas — que de + inf. (Mbl) can (or could) have no other effect than to. . .

lait to. milk

laiterie /. dairy, milk house lame/, blade; wave(s) lamenter: se — , grieve (at one’s fate), lament; — de bewail Lamoricière (VC), Louis-Christophe-Léon Juchault de (1806- 65), statesman as well as general, first distinguished himself at the siege of Algiers (1830) and continued to win renown in later

African campaigns. His political career began, at the Chamber of Deputies, in 1847. An Algerian town, formerly called Ouled-Mimoun, bears his name lampe /. lamp

lancer fling, hurl, dart, cast, toss, shoot, call forth (announce); se — , make a start, venture lander m. lancer; — - de Leipsick (VC) i.e., Poniatowski langage to. style of utterance, language

langue /. tongue, language languir languish, pine; stagnate;

se — de yearn for languissant, -e languid, pining lanterne /. lantern lapidaire to. lapidary lapin to. rabbit

laquais to. footman, liveried servant laquelle see lequel lard to. bacon

large (1) broad, wide; big, large large (2) to.: de long en — , up and down, to and fro; ouverte tout au — , wide open

largeur /. breadth, width; en — , from side to side

larme /. tear; une crise de — s a fit of ( hysterical ) weeping larmoyant, -e tearful, full of tears, pathetic

larron to. thief; adj. [f. larronne] thievish

las [la], lasse [la:s] weary lasser [la-] weary, tire; se — , grow weary, weary lassitude/, weariness latin, -e Latin lavande /. lavender laver wash, wash clean, wash out, (a pipe )

le (1), la, les the; portant la blouse neuve ... a new blouse; la fourche à la main (his) pitchfork in (his) hand; le panier au bras with a basket on her arm; à la française ( Mbl ) cut in the French style; le lundi 18 janvier Monday the 18th of January; le dimanche on Sunday; à cinq sous la page ... a page; le matin, le père Merlier (AM) that morn¬

ing, old M.; la Saint-Louis (AM) the festival of St. Louis; (ne pas dormir) de la nuit all night long; (agir) de la sorte in that way; l’heureux temps ! what happy days! ah! le bon enfant! (Mbl) oh, what a guileless child (you are) !

le (2), la, les him, her, it, so, them; vous le pouvez you can (be helpful); comme l’espérait son mari as her husband was hoping; mon cœur me le dit my heart tells me so

lé to. width (of cloth) leçon (de) /. lesson (in) lec-teur, -trice reader lecture /. reading

légendaire to. (collection of) legends, folklore

lég-er, -ère light (not heavy); slight, faint, flimsy, airy; lighthearted, thoughtless; un — papillon bleu (S-N) an airy (i.e., unsubstantial ) blue butterfly; — comme (une alouette) as light-hearted as légèrement lightly, slightly, gently légèreté /. lightness, slightness, thoughtlessness légitime lawful, justifiable légume to. vegetable Leipsick [or -zig] Leipzig (a city in Saxony, round which the battle of Leipzig was lost by Napoleon I to the Allies, 18-19 Oct., 1813)

lendemain next (or following) day;

le — matin the next morning lent, -e slow, deliberate, (of a crowd) slow-moving

lentement slowly; couler — , (of tears) trickle down lenteur /. slowness; avec des — s, etc. with the slow, majestic movements, etc.

lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles which, who, whom, what (adj.); desquels je suis (Mbl) to whom I belong; interrog. lequel [prix] ?

how much ?

les see le, la

lésiner (sur) be stingy (with) lessive /. wash or washing (with lye)

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

leste lively, brisk

lestement briskly; et — ! and let’s be quick about it !

lettre /. letter; la carrière des — s the literary career lettré, -e literary, learnèd leur (1) pers. pron. (■ implying à eux, à elles) them, to (for, from) them

leur (2), leurs adj. their; — trace (any) trace of them; le (la) — , lès — s pron. theirs, their own; une vingtaine des — s a score of their men (or of them) levant : au jour — , at daybreak levée /. rising, uprising; la — en masse (AM) a general uprising (of the nation, in self-defence ) lever lift, raise, hoist, hold up, tilt up; — les bras wave one’s arms; — les jambes prance; — les yeux look up; (le blé) qui lève growing, ripening; se — , rise, get (or stand) up lèvre /. lip lézard m. lizard liane /. bindweed

liberté /. freedom, liberty; rendre à la — , set free libraire m. bookseller librairie /. bookshop libre free, independent, not engaged; — de liens (AWiS) free of his bonds; faculté — , independent faculty ( not a state institution ) librement freely

lice /. warp (in weaving, the vertical threads, crossed horizontally by the woof); haute — -, high warp (a warp made by the formation of vertical symmetrical obtuse angles in a diagonal pattern) licence /. lack of restraint, liberty licol [likol] (or licou Qiku]) m.

halter

licou see licol

lien [ljê] m. bond; see libre lier tie (up), bind, attach; être lié, -e avec qqn be on friendly terms (or intimate) with . . .

lierre m. ivy; pi. ivy vines lieu m. place; au — de instead of; avoir — , take place; se rendre sur les — x proceed to the spot

lieue f. league (ab. 2| miles); pendant des — s for many a mile

lieutenant m. lieutenant; - général

(R) Lieutenant General (here, of the Realm; an officer empowered to assist the King or to exercise the King’s authority in case of illness etc.) lièvre m. hare

ligne /. line; un officier dans la — ,

(CP) a line officer (as distinguished from a staff officer, a medical officer, et al.); (pêcher) à la — , with rod and line lime f. file (a tool) limer file (through, off) limpide limpid, clear linge m. linen, (generally cotton) cloth, soiled clothes; (la tête enveloppée d’)un — blanc a white (cotton) cloth liqueur f. cordial, spirits liquide adj. or noun m. liquid, fluid

lire read; discern, detect lis [lis] m. lily (mentioned frequently in Solomon’s Song) lisière /. border, edge (of a wood) lisse f. warp (see lice) liste f. list lit m. bed, bedstead liteau m. stripe; à — x striped lithographie /. lithograph litre m. liter (a little more than one quart) ; un — , (fig.) a pot of beer, a jug of wine, etc.

littéralement literally livide ashen, livid livre (1) m. book; le grand — , (com.) the ledger

livre (2) f. pound (a weight, ab. 490 grammes; a coin, no longer in use, worth somewhat less than a franc; the word livre is used in modern French only in speaking of a person’s income and thus as a synonym of franc)

livrer deliver, hand over, surrender, betray; se — à give oneself up to, devote oneself to, indulge in livresque bookish livret m. small book, soldier’s handbook; (MD) passport (identification book)

locataire m. tenant, lodger, householder

locution /. idiom, expression, phrase logement m. lodging, quarters, dwelling, apartment; (mil.) billet, quarters; billet de — , billeting ticket

loger lodge, house, take in; (mil.) billet; je loge (une balle) (4M) I can place; se — , lodge, be lodged

logis m. lodging, house, dwelling, abode; (of a mill) building; corps de — , block of buildings; regagner son — , go home loi f. law; sans — , without laws, lawless

loin far (off); away; au — , far away, in (into) the distance; de — , at (or from) a distance, a long way off, from afar; de — en — , at long intervals lointain, -e distant, far-away, from afar; m. distance; dans le — , far away

Lolotte dimin. of Charlotte (a favorite name for pet cats) Lottie; freely, Pussy Londres m. sg. London londrès [lodres] m. French name of a Havana cigar originally made for the London (Londres) market

long (1), -ue long, lengthy; plus d’une — ue minute (for) more than a full minute; de — s pays (Peur) far-reaching countries; il fit un — signe de tête (AM) he slowly nodded “ yes ” long (2) adv. or noun: en dire plus — , go on, say more; de — en large up and down, to and fro; le — - de along; le — du lierre (AM) [as he climbed] down the ivy; tout de son — , at (his) full length

longanimité f. forbearance, longsuffering

longer skirt, keep along longtemps long, a long while; depuis — , for a long while; y en a-t-il encore pour — ? is this going to last much longer ?

longuement at length, a long time

longueur /. length; de — , in length, long; en — , lengthwise loque f. rag, tatter lorgnette /. field glass Lormière (AM) imaginary town lorrain, -e of (or from) Lorraine Lorraine /. Lorraine (before 1870 and after 1918, a province of E. France ); un saucisson de — -, a Lorraine sausage (not necessarily made in L.) lors then ; depuis — , from that time, thenceforth; pour — , then, thereupon

lorsque when, whenever; if loto [lôto] m. lotto; un — , a lotto set (the cards and revolving wheel required for a game of lotto) louable praiseworthy, laudable louange f. praise

louche suspicious (of dubious reputation), sinister, “fishy” louer (1) rent, hire; à — , (of houses) to let, to be let louer (2) praise

lougre m. lugger (a small armed sailing vessel, used particularly by smugglers and pirates)

Louis (J) Louis (IX), king of France (1226-70), canonized as Saint Louis

louis (d’or) m. old twenty-franc gold piece (= about $4.00 or 16 shillings)

loup m. wolf

lourd, -e heavy, thick, dull, clumsy; (of legs) heavy, stiff and weary; oppressive, enervating; avoir la main trop — e ( Êlix ) be a bit heavy-handed (i.e., pour out too big a drink)

lourdement heavily, clumsily loutre /. otter; casquette de — , fur cap

loyal, -e faithful, honest Loyola (VC), i.e., Ignacio de, b. at Guipuzcoa (N.W. Spain) in 1491, d. at Rome in 1556. Shortly after 1534, Pope Paul III approved the statutes of the religious society founded by Loyola and later known as the Company of Jesus, i.e., the Jesuits. He was canonized in 1622 lu- see lire

Luberon [or Léberon]: le — , (Ét) a low mountain range in S. France ( Basses- Alpes and Vaucluse ) lucarne /. skylight, dormer window Ludwig ( German ) Lewis, Louis lueur /. gleam, glimmer; d’une — de veilleuse (AM) with the dim light of a night lamp or, freely, dimly lugubre dismal, doleful lui him, he (emphatic), it; (for, to, from) him (or her); qu’on lui ait jamais connu, à ce bon père (MP) that he was ever known to have, this good father; il songeait, lui as for him, he was thinking; il souriait, lui, il souriait (AIDS) he was smiling; mais lui (ne paraissait pas comprendre) but he ... ; lui, (était vaincu) as for him, he ... ; luimême (venait de . . .) he himself ... ; l’Océan lui-même the Ocean itself

lui-même see lui

luire ( with luisait etc.) shine, gleam, glisten

luisant, -e shining, gleaming, glistening, glossy

lumière /. light; pi. (fig.) intelligence, enlightenment lumineu-x, -se luminous, glowing lundi m. Monday (in France, the first day in the week) lune /. moon; une grande — , (Peur) a great full moon; cf.

Solomon’s Song, vi. 10: “Who is she that looketh forth as the morning, fair as the moon, clear as the sun . . . ?”

limettes/, pi. spectacles lurette: (derived from h-ure, an old dialectal form of heure, 4- la; cf. Lendemain, now lendemain) occurs only in il y a (avait) belle lurette it is ages since . . .

luthier [spelled also lutier] m. maker of musical instruments (including stringed instruments as well as lutes and other wind instruments) ; le Luthier de Crémone the violinmaker of Cremona (Stradivarius) lutte /. struggle, tussle, strife, fight, ordeal

lutter (avec) struggle (with); — contre contend with; — d’adresse avec cope with (in a trial of skill) ; — de finesse match one’s wits luxe m. luxury, luxurious feature; tous les — s every kind of luxury; de — , luxurious, magnificent; d’un — ■ écrasant overwhelmingly splendid

lys [old spelling of lis] m. lily

M. abbrev. of monsieur ma see mon, ma, mes Macha (French form of a Russian woman’s name) Masha mâcher chew

machinalement mechanically, involuntarily mâchoire/, jaw mâchonner (un cigare) chew maçonner (les boutons de sonnettes) seal up (ivith cement or plaster)

maculer (de) spot or bedaub (with) madame (abbrev. Mme) Madam, Mrs.: — la comtesse her ladyship (the countess), or your ladyship; — la marquise (Mbl) your ladyship; Madame (in addressing the Virgin) my lady; (archaically) — la Vierge my Lady Virgin; — est souffrante the lady is ill

mademoiselle /. Miss, (the) young lady; (eh bien !) — , (S-N) . . .

Miss Claudette (English has no good equivalent for — used alone) maestro m. from Ital. [ma'estro];

cf. Engl, master = composer magasin m. shop, (U.S.) store; warehouse

magicien, -ne magician magique magic (adj.) magistrat m. magistrate magnanime high-spirited, magnanimous

magnanimité /. elevation of soul (or of mind), magnanimity magnificence /. magnificence; pi.

displays of magnificence magnifique magnificent, splendid Maguelonne (Ét) Maguelonne, name

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

of a star: l’Étoile du berger (a Provençal hamlet also has this name )

mai [me] m. May maigre lean, thin, meager main/, hand; grand comme la — , no bigger than one’s hand; (fait) à la — , by hand; (porter, tenir) à la — , in (one’s) hand; à deux — s with both hands; ramener (un cheval) en — , lead (a horse) home (by rein or halter ) maint(s), -e(s) many (a) maintenant now; immediately maintenir maintain, keep up, stick to (a price ) ; se — , maintain itself (oneself), remain maintien m. bearing, behavior maire m. mayor

mairie /. mayoralty, mayor’s office, town hall

mais but; exd. why; — oui! or ■ — si ! why yes ! or yes indeed ! — rien why nothing

maison /. house, dwelling, building, home; à la — , home, at home; tu es donc de la — ? (VC) so you’re one of the family? la — (des Prémontrés) the establishment; la — de ville the town hall mait’ [met] colloq. for maître maître m. master, head, employer, owner; also title regularly given to members of the French Bar (abbreviated to Me) and, in certain rural regions, to more or less elderly men of some local importance; no English equivalent, but may be freely translated Mr. or Master; — un tel Master (or Mr.) So-and-So; petit — , fop; passé — , past master, expert; le — de la maison the master of the house (our host) ; le — avait raison (BM) her husband was right; (la fille de) mes — s . . . my master and his lady; j’étais — de sa vie his life was in my hands; nous restons — s de la place (A TVS) we hold the fort

maître-autel m. high altar maîtresse /. mistress, sweetheart; (in direct address) my mistress; ( folk-speech ) miss or lady; la —

de la maison (du logis) the hostess; une — branche a main branch; la — ancre the sheet anchor; œuvre — , master work (magnum opus)

maîtrise /. singing school (for choir boys)

majesté /. majesty majestueusement majestically mal (1) ill, badly; c’est —, that’s wrong, you did wrong, etc.

mal (2) m. (pi. maux) evil, harm, ill, pain, trouble; faire — (or du — ) à hurt, pain, do harm to; faire — à la tête à give ... a headache; son estomac lui faisait — , . . . was aching malade ill, sick, unwell maladie /. illness, sickness, ailment mâle m. male, man (emphatic) malédiction /. curse, malediction malgré in spite of, notwithstanding

malheur m. misfortune, bad luck, unhappiness, calamity; par - — -, unfortunately; pour mon — , unfortunately for me malheureusement unfortunately malheureu-x, -se unhappy, unfortunate, miserable, wretched; ce n’est pas — , that’s a good thing; noun poor man, unhappy fellow, wretch, scamp; oh ! la — se (MD) oh ! the naughty girl; descends, — se ! come down, wretched creature ! le seul — , (Mbl) the only sufferer malice /. love of mischief, mischievousness; (F) craftiness; avec ses — s (Ét) with her mischievous, sallies (sly thrusts) ; entendre — , take amiss; sans y entendre — , (Élix) with no mischievous intention

malicieu-x, -se mischievous, malicious

maligne see malin

malin (1), maligne crafty, cunning, shrewd, knowing, clever; cela n’est pas plus — , (T) that’s all there is to it (it’s no more clever than I’ve told you); (2) m. crafty or shrewd fellow, wag; vieux — , va ! (F) sly old fox ! go

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

’long ! gros — ! you big humbug !

or big rogue !

malle/, trunk malpropre dirty, untidy maltraiter ill-use, hurt; ( of a storm) beat roughly upon; maltraités de la nature ( Mbl ) ill favored (by nature), born ugly Mama- Jumbo mumbo-jumbo, “a god . . . worshiped by certain negro tribes” (Cent. Diet.) maman/, mamma, mother manant m. boor, lout manche (1) /. sleeve; en — s de chemise in his shirt-sleeves; en - — s de veste (VC) coatless; la Manche the (English) Channel manche (2) m. handle mander send for, summon manège m. horsemanship, ridingschool

mangeaille /. victuals, edibles mangeoire /. manger

manger eat; salle-à - , dining

room

mangeur m. eater manier handle, have in one’s hand

manière /. manner, way, style; faire de bonnes — s (MP) show polite attentions; de — à so as to; de — que so (in such a way) that

manifester show, display, make known

Manneville a village N.E. of Le Havre

manœuvre/, maneuver manœuvrer handle manque m. want, lack manquer miss (e.g., — le train) be missing, be lacking, lack; pour que rien ne lui manquât in order that he should lack nothing; (ce personnage important) leur manquait . . . was missing; — à la sobriété fail to keep sober; rien ne manqua à mon bonheur my happiness was complete; les répons manquaient d’entrain the responses were lacking in zest; — tomber come near falling; il n’y manquait pas plus qu’à prendre son verre d’eau de

vie (CP) he no more failed to do that than take, etc.; il ne manquait jamais de s’agenouiller he never failed to kneel; — de périr (T) barely escape perishing mansarde/, garret (often furnishing a proverbially cheap lodging cramped by the slant of the mansard roof and not too well lighted by one or two dormer windows) manteau m. cloak, mantle, (soldier’s) overcoat

manufacture /. manufactory, factory

manuscrit m. manuscript maquignon m. horse dealer maraîch-er, -ère: jardin — , vegetable garden, market garden; l’odeur — ère du jardin the odor of the vegetable garden; m. market gardener

marais m. marsh, marshy land suited to a market garden; le Marais (Mbl) “the Marsh,” “the Market Garden,” a quarter of Paris (3rd and 4 th arrondissements) containing the Place des Vosges; as late as the 16 th C., a region of marshy ground; but under Henri IV le Marais had begun to be the center of aristocratic Paris, a prestige transferred before Musset’s time to other parts of the city

marbre m. marble, marble slab, marble top

marchand, -e shopkeeper, tradesman; vos — s (Mbl) your purveyors; un — de ... a dealer in ... ; un gros — de bois (S-N) a big lumber dealer [ Brit . timber- . . .J (in France, a man who buys arid sells trees or wood from the Government or communal forests ); — de drap cloth merchant; — d’esclaves slave trader; — de tabac tobacconist

marchandage to. bargaining, haggling

marchander haggle (over), bargain (for); be niggardly with, grudge marchandise /. wares, goods marche /. walk(ing), going, gait, progress, course, speed, march-

VOCABULARY AND NOTES 325

(ing); step (of a stairway ); être en — -, (R) be on one’s way; se mettre en — , set forth marché m. market(place), bargain, dealing, price; à bon — , cheap (ly); avoir bon — de qqn make short work of one marcher walk (on, onward, along, to and fro), tread, step, stride, march; — (dans une chambre) walk about ... ; marchant en mesure (of verses; J) keeping the right meter mardi m. Tuesday mare /. pool; une — d’encre (fig.) a sea of ink

marguillier m. churchwarden man m. husband; (AM) son — , her intended

mariage m. marriage, wedding, matrimony; faire un — , (AM) perform a marriage service (referring to the civil marriage which is required by law and which the mayor may perform; the religious ceremony is optional and is not legally binding in France)

Marie/. Mary; — l’Égyptienne (J) Mary the Egyptian, a saint, b. in Egypt ab. 345 a.d., d. 421 a.d.

in Palestine. After 17 years of debauchery at Alexandria, a whim took her to Jerusalem where she was converted by a vision. She withdrew then to the desert where she lived with great austerity for 47 years. St. Zosimus discovered her retreat and gave her the communion (420 a.d.). Upon his return, a year later, he found her dead. Her (saint’s) day is April 2. Her life has often been portrayed by artists and was a favorite subject in medieval literature as well as in medieval painting Marie de France, a French poetess who wrote in England (\2th C.) short tales in verse and fables of the Esopic type — all of great interest, simplicity and charm mariée/, bride; des bouquets de — , (VC) bridal flowers such as French brides put in their hair for the wedding ceremony (these flowers , if

artificial, are sometimes preserved sous un verre; see verre) marier marry (i.e., unite in wedlock; said of a father, a priest, a mayor, etc.); (une fille or demoiselle) à — , marriageable, to marry off; — ... avec marry ... to (i.e., give in marriage to); se — , get married, marry; marions-nous j (à l’anglaise) (Mbl) let’s get married ... ; se — richement make a rich marriage; (ses deux fils,) mariés (Peur)

. . . , married men; (la belle Maguelonne \a siar]) se marie avec (Pierre de Provence) (Ét) comes into conjunction with marin m. seaman marine /. navy

maritome /. slattern, dirty wench (from Maritornes, the name of a servant girl in an inn, described in Cervantes’ Don Quijote, i. 16) marjolaine/, marjoram marmotter mumble maroquin m. morocco (leather) marque /. mark (ing), token, evidence, sign

marquer mark, set down, give evidence of; — le pas de beat time for; un but marqué a set mark

marquise /. marchioness marri, -e (an old word, used for its quaint effect ): si — , (Elix) so woeful, so crestfallen marron m. chestnut marronnier m. chestnut tree mars [mars] m. March Marseillaise: leur damnée — , (R) their damned “ Marseillaise,” now the French national anthem, composed in its earliest form by Capt.

Rouget de Lisle at Strasburg in or shortly after April 1792 (his authorship of the music has been disputed); by June 1792 this revolutionary war song had journeyed triumphantly to Marseilles, whence it soon returned to Paris and was there called la Marseillaise, i.e., la chanson marseillaise Marseille [marseij] /. Marseilles, the oldest city in S. France and the

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

most important seaport of the W.

Mediterranean

marteau m. hammer; knocker (on an outer door )

Martinique /. a French island in the West Indies

martyr m. martyr; rue des Martyrs,

a broad, rather short, unfashionable street running northward into the juncture of the Bout, de Clichy and the Bout, de Rochechouart martyre m. martyrdom mas m. a Provençal word which the French pronounce [ma] farmhouse massacrer slaughter, murder masse /. mass, throng; en — , in a body; la levée en — , a general uprising

massue /. club, (heavy) cudgel;

coup de — , stunning blow masure /. old hovel, tumbledown hut or shanty

mât m. mast; grand — , mainmast;

— perroquet topgallant mast matelas m. mattress matelot m. sailor; simple — , ordinary seaman maternel, -le maternal maternité /. motherhood mathématiques /. pi. mathematics matière /. matters; en — de in respect to

matin m. morning; le — , (adv.) in the morning, that morning; de grand — , very early (in the day), bright and early matinal, -e morning (adj.) matinée f. morning; dans la — , in the course of the morning matines /. pi. matins, morning prayers

maturité /. maturity, middle age maudire curse

maudit, -e (pp. of maudire) cursed, cursèd, confounded maugréer (contre) fume, grumble (at), curse

maussade cross, surly, sullen, badtempered; de très — humeur very cross

maussadement sullenly, crossly, gloomily, dismally mauvais, -e bad, poor, cheap, evil, wretched, wrong; trouver — ,

dislike, take amiss;, ce n’est qu’un — moment (Et) this isn’t going to last; la meilleure — e compagnie de Carentan (II) the pick of Carentan’s social inéligibles; noun mauvais ! villain!

maux pi. of mal (2) me (m’) me, myself; for, to or from me (myself) mé (F) Norman patois for moi mécanique mechanical; arts — s mechanic arts

mécanisme m. mechanism, machinery, gear, device

méchanceté /. wickedness, malice, unkind act

méchant, -e wicked, malicious, mischievous, naughty; noun naughty boy (or girl)

méconnaître be unable to recognize, ignore, overlook; méconnu, — e unrecognized, ignored mécontenter displease, not please, dissatisfy, upset, put out mécréant, -e unbelieving, godless médaille /. medal, badge; l’argent de sa — , (VC) his medal money (a stipend paid to a soldier decorated with a médaille militaire) médecin m. physician, doctor médiocre middling; d’un goût — , in rather bad taste médiocrement only moderately, indifferently

médisance f. backbiting méditati-f, -ve pondering, thoughtful, steeped in thought Méditerranée (la mer — ) Mediterranean

méfiance /. mistrust, distrust, suspiciousness, caution méfiant, -e mistrustful, distrustful, wary, suspicious

méfier: se — de mistrust, be wary (of) ; méfiez-vous ! beware !

meilleur, -e better, best; les — s amis (CP) the best of friends; la — e mauvaise compagnie de C.

the pick of C’s social inéligibles; de la — e grâce with the utmost graciousness

mélancolie/, melancholy mélancolique melancholy, in a dismal mood, mournful

VOCABULARY AND NOTES 327

mélancoliquement mournfully,

gloomily

mélange m. mingling mélanger mingle, mix, blend; mélangés (F) mingled confusedly mêlée /. scrimmage, scuffle mêler (F) mingle; se — à mingle in, take part in; se — de meddle in; mêlez-vous de vos affaires mind your own business; je ne me mêle plus de cela I’ll have nothing more to do with it mélodie /. melody, tune mélodieu-x, -se melodious membre m. limb (leg, arm ) même same; (the) very; self (selves) ; even; en — temps at the same

time; moi - , myself, eux - s

themselves, they themselves; l’azur — ■ des cieux the very azure of the skies; à l’heure —, at that very hour; dans le moulin — , (AM) in the mill itself; par cela — que just because; ici — , on this very spot; tout de — , just the same

mémoire /. memory; . . . me revint en — , . . . came back to my mind

menace /. threat, menace menacer (de) threaten (with, to) ménage m. housekeeping, housework, household, family; faire le — , clean up (do one’s housework); faire son petit — à sa guise (CP) have his own way; les affaires du — , (AM) their family affairs

ménager save, spare, be sparing with, husband (resources) , make the best (or most) of; fit in, build in; une écluse était ménagée (AM) a sluice had been built (so that there might he a waterfall) ménagère /. housewife, housekeeper mendiant, -e m. and f. beggar mener lead, take (to), carry on ménétrier m. fiddler menottes /. pi. handcuffs, manacles mensonge m. lie, falsehood -ment: un interminable adverbe en -ment (VC) corresponding to Engl, -ly in rapidly menterie /. (F) lie, fib (coll, synonym

of mensonge and used by peasants or the like instead of mensonge) menteur to. liar

menteux m. (F) Norman patois for menteur liar

mention /. mention, comment mentir tell a lie, lie menton to. chin

menu, -e small, little, minute, minor, petty, trifling méprendre: se — (à) be mistaken (about) ; s’y — , be mistaken about it (them)

mépris m. contempt, scorn; . . .

de — , contemptuous . . .

mépriser treat with contempt, scorn, despise, make light of mer f. sea

mercerie /. mercery, haberdashery;

( U.S.) dry-goods (business) merci f. mercy; to. thanks, (I) thank you; bien des — s many thanks

merci-er, -ère (small) dry-goods merchant, mercer, haberdasher mercredi m. Wednesday mère/, mother; used familiarly of an elderly woman, whether a mother or not; et vous, la - — , voulezvous ... ? and you, ma’am, will you ... ? la — Gré del Dick (MD) old Mrs. Grédel Dick or mother G. D.; la grosse — , (MD) the big old woman; la fille du père et de la — Merlier (AM) the daughter of old Mr. and Mrs.

Merlier

méridional, -e southern, southerner

mérinos [merinos)] to. merino mérite (à) m. merit (in), worth, good quality; le — du paysage (CP) the skill with which the landscape was executed mériter deserve méritoire meritorious merle m. blackbird (a name given to some fifteen species of birds akin to the thrush; but Musset’s merle blanc is necessarily a very “rare bird,” a freak. Musset’s story is a pendant to a medieval tale, in verse, which has given currency to the saying: C’est l’his-

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

toire du merle et de la merlette [or de la merlesse], based on an eternal and futile argument between a peasant and his wife as to the sex of a merle which he had brought home as a tidbit for a saint’ s-day feast)] tout ce qu’il y a de — s everything there is in the shape of blackbirds merlesse archaic f. of merle merlette (f. °f merle but hardly used except as a term of heraldry) lady blackbird, used jocularly ( Mbl ) because the normal fern, of merle is merle femelle or femelle du merle

merlichon m. perhaps coined by Musset as a dimin. of merle (Mbl) ; notre — , our blackbirdie merveille /. wonder, marvel; faire — s work wonders; à — , wonderfully well

merveilleusement marvelously merveilleu-x, -se wonderful, marvelous; noun le — (de sa guérison) the marvelousness . . .

mes see mon

messe /. mass; grand’ — , high mass messieurs [mèsjp] gentlemen (see monsieur)

mesure/, measure, step ( procedure ); outre — , excessively; charger outre — , overload; marchant en — t (J) °f verses, moving with measured step; à — que in proportion as; à — que je chantais (Mbl) as I progressed in my song; prenez vos — s en conséquence proceed accordingly; des 8 — s terribles (AM) terrible punishment

mesurer measure, measure off, pace off, estimate

métal (pi. métaux) m. metal métier m. trade (profession); — s à dentelles (MP) lace makers’ looms (as is indicated by le tic tac), possibly an anachronism, for it seems more likely that in the 14£/i C. lace makers wrought their laces noiselessly on a frame or cushion — the present method of making lace “by hand” (without any tic tac); however, hand looms are at

least imaginable for the period in question

mètre m. meter (39.37 inches), freely (one) yard

mets m. sg. or pi. dish, i.e., food of some special kind

mettre put, put on, don, lay (hands on), place, set, set down, drive; mettons vingt gouttes (Élix) fig. (let us) say, twenty drops;

— la table set the table; — sous la table put under the table, outdrink; se — à table sit down at table; — pied à terre alight; — au désespoir drive to despair;

— à l’épreuve put to the proof, test; — (un oiseau) à nu strip (a bird) of its feathers, strip; — à sec drain dry, leave penniless;

— à la retraite pension off (an officer); — le lecteur au fait de acquaint the reader with; — au jour publish; y — beaucoup de prudence go about it with great caution; — dans l’erreur lead into error; je vais le — dans vos intérêts (R) I’m going to get him to help you; est-ce que tu mettrais (à trente pas dans une carte?) (CP) could you hit ... ? la crainte d’être mis dedans (F) the fear of being taken in; — en appétit give ... an appetite; — le cœur en joie [à qqn] (Mbl) fill . . .’s heart with joy; — en pièces blow to pieces; se — en devoir de + inf.

set about -ing; se — en marche (or en route) set forth, start; se — en mouvement begin to move; se — en tournée start out on a round (of the town); se — à la besogne (or à l’œuvre) set to work; il se mit à hurler he began to howl; rien à se — sur le dos nothing to wear

meu- see mouvoir

meuble m. piece of furniture; — s furniture

meubler furnish (a room) meuglement m. bellowing (of a cow), mooing meunier m. miller meurtre m. murder

VOCABULARY

meurtrier to. murderer meurtrir bruise, batter miarro to. a Provençal word ( ÉI ) which Daudet himself translates by garçon de ferme farm boy mi- (1) half-, midmi- (2) see mettre microscopique microscopic, tiny midi to. midday, noon miel to. honey

mien, -ne (le, la, etc.) mine, my own miette /. crumb; réduire en — s smash to atoms

mieux better, best, best way; better-(or best-)looking; tant — , so much the better; j’aimerais — ,

I should prefer (to); ne pas — demander ask for nothing better; embrasser — , kiss more fondly; — valait la solitude better (was) solitude [than such company]; c’est ce que nous avons de — à faire that’s the best thing for us to do; je la rassurais de mon — , I did my best to restore her confidence; il est des — - que j’aie

!>ondus (Mbl) he’s one of the bestooking I have ever hatched mignon, -ne darling, pet; pretty milieu to. middle, midst; environment, surroundings; au — du jour at midday; au — des moqueries to a chorus of jeers militaire military, in the army; to.

soldier, officer

mille (a) thousand; — dangers countless dangers

mince thin, slender, meagre, insignificant, paltry

mine /. countenance, look(s); de bonne — , good-looking, pleasantlooking; avoir (la) — de + inf.

look as if one were . . . (might, would, etc.); faire — de + inf.

pretend to . . .

ministère to. (government) ministry, (government) office (Ministry or Department of .. .); la fête du Ministère, the Ministerial ball ministériel, -le ministerial ministre to. minister, cabinet minister; ( U.S .) Secretary (of); le Conseil des Ministres the Cabinet Council

Modem Lang. Dep£

Marygrove College

minuit to. midnight minutieu-x, -se very careful, minute, precise

mirer: se — , look at oneself (as in a

mirror)

miroir to. mirror, looking-glass

mis (mise) see mettre

mise/, setting; stake (in gambling);

— en scène stage setting, theatrical effect

miser bid (at an auction), stake (in gambling)

misérable wretched, pitiful, sorry;

noun scoundrel, (wicked) wretch misérablement pitiably, sorrily misère /. poverty, wretchedness, misfortune, trouble(s), shabbiness; toutes les — s every kind of misery; — honorable (VC) respectable poverty; adj. l’air — , a poverty-stricken look miséricorde /. mercy; — ! mercy on us ! (on me ! etc.) mitraille /. grapeshot Mme abbrev. of Madame mobilier to. furniture, set (or suite) of furniture

mode /. fashion, way; à la — , in fashion

modèle to. model

modeste modest, unpretentious, moderate, slight modestement modestly modifier modify, alter, change, give a new look (or turn) to moelle [mwal]/. marrow moelleu-x [mwal0], -se soft moellon [mwalô] to. a small, rough stone used as filling in masonry; hence — s rubble, rough stone mœurs [usu. mcers] /. pi. manners (customs, habits), ways moi me, myself, I; et — je ne pouvais pas, etc. and, as for me, I couldn’t, etc.

moindre less, least, slightest; le

— bruit the slightest noise; le

— de ses gestes his every gesture; et pas la — Jeanneton (MP) and not even one little Jenny dear

moine to. monk; ronfler comme un

— , (provbl. locution) snore loudly moineau to. sparrow

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

moinette /. ( quaint dimin. of moine) little nun

moinillon to. {Mix) little monk {here a choir boy not necessarily destined to become a moine) moins less, least; c’est bien le — que (le second produise) ( Mbl ) the very least to be expected is that ... ; — de temps less time ... ;

— de gens fewer people; au — , at least; de — en — , less and less; du — , at all events, at least; pour le — , anyhow, {CP) if nothing else

moire /. moire {name of various iridescent textiles), watered silk moirer render (make) iridescent {as watered silk) mois to. month moisson/, harvest moitié /. half; la — de half (of); à — , half, partly, {AM) in part mol, -le see mou mollement softly, gently moment to. moment, instant; jusqu’au — où il tomba until, at last, he fell; ... lui apparaissait depuis un — , . . . had just come into his vision; du — où il vivrait {AM) so long as (provided) he should remain alive; par — s at times; dans le — , at that instant

momie /. mummy mon, ma, mes my; often used in direct address, as in oui, mon père yes, father; non, mon colonel no, colonel

monastère to. monastery monde to. world, people, company, crowd, throng, society; venir au — , come into the world (be born); peu de — , few people; tout le — , everybody; dans le

— des bureaux among officeholders; le plus simplement du — , with the utmost simplicity; pas le moins du — , not the least bit

monnaie /. money (coin, coins), change; pièce de — , coin monologuer soliloquize, talk to oneself

monosyllabe to. monosyllable monotone monotonous

monseigneur my lord (your grace, your worship: in Musset’s story, the strange bird encountered by the merle blanc seems to be slily likened to an ecclesiastic of high rank)] — l’abbé {Élix) my lord abbot

monsieur [mosj0 or msj0], pi.

messieurs [mèsjd] Mr., Messrs.; Sir, Sirs; the gentleman, gentlemen; conduis — à . . . take the gentleman to ... ; — le doyen {simply) the dean; — le maire his honor the mayor; — mon père {Mbl) my respected father;

— le prieur {voc.) your reverence monstre to. monster, freak monstruosité /. monstrosity mont to. mount; le Mont-de-l’Ure

{Ét), generally called la Montagne de Lure, a mountain range ab. 40 k.

N. of the Luberon and towering over the W. bank of the Durance; quatre — s de sable {Peur) four mounds of sand; ( poetically ) les — s et les plaines the hills and the plains montagne/, mountain montante: une robe — , a highnecked dress

monter go (come, walk, run) up, climb (up), ascend, mount {see garde), rise; {of foam) bubble up; carry up (bring up); furnish, equip; qui montaient (la chaloupe) who were in ... ; — (à cheval) ride (horseback) ; — dans un bateau get into a boat; — dedans climb (get) into them (or it) ; le chemin qui monte the road that leads up; faire — , raise, cause to rise, make too high; ça se monte encore {MP) of course you can go up that Montivilliers Norman town ab.

10 k. N.E. of Le Havre montre /. watch Montredon imaginary town montrer show (off), display; point to; — au (or du) doigt point to;

— le poing shake one’s fist moquer: se — de laugh at, make

fun of, care nothing for; nous nous moquons de (votre maëstro) we don’t care a hang for . . .

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

moquerie /. scoff, scoffing; — s jeers

moral, -e moral; l’être — , the

moral (or ethical) life Morbihan m. département in the S. half of Brittany morceau m. bit, piece, morsel; par — x into shreds (pieces) mordre bite

Morelle /. imaginary stream, which Zola situates in Lorraine Morfontaine (or Mortefontaine) small town, 13 k. from Senlis, near Ermenonville forest, N.E.

of Paris

morae gloomy, dismal, downcast mort (1) /. death; les Morts de Poniatowski (VC) the oft-repeated “ Death of Poniatowski ” mort (2), morte (p.p. of mourir) dead, lifeless; un — , a dead man; deux nouveaux — s two more men killed

mortel, -le mortal, deadly mortifiant, -e mortifying mortifier depress, (fig.) hurt mortuaire funeral (adj.)

Moscou m. Moscow (in Russia) mot to. word; écrire un — (à) drop a line (to); jeter des — s

fling disparaging remarks; — s carrés (VC) word square(s), “a set of words so chosen that when they are written under each other the letters read downward in columns give the same words” (a kind of game which commonly takes the form of a charade: mon premier est — , etc.) :