AILE

motif to. motive, cause, ground (s), impulse

mou (before a noun beginning with a vowel, mol), f. molle soft mouche /. fly; bull’s-eye; faire — , hit the bull’s-eye moucheté, -e spotted, speckled mouchoir to. handkerchief; plus pâle que son — , as pale as a sheet moufle/, mitten

mouiller wet, soak; drop anchor; (l’odeur) mouillait les bouches . . . made everybody’s mouth water; p.p. mouillé, -e wet(ted); la campagne avait des grâces mouillées de bouquet (AM) . . .

was as charmingly fresh as a nosegay moist with dew mouillure /. wetting, wetness, drenching; trembler de — , shiver from having been drenched moule to. mould (pattern) moulin to. mill, gristmill moulinet: faire le — avec whirl round, twirl

mourant, -e dying, ready to perish; un — , a dying man; — e (R) half dead with fear

mourir die; — - de faim starve (to death); — de froid freeze to death; — - d’impatience (de + inf.) hardly be able to wait (to);

- — pour — , (MD) as well die one death as another; il nous est mort ... we have lost (by death) . . .

mouron to. chickweed (a favorite food of certain birds) mousquetaire to. musketeer mousse (1) /. moss; froth, foam mousse (2) to. cabin boy mousser froth (up), foam moustache /. moustache; (of a cat or dog) whisker (s)

moustachu of a dog (Peur) whiskered, with long whiskers moutarde /. mustard moutardier to. mustard maker; le premier — du Pape (MP) the Pope’s head mustard maker (cf.

se croire le premier — du Pape put on airs)

mouton to. sheep; peau de — , sheepskin mouture /. grist

mouvement to. movement, motion, impulse, life; se mettre en — , begin to move; un beau — oratoire a fine flourish of eloquence mouvoir (cause to) move; se — , move, stir

moyen (1) to. means, way; au — de by means of ; le — de ... ?

how can (could, etc.) I (you.

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

etc.) ... ? il y a — de there’s a way to . . .

moyen (2), -ne middle, middling, average

m’sieu represents the most usual pronunciation of monsieur, though Maupassant' s spelling { F ) implies plebeian usage

mucre damp {Norman patois: in Old French, mucre means mouldy) mue /. moulting

muet, -te dumb, mute, silent, speechless

mugir {of cattle) low, {fig.) bellow, roar

mule (1) /. (she-)mule; but note the pun {see below) in la — du pape ; in les Étoiles, — is used as a synonym of mulet mule (2) /. slipper, but used only of the Pope’s slipper (la — du pape) on which there is a cross and which symbolizes papal power or the power of the Church; whence the expression baiser la — du pape kiss the Pope’s slipper, in token of submission to his authority; but, in Daudet’s story, Tistet Védène rashly brings unwitting papal vengeance upon himself by his defiance of the respect due to la — ■ (mule or slipper) du pape, which kicks him into eternity) ; the mule in question may be spoken of correctly as she mulet m. (he-) mule muletier m. mule driver multiple manifold multiplier multiply mur m. wall: — d’appui retaining wall, or (AWS) breast-high wall {base of a window sill) mûr, -e ripe; (very) careful muraille /. wall

murmure m. murmur, murmuring, faint sound, faint noise murmurer mutter, whisper musicien m. musician musique/, music; band; une — , a kind of music, a melody; faire de la — , play

mutuel, -le mutual, on each side myrte to. myrtle

mystère to. mystery {including a

type of medieval religious play), mysteriousness mystérieu-x, -se mysterious

nacre/, mother-of-pearl nager swim, swim about; nageant des pattes dans le vide {MP) swimming with all four legs in empty space

naguère not long ago {or since), lately, formerly

naï-f, -ve ingenuous, unsophisticated, guileless, simple, frank; l’œil — , with a guileless eye naiss- see naître naissance /. birth, high birth naissant, -e new-born, growing naître be born, spring up, grow; un peu bien né {MU) of rather good birth

naïvement artlessly, ingenuously Nanterre /. a town 12 k. N.W. of Paris; ab. 14,000 inhab.

Nantes an inland port {Loire Inférieure), 397 k. from Paris; ab.

133,000 inhab.

Naples/. Naples, the most important city of S. Italy

Napoléon (Bonaparte) b. 1769 at Ajaccio, Corsica, d. 1821 in St.

Helena

Napoléon III (Charles-Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte) son of Louis Bonaparte, a brother of Napoleon I. From 1852 to 1870 Napoleon III was “Empereur des Français.” In 1870 he declared war against Prussia. Other German states rallied to the support of Prussia.

France was defeated and Napoleon III lost his throne napoléonien, -ne Napoleonic napolitain, -ne Neapolitan nappe /. tablecloth (de trois jours three days old, already used for three days) ; une — d’eau a sheet of water; surface {of a river) naqu- see naître narine /. nostril narrer [nare] narrate natal, -e native or of one’s birth (ville — e) ; pays — , birthplace

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

nati-f, -ve native, inborn; — de . . . born in ... ; nation /. nation, race nativement by birth, naturally nature /. nature, character naturel (1), -le natural, unaffected; — aux femmes characteristic of women; (2) m. naturalness naturellement naturally, by nature; of course

naufragé, -e shipwrecked, wrecked;

un — , a shipwrecked man navet m. turnip navette /. shuttle navire m. ship, vessel navrer break one’s heart; navré, -e broken-hearted

ne neg. particle ( commonly accompanied by pas, point, etc.) not; ne pas couper {of a blade) not cut (well), be dull; il n’ arriva que très tard he didn’t arrive till very late; ne . . . plus aucun no further; depuis que je ne t’ai vue since I saw you last; je ne doute pas qu’il ne vive I don’t doubt that he is alive; je ne doutai pas que ... ne dissipât, etc. ( Mbl ) I did not doubt (but) that . . . would dispel, etc.; plus maigre que je ne le croyais possible thinner than I had thought possible

né, -e {p.p. of naître) born; bien — , of good birth néanmoins nevertheless nébuleu-x, -se (fig.) gloomy nécessaire necessary, needed nécessairement necessarily, of course

nécessité/, necessity, need; par — -, because one has to; la — où elle se trouvait de + inf. the necessity of her -ing nécessiteu-x, -se needy nécromancien m. necromancer nécromant m. ( archaic synonym of nécromancien) necromancer nef [nef] /. nave néfaste ill-omened, unlucky négligence /. carelessness; quelques — s (Mbl) some examples of carelessness (or of bad workmanship) négliger neglect, overlook, miss;

ne rien — , leave nothing undone, ^take all possible care négociant m. (wholesale) merchant, trader

nègre m., négresse /. negro, negress; la traite des —s the slave trade

négrier m. slaver, slave ship; bâtiment — , slave ship (for negroes) neige /. snow; un temps de — , snowy weather

Nemours a town ab. 10 k. S. of Fontainebleau; le duc de — , (VC) Louis-Charles-Philippe, Raphaël d’Orléans (1814-96), second son of Louis Philippe. This Duke of Nemours began his Algerian campaigns in 1836, was with Gen.

Lamoriciere (q.v.) at the taking of Constantine in 1837 and, at this time, became lieutenant general nerveu-x, -se nervous, of the nerves

net [net], -te neat, clear; arrêter — , stop short (or suddenly); mettre au — , make a fair copy of nettement clearly, plainly netteté/, distinctness nettoyer clean (up), wipe clean neu-f (1), -ve new, unused neuf (2) nine neveu m. nephew nez m. nose

ni neither (either), nor (or); Kacatogan ne s’enfuyait ni ne s’endormait K. was neither fleeing nor falling asleep; ni d’un côté ni de l’autre ( after sans) on either side

niaiserie /. silliness, foolery, trifle;

(des) — s stupid nonsense niche /. niche, kennel

Nicolas: saint - , Saint Nicholas, of

Myra in Lyda (4th C.); known best as the patron saint of Russia and of all Christian children:

saint - , sur son âne ( S-N )

Santa Claus, on his donkey (according to our tradition, driving — generally through the sky or over housetops — a sleigh drawn by reindeer ); la [fête de] Saint- Nicolas occurs on the 6th of December, but may be prolonged!

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

nid m. nest nier deny

nimbe m. aureola, halo nimbé, -e surrounded with a nimbus (or halo)

Nîmes m. a 'picturesque city in Provence, 722 k. S. of Paris; famous for its Maison Carrée and its Coliseum, Roman buildings in good preservation nippé, -e dressed up, rigged out niveau m. level no abbrev. of numéro noble noble, aristocratic; noun noble, nobleman noblesse /. nobility, nobleness noce /. (or — s) wedding, weddingparty, wedding festivities; le matin des — s our wedding morning

noctambule that roves about at night, noctambulant nocturne nocturnal Noël m. Christmas; la — , (la fête de — ) Christmas (day) noeud [n0] m. knot, bow noir, -e black, blackened, dark; un — , a black man, a negro; une — e a black woman, a negress; voir tout en — , always look at the dark side noisette/, hazelnut nom m. name; au — de in the name of ; au — du ciel ! for heaven’s sake! un beau — (CP) of a distinguished family; — d’un — ! (the second nom stands for some stronger word ) hell and blazes ! the devil !

nomade roving, wandering nombre m. number; depuis — d’années for some years; le plus grand — de (the) most of . . .

nombreu-x, -se numerous, many nomination f. appointment nomme italicized by Theuriet ( S-N ) as a dialectal equiv. of n’est-ce pas ? nommer name, call (by a certain name), appoint; comment les nommez-vous? what do you call them ? comment le nommezvous ? what do you say his name is ? il se nomme ... his name is . . . , he gives his name as . . .

non no, not; — pas not (emphatic), no indeed; ni moi — plus nor I either- lui — plus ne possédait, etc. (AM) neither had he, etc.

nonchalamment carelessly nord [no;r] m. north; - est [no¬

rest] northeast

normand, -e Norman (often connoting craftiness)

Normandie /. Normandy nostalgie /. homesickness, longing (for something one has had or felt but has lost) ; une — de tendresse (S-N) a longing for tender affection (such as one may at some time have received)

notaire m. notary (but un — is more commonly employed to draw up deeds etc., as well as to affix his signature and seal) ; attorney notamment especially, particularly note /. note; bill (e.g., a bill presented by a hotel)

notion /.: il perdit doucement la — des choses (AWS) gradually he ceased to be conscious of objects

notre (pi. nos) our; — demoiselle

(Et) miss (a rustic use of notre instead of ma; Molière causes a rustic to address his master as

notre maître)

nôtre(s) [no:tr(o)]: le (la) — , les — s ours, our own; vous n’êtes pas des — s you’re not one of us Notre-Dame Our Lady, the Virgin Mary; Notre-Dame [de Paris] Notre-Dame cathedral, the famous Gothic cathedral whose two square towers are visible from various points outside of Paris nourri, -e fed, full; (of feminine beauty) buxom; (of rifle-fire) steady, well-sustained nourrir (de) feed (on), sustain; se ■ — de live on nourriture /. food nous we, us, ourselves; to (for, from) us; nous nous regardâmes we looked at each other (at one another); — autres we, the rest of us

nouveau, nouvelle new, fresh, other, further; d’un — signe [de tête]

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

(AM) with another motion of the head; un — venu a newcomer; deux — x morts two more men killed; une nouvelle bouteille a fresh bottle; de — , once more, again

nouvelle /. news, tidings; short story, tale; une — , a bit of news; prendre des — s de get news (enquire) about; vous m’en direz des — s ! you shall see how good it is !

nouvellement lately, recently Novare Novara, city in N. Italy Novelles (AM) imaginary town novembre m. November novice m. novice, probationer noyau to. stone or pit (of a fruit), kernel

noyer (1) m. walnut (tree) noyer (2) drown; se — , drown oneself, be (get) drowned nu, nue naked, bare; (les) pieds nus barefoot; mettre à nu pluck the feathers off, strip nuage m. cloud nuire (à) harm, hurt, injure nuis- (nuit) see nuire nuit /. night, nightfall, darkness, dark; cette — , tonight or last night; la — , adv. at (by) night; la — venue after nightfall; (la malheureuse bête n’en dormit pas) de la — , (MP) all that night nuitamment in the night nul, -le no (any), no one; — le part nowhere

nullement not at all, not in the least, (not) in any wise numéro m. number (in a series) nuque /. nape of the neck

obéir (à) obey, comply (with) obéissance /. obedience objecter object

objet m. object, aim, subject, thing (in question), article; les — s de son commerce (T) his (particular) wares; avoir pour — , be concerned with obliger (à, de) oblige, compel, force (to)

oblique slanting, oblique obscur, -e dark, dim, obscure obscurcir darken, dim obscurité /. darkness observateur m. observer observation /. observation, comment; se remettre en — , resume (one’s) watching; (for mil. style) il se remit en — , he again went on the lookout

observer watch, look at, examine; comply with (laws) ; maintain (silence)

obstacle m. hindrance, difficulty obstruer obstruct, clutter obtenir get, obtain; (sans pouvoir) — qu’on m’ouvrît la porte to get anyone to open the door for me occasion /. occurrence, opportunity; avoir 1’ — de have a chance to; c’est une — , that’s a rare opportunity occulte occult

occuper occupy, take; — (un fauteuil) sit in; s’ — (de) busy (or concern) oneself (with), attend (to), take up, be (or become) engaged (in), (or interested) (in), take a hand in, meddle with; occupée à (couper) occupied in; occupé de busy with, engaged in occurrence/, emergency octogénaire m. or f. octogenarian odeur /. smell, scent, odor odieu-x, -se odious, hateful odorant, -e fragrant œil m. (pi. yeux) eye, look, glance; often ceil includes both eyes:

1’ — ouvert with (one’s) eyes wide-open; de son — presque éteint (Peur) with his almost sightless eyes; d’un — fixe with a steady glance; un coup d’ — , a glance; à vue d’ — , as one can see at a glance; en se faisant les doux yeux (AM) while looking fondly at each other; sous ses yeux (MP) before his own eyes or under his personal supervision; les yeux perdus au fond des ténèbres (AM) gazing vacantly into the darkness œsophage [ezôfa:3] m. gullet œuf [œf] m. [pl. 0] egg; dans

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

mon — , (Mbl) even before I was hatched

œuvre/, work; m. ( collective ) writings offenser offend, shock, injure offensi-f, -ve : un retour — , (AIES) a counter (return) attack offert, -e p.p. of offrir office m. (church) service, prayers; chanter 1’ — , (J) chant matins and lauds; chanter 1’ — de la Vierge chant the office of the Virgin {a special devotional service ) officiant m. officiating priest officiel, -le official officier m. officer offrande/, offering offre /. offer; 1’ — de cinq points d’écarté an invitation to play five points, etc.

offrir offer, present, exhibit, display; s’ — qqch treat oneself to something oie /. goose oiseau m. bird oisi-f, -ve idle; (an) idler olympien, -ne Olympian ombrage {or — s) m. shade ombre /. shade, shadow (s), gloom, darkness; une — d’émotion a trace of excitement; des — s glissaient dans (les fourrés) (AIDS) shadows (of men) were stealing among . . .

omelette/, omelet omettre omit, leave out omis, -e p.p. of omettre {q.v.) on one, they, people, etc.; quand on est brave when one {or a man) is brave; on dit it is said; on remonta (sur le pont) we went up; on vint (annoncer) some one came; on aperçut (l’ennemi) they perceived ... ; on était couché (Mbl) everybody was in bed; bien! on marchera ( VC ) very well, then we [i.e., I] shall walk; on s’expliqua explanations were offered (on both sides) ; mais l’on m’a convaincu (Mbl) but I have been convinced (l’on is generally a bookish or stately equiv. of on and recalls the fact that on was originally a noun, from Latin homo)

oncle m. uncle ondé, -e {of hair ) wavy onduler undulate, wave; {of a cry) monter en ondulant rise in waves ongle m. (finger) nail; claw ont see avoir onze eleven

opéra-comique m. {applied to Carmen) simply opera opiat m. soothing salve opiniâtre stubborn opposé, -e opposite opposer oppose, set against; — ces rivalités les unes aux autres play off these rivalries against one another; s’ — à oppose oppresser oppress oppresseur m. oppressor or (1) m. gold; d’or gold {adj.), golden

or (2) adv. now ( resumptive ); or, tout de même however {or now), just the same orage to. storm orageu-x, -se stormy oraison /. prayer (to God), {poet.) orison

oranger m. orange tree; fleur(s) d’ — , orange blossoms {suggesting a wedding !) orateur m. speaker oratoire oratorical, of eloquence; to. oratory {small room for private prayers) orbe m. orb

ordinaire (1) customary, usual, everyday; en temps — , normally; (2) to. 1’ — , the daily fare; plus qu’à 1’ — , more than usual; à son — , in his usual fashion; d’ — , usually

ordonnance /. (medical) prescription

ordonner order, give an order ordre m. order (pi. also instructions) ; command; mettre — à set in order, settle; rentrer dans 1’ — , become orderly again; des rapports petit ordre et des rapports grand ordre ( S-N ) of the minor and major reports; chevalier des — s ( R ), in full, chevalier des — s du roi i.e., chevalier de Saint- Michel £St. Michael] et du Saint-

Esprit [the Holy Ghost], a title existing under the monarchy before the Revolution (1789) ordure /. filth, dirt; 'pi. slops, sweepings

oreille /. ear; tendre 1’ — , strain one’s ear(s), listen intently oreiller m. pillow

Oremus Domine (Lat.) let us pray, O Lord

orfèvre m. gold- and silversmith orgie/, orgy

orgue m. (in some uses the pi. is fern.) organ

orgueil to. pride (usu. excessive selfesteem or conceit) orgueilleu-x, -se proud orient m. east, Orient; en Orient in the East (Orient) oriental, -e eastern, oriental origine /. source, beginning Orion m. Orion ( constellation ) orme to. elm orner (de) adorn (with) ornière /. rut, trough (in a quagmire or slough ) orphelin, -e orphan os [s<7. and pi. os or o:s] to. bone(s) oser dare, have the courage to;

tout — , take any risk osier to. osier, wicker (of pliant withes)

osseu-x, -se bony ostensiblement openly ôtage to. hostage

ôter take away, take out, take off (one’s clothes etc.)

ou or; ou bien or on the other hand, or else; ou ... ou either ... or où adv. and pron. where, wherein, whither; at, to or in (to) which; when; partout où wherever; d’où whence, from where; (la route) d’où (vous venez) by which; (un ballon) d’où (sortaient) out of which; par où? which way? how? où que (+ subjunc.) wherever; (au temps) où (j’étais enfant) when; jusqu’au moment où (il tomba) until, at last; du moment où il vivrait (AM) provided he remained alive; au cas où il viendrait in case (if) he should come; l’ignorance où

j’étais de moi-même my ignorance about myself ouailles /. pi. flock (of a priest );

(Et) archaic or dialectal for brebis Ouargla fortified settlement ab. 500 k. S. by E. of Algiers oublier (de) forget (to), overlook ouest to. west

oui yes; oui-da or oui da (oldfashioned or provincial) yes indeed, to be sure (I am) ; oh aye oui-da see oui ouragan to. hurricane ourdir warp, (fig.) weave ourdisseur to. [/. — se] warper ours [urs] to., ourse [urs] /. bear; Grande Ourse Great Bear (the constellation of Ursa Major) outil [uti] to. tool, implement outre beyond, besides; — ■ mesure excessively; en — , besides, moreover

ouvert, -e opened, open, frank ouverture /. opening, aperture ouvrage to. work (e.g., a book) ouvragé, -e wrought artistically, figured

ouvrier to. [/. — ère] workman, (on a farm) laborer

ouvrir open; s’ — -, open, make an opening, draw aside; des fenêtres s’ouvraient (AM) there were window-openings; (mes gens) s’ ouvraient devant lui made way for him; (qui vint) lui ouvrir to open the door for him

pacifique peaceful, peaceable, peaceloving, good-natured pacifiquement peaceably Pacôme (Elix) [spelled also Pachôme] Pachomius, an Egyptian saint (ab. 276-349 a.d.), founder of the first monastic community (his “ day ” is 14 May) ; la tour — , St. Pachomius’ tower paillasse (1) /. straw mattress paillasse (2) to. clown paille /. straw; en — , straw, of straw; chaise de — , strawbottomed chair

paillette /. spangle, golden flake

pain to. bread; un —, a loaf paire /. pair, couple, brace (of pistols )

paisible quiet, placid, peaceable, in peace

paix /. peace, peacefulness, declaration of peace

palais to. palace, mansion; dans mon — vert (Mbl) in my green mansion (i.e., in the green forests and fields )

Palais-Royal to. a solid group of bldgs, near the Théâtre-Français and the Louvre; built in 1629 by Card. Richelieu for a theater etc.; now occupied by a theater, by shops, restaurants, apts., etc.

pâle pale

palette /. paddle (of a wheel ) pâleur/, paleness palier to. (stairway) landing pâlir grow (turn) pale, fade out palissade /. (board or picket) fence, paling, stockade

palme /. palm, palm-branch; South.

French far paume (palm of the hand); ah! — de Dieu (MP) oh heavens !

pâmer: se — , faint away; pâmés par la chaleur (AM) overcome by the heat

Pampérigouste (MP) a distant imaginary country to which reference is made in children’s stories; also written Pamparigouste or Papeligosse (mentioned by Rabelais)

pan (1) to. skirt (of a mantle) pan (2) — ! bang !

panache to. plume panetière /. [to. panetier] pantry mistress (who supplies bread or the like)

panier to. basket, hamper, (on a mule) pannier; à la fin du — , having emptied the basket (having exhausted all arguments) panique /. panic panneau to. panel panse/, paunch

pantalon to. trousers; [il] ouvrit son — , [he] opened his trousers pocket; des — s rouges (AM) red trousers (typical of French

privates, particularly, until the adoption of khaki in 1914; in 1870, and later, made very full and tucked into the boots just below the knee)

Panthéon: le — , the Pantheon, a

great government bldg, in Paris on the highest point of the left bank of the Seine at the top of the rue Soufflot; built between 1764 and 1790 from the plans of the architect Soufflot as Ste. Geneviève (a church), transformed in 1791 into a Pantheon to receive the remains of the great men of France and bearing the inscription: AUX GRANDS HOMMES LA PATRIE RECONNAISSANTE

panthère /. panther pantoufle /. slipper paon [pû] to. peacock; jeter des cris de — , shriek like a peacock pape to. pope

paperasses (administratives) /. pl.

dusty documents, red tape papier to. paper, documents (of identification), wall paper papillon to. butterfly; — bleu (S-N) blue butterfly (in French fig. language, the butterfly symbolizes inconstancy, but in Theuriet’s story only the image of Claudette is intended, not her character)

papillote /. curl paper Pâques /. pl. Easter paquet to. parcel, package, bundle; — s de nourriture chunks (or gobbets) of food

par through, out through, out of, along, by, on, in, during, at, about, for, on account of, because of, with; (1) of space: je suis descendue par la fenêtre (AM) I came down by way of the window; (il est sans doute à pied,) par les chemins (R) along the roads; par terre on the ground; par la figure in one’s face; par-ci, par-là here and there, now and then; par là that way, in that neighborhood; par là-dessus above (over) it all; par contre on the other hand;

par-dessus upon, over; pardessous under, underneath; par devant in front; par derrière behind; par où which way; (2) of time: par an a year (per annum), yearly; par jour a day, daily; par soirée an evening, every evening; par une sombre après-midi on a gloomy afternoon; par une nuit de décembre on a night in D.; par moments every now and then, at times; par le temps qui court in these days, nowadays; (3) of cause:

par amitié through friendship; par plaisanterie in jest, for a joke; par cela même que . . . just because ... ; par amour pour moi (AM) out of love for me, for my sake; par amour du sang (MD) because he liked to shed blood; (4) of agency: [il] lui fit écrire par [by] sa femme un mot ( R ) [he] had his wife write her a note; (5) of manner: par un mouvement convulsif with, etc.; (tomber, couler, etc.) par torrents in floods; (6) expressing distribution: deux par deux two by two, two at a time; un plan par cantines (VC) a map according to (or made expressly to show) canteens; (7) for emphasis: par deux fois twice in succession, at least twice; par trop far too, unduly

paradis m. paradise, heaven paraître appear (to), seem (to) look; make one’s appearance parapluie m. umbrella parbleu ! by George ! upon my word !

good gracious !

pare m. park, enclosure, cowpen, sheepfqld; elle entra dans le parc (Ét) here sheepfold (enclosed by a picket fence or the like) parce que because parchemin m. parchment par-ci see par

parcourir run through, travel (wander) over, rove about; glance at or through (a book etc.) par-dessous see dessous par-dessus see dessus

par-devant see par and devant pardon m. pardon; — ! excuse me!

pardonner (à) pardon, forgive pareil, -le like, alike, similar, equal, such (a); une [mule] — le (MP) one to match her; — à like; sans — , unequalled, unprecedented

pareillement likewise, in the same way

parent, -e relative, relation; estelle ta — e ? is she related to you ? son dernier — , (R) the last of her kith and kin; to. pi. relatives, kindred, parents

parer (1): se — , dress (oneself) elegantly; ne pouvant être parée (Par) being unable to dress luxuriously

parer (2) : — à be ready for paresseu-x, -se lazy, slothful, indolent, slow, slow-moving; un — , a lazy (or idle) fellow, an idler, a sluggard parfait, -e perfect, complete parfaitement perfectly, quite, perfectly well, very well parfois at times, sometimes, every now and then

parfum to. fragrance; (des herbes) brûlées de — s et de soleil (Élix) burned by the warmth of perfumes and of sunshine parfumé, -e sweet-scented, fragrant parfumer perfume, make . . . fragrant; parfumé d’une forte odeur d’étable (VC) reeking strongly of a stable

parier bet, wager parisien, -ne Parisian parler speak, talk; dont il est parlé (J) spoken of par-là see par-ci parmi among, amid paroi /. (partition) wall, side paroisse /. parish, parish church paroissial, -e parish (adj.), parochial paroissien, -ne parishioner parole /. word, speech; — d’honneur, je . . . on my word (of honor), I ... ; adresser la — à address

paroli wager of double stakes, a term of faro (pharaon); [il] fit

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

un faux — , [he] “doubled” the wager by mistake ( without being aware of it)

paroxysme m. paroxysm parquet m. hardwood floor (“ French floor ”) ; office of the public prosecutor

parricide m. parricide, murder of parents

part /. part, share, side; de — en — , through and through, from wall to wall; de toutes — s from (or on) all sides; quelque — , somewhere, anywhere; nulle — , nowhere; de notre —, on our part; à — lui [ with penser] (BM) in his own mind, to himself; prendre — à join in

partager divide, distribute, share, go shares or have a share in; partagé entre (deux émotions diverses) ( Mbl ) a prey to . . .

partant m. person departing, departing friend

parterre m. in French theaters, all parts of the “floor of the house” between the back of the auditorium and the orchestra seats (Brit.

stalls) ; archaically or figuratively, (the) pit

parti m. decision, course (of action) ; prendre le — de make up one’s mind to ... ; prendre un — , come to a decision; en prendre son — , make up one’s mind partibus: in —, (Mbl) eccles. Lat. (in full, in — infidelium among the infidels), referring to a bishop whose title is purely honorary and who is without jurisdiction participation (à) f. taking part (in), participation (in)

participer (à) participate (in), share, take part (in)

particuli-er, -ère particular, special, peculiar; private particulièrement particularly partie/, part, portion; party; game, match; faire — de belong to, take part in; faire une — de play a game of (cards etc.) partir (de) depart (from); go, come or start (from); go away, set out, leave; — en courant

run off; (et les chevaux) partirent sped away; (of firearms, aux.

avoir) go off ; (of a ship) sail (away) ; à — de (in dates) from; un autre volet partit another shutter fell; le voilà parti he’s gone now; et la voilà partie and she was off partout everywhere; — - où wherever; de — , on all sides paru- see paraître

parure /. ornament, adornment; (in Maupassant’s story) necklace; — s sets of jewels parvenir (à) reach, succeed (in) pas (1) m. step, footstep, pace, footfall, stride; pas (de la danse) time (of the dance); allonger le pas lengthen one’s stride; marcher à grands pas stride along, hasten; à pas lents with slow steps; de ce pas forthwith; sous ses pas (MD) under his tread; (ils étaient) sur mes pas at my heels; (marcher) du même pas at the same pace; cela ne se trouve point dans le pas d’un âne (Mbl) that is no everyday occurrence

pas (2) neg. (with or without ne) not; pas une heure not one hour; pas de bijoux no jewels; non pas même noire not even black; ne . . . pas not (il ne vient pas he doesn’t come); pas une voile ne + vb. not a sail . . .

passablement fairly well, middling, “so so”

passage m. passage, passing, crossing, road (through), runway; sur son — , (Êlix) as he passed by; (il cherchait à saisir la petite Annette) au — , (MD) as she went by him

passag-er, -ère passenger; (adj.) fleeting, transient

passant m. passer-by, person passing by

passavant m. gangway passé (1), -e adj. or p.p. past, over, by-gone; — maître past master, expert

passé (2) m. (the) past passé (3) prep.: jusque — minuit till after midnight

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

passementer trim (with lace) , adorn (with gold or silver lace, etc.), deck

passer pass, move, go (by, up, down, through, round), march by or through, cross; spend ( time ); — et repasser ( VC) go to and fro ; (les plats) passaient (F) were passed round; les gens qui passaient passers-by; lui — sur le corps trample him under foot; faisant

— balle sur balle dans . . . shooting bullet after bullet into ... ; passe, (je t’ai vu !) (MP) zip ! or, still more freely, presto change !

(passe, here imperative, may imply a swift movement of the hand across the speaker’s neck, symbolizing a hasty departure); passant (près de la fenêtre : of a ladder) running close to; (gonflant sa gorge) en passant (A TUS) on the way down; (voyez-vous le bout de ses oreilles) qui passe ? sticking out ?

[il] se regarda — (dans les glaces) ( VC ) [he] followed his reflection; qui passa (à un sentiment d’effroi) (Mbl) which changed to; — pour be considered; en passant incidentally; il est minuit passé it’s past midnight; — ... au gué ford (a stream) ;

— (une jambe par la lucarne) thrust; — (mes habits) put on; se — (cette petite satisfaction) (BM) give oneself; se — , elapse, go by, pass away, occur, take place, be going on; que se passe-t-il? what is happening?

il ne s’est pas passé un jour not a day has gone by; se — de do without, get along without

pastèque f. watermelon

patatin, patatan, tarabin, taraban (Élix) fol-de-rol, de-rol-rol-rol, or the like

pâté m. pasty, patty, meat pie; blot (of ink)

pâtée f. paste; cat’s or dog’s meat; [il] me donna même la — , (Mbl) he even fed me pap; pâtée designates a mixture of flour, oil cakes, bread, bran, etc. diluted in water or milk and used for fattening poultry, but donner la — aux enfants

means (commonly) feed (the) children, give the children their pap (of course the father blackbird gave his child worms; so Musset is humanizing his birds) patenôtre /. Lord’s prayer (Pater Noster qui . . . , Notre Père qui êtes aux cieux . . .); dire ses — s say one’s prayers

pater noster [pate:r noste:r] to.

paternoster, Lord’s prayer patère /. hat peg paterne kindly, motherly paternel, -le fatherly, a father’s . . . , paternal

patience f. patience; en —, patiently

patois, -e local; des mots —, local lingo; noun m. folkspeech pâtre m. (poet.) herdsman, shepherd patriarcal, -e patriarchal patrie /. (one’s) native land, (native) country, fatherland, home patron to. employer, “boss,” proprietor; les — s du lieu the masters of the place (i.e., the proprietor of the café and his wife) patronale: fête — , patron saint’s day

patronne /. mistress (e.g., of an inn) patte /. foot, leg or paw (of a quadruped); foot, leg or claws (of a bird); je pris mon comage à deux — s (Mbl) a humorous parody of prendre son comage à deux mains pluck up one’s comage; but, in Musset, the actor has only feet or claws: I plucked up my comage with all my claws; note à quatre — s on all fours pâturage to. grazing ground, pasture pâture/, pasture, food; (fig.) (Élix) a livelihood, pastures new paume /. palm (of the hand) paupière/, eyelid

pauvre poor, poor dear, poor little;

wretched, forlorn, shabby pauvreté /. poverty, bareness, shabbiness

pavé to. paving stone, pavement paver pave

pavoiser dress (deck) with flags payer pay (a person), pay for (a thing); payée d’une grosse com-

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

mande paid for a big order; — une bouteille stand treat, pay for the drinks; (le village) payera pour lui (AM) shall take the consequences; (votre père) payera pour lui (AM) shall pay the penalty in his stead

pays [pèi] (1 ) m. country (of a nation), land, region, neighborhood, home, native place; il est du — , (S— N) he comes from my country; dans le — -, (AM) in that neighborhood; pour le — , (AM) for that region; le maire du — , (AM) the mayor of that region (for Merlier’s jurisdiction included some of the territory lying round Rocreuse) ; des plats du — , (S-N) home dishes; cette liqueur du — , (S-N) that cordial made in her own province

pays [pèi] (2), payse fellow countryman, fellow countrywoman paysage m. landscape paysan, -ne peasant, peasant woman (girl); m. pi. country people, country folk, peasantry pé ( Norman patois for père) daddy peau /. skin; très blanc de — , very fair-skinned

pécaïre [pekair] (Lat. peccator = sinner) a Provençal oath or interjection (M P) Heaven knows !

péché m. sin pécher sin

pêcher fish; — à la ligne fish with rod and line, angle péch-eur, -eresse sinner peigner comb; mal peigné, -e illkempt, with frowsy hair peindre paint, portray, depict peine /. difficulty, pain(s), trouble, labor; une — infinie no end of trouble; avec — , laboriously; faire — à qqn fill . . . with sorrow; en porter la — , (MU) suffer for it; donnez-vous la — d’ (entrer) be so good as to . . .; ce n’est pas la — , it isn’t worth while; à — , hardly, scarcely; à — vêtue d’un jupon en loques (VC) wearing hardly anything but, etc.; à — (fus-je venu au monde,) que, etc. hardly . . . ,

when, etc.; c’était à — si j’avais (le temps de lui répondre) I could scarcely get . . .

peiner pain, grieve peintre m. painter peinture /. painting, paint pêle-mêle m. jumble pèlerinage m. pilgrimage pelisse /. fur coat pelle /. shovel

peloton m. platoon; — d’exécution firing squad; feu de — , platoon firing, volley

penaud, -e abashed, sheepish pencher lean; se — , bend (down), stoop

pendant during, for; — - que while pendre hang (up); faire — , cause ... to be hanged; pendus au gibet swinging on the gallows; ce qui leur pendait à l’oreille (T) what kind of music they were going to have to face pendule /. (portable) clock, timepiece; — --borne mantel clock shaped like a borne (here a boundary stone with a spreading base) pénétrant, -e piercing pénétration /. sagacity, keenness of insight

pénétrer (dans) go (through), make one’s way (into), go or get (into); — - jusqu’à make one’s way as far as; pénétré, -e (de) deeply impressed, filled or imbued (with) pénible painful, trying, hard, difficult

péniblement painfully pénitent, -e penitent, Penitent (a name distinguishing certain Roman Catholic orders, such as the Penitents of St. Magdalen, the White Penitents, the Black Penitents, etc.)

pensée /. thought, idea, mind, reflexion; étroites — s narrow ideas, prejudices

penser think, reflect, imagine; (Maître Hauchecome) . . . pensa (F) . . . bethought himself ; vous pensez (quelle humiliation) you can imagine; on pense (quel coup) you can easily imagine; — à think of (direct one’s mind

VOCABULARY

to) ; — de think of ( have an opinion as to)

pensi-f, -ve thoughtful, pensive; il souriait, • — , he was smiling, pensively

pension /. board, meals pente /. slope; en — , sloping perçant, -e sharp, shrill perce /.: mettre en — , tap, broach percepteur to. (tax) collector perception /. collection (of taxes), collectorship

percer pierce, bore a hole in or run through; poches percées torn (leaking) pockets; être percée (of a window) be situated, set in; une porte percée dans (un long mur) a door opening through percevoir perceive, collect (taxes) percher or se — , perch, roost perçu- see percevoir perdre lose, waste, ruin; with neg.

(R) not fail to observe; se — , be lost, lose one’s way;^ n’étaitce pas à en — la tête (Ét) wasn’t it enough to make one lose his head (on account of it)l p.p.

perdu, -e lost, ruined, done for, doomed; les yeux perdus (AM) gazing vacantly; une balle perdue a stray bullet père to. father, head (of a family); often applied to elderly men (generally married) affectionately or familiarly: le — Rouleau (BM) old Mr. Rouleau; le — X papa (daddy) X pérégrination /. (a) journey (or travel) in foreign lands perfide treacherous; un — , a traitor

péril m. peril, danger périlleu-x, -se perilous, dangerous périodique periodical; promenade — , constitutional périr perish

péristyle to.: (elle resta un moment) sous le — de l’escalier (R) behind the colonnade supporting the stairway perle /. pearl; faire la — , bubble when stirred perlé, -e pearly

permettre (à) permit, allow; —

à qqn de + inf. enable ... to ... ; se — (une pareille démarche) venture to take permi- see permettre permission /. permission, leave pérorer hold forth, orate perpendiculairement perpendicularly- couchés — aux premiers (T) lying with their feet toward those already mentioned perpétuel, -le everlasting perplexe perplexed, puzzled perquisition /. (strict) search; faire des — s institute an official search

perron to. perron, flight of steps (with masonry terrace, outside a bldg.), steps

perroquet to. parrot; mât — , topgallant mast perruque/, wig persan, -e (modern) Persian Perse /. Persia; tapis de — , Persian carpet (= P. rug) persistance /. persistency persister persist, keep it up personnage to. person, individual, character; les principaux — s (d’une ville) the leading citizens personne (1) /. person; ma — , myself, my own person; une jeune —, a girl, a young lady; deux charmantes — s (Mbl) two charming (young) creatures personne (2) to. pron. (with or without ne) nobody, anybody, no one, anyone; — d’entre nous none of us

perspective /. outlook, prospect persuader persuade, convince perte /. loss, ruin, death; à — de vue as far as the eye can (could) reach

pesant, -e heavy

pesée /.: par la — sur la charrue by bending heavily over the plough pèse-liqueur to. hydrometer (graduated glass tube ending in a bulb and stem, used for determining the specific gravity of liquids, hence the alcoholic content of liquors) peser weigh; bear, lie, hang, rest (sur on); (of a suspicion) hang (over one)

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

pétard to. ( MP ) firecracker (in Daudet’s story, an anachronism:

firecrackers were not known in Europe until after the lith century) pétiller crackle, sparkle petiote [to. petiot] little pet, tiny girl, little lass

petit, -e little, small, petty; — es voitures (Par) cabs; petit ordre minor; au — trot at a slow trot; — commis petty clerk; — s clercs (MP) choir-boys; des — s verres (MD) glasses of brandy; - maître dandy; — e-fille granddaughter; le — jour dawn, daybreak; un — air de ... a bit the look of ... ; elle prit une — e figure (AM) she began to have a nice little face; de — es murailles (AM) bits of wall; le — , the little boy; la — e the little lass; cette toute — e [étoile] (Ét) that tiny one; les — s (AIDS) the little ones

petite-fille /. granddaughter petitesse /. smallness, meanness; les — s les plus dures (R) the most trying kinds of pettiness petit-maître to. dandy pétrifier petrify

petto: in — , dial, in one’s breast) at heart, secretly pétulant, -e saucy, frisky peu little, few; not very, not at all, seldom; peu de little, not much, few; peu de chose nothing much, hardly anything; peu à peu little by little; à peu près about, nearly; dans peu [de temps] shortly; tant soit peu a (wee) bit, just a bit; peu croyable hardly credible; peu élégante inelegant, not very refined; un peu sévère rather stern; trop peu agréable too unpleasant; laissez un peu que je . . . do let me ... ; un peu bien nés of rather good birth; le peu de plumes the few feathers; le peu de confortable (VC) the uncomfortableness

Peules to. pi. name of an African race of Arab and negro blood (in Senegambia and along the Niger)

peuple to. (a) people; le — , the plain people, the masses; filles du — , girls of humble origin peupler (de) people (with), throng or enliven (with) peuplier to. poplar peur /. fear; de — de for fear of; avoir — , fear, be afraid (or frightened); avoir — que ne (+ subjunc.) fear lest; faire — à (qqn) scare, frighten; ça fait — , it frightens one peut see pouvoir

peut-être (que) perhaps; peut-être songeait-il (BM) perhaps he thought (note inversion of subject and verb after peut-être) pharaon to. (game of) faro (a card game “ in which all the other players play against the dealer or banker, staking their money upon the order in which the cards will lie and be dealt from the pack ”) Phénix to. Phénix, a fabulous bird of ancient mythology ; there was but one, which, however, could rise from its own ashes and reassume its original form ( like * a white blackbird, something very rare)

philosophe to. philosopher, deep thinker; fam. (MD) student of philosophy

phrase /. sentence, (occasionally) phrase, words; — s pompeuses pompous speech

physionomie /. countenance, face, look, expression physique physical piaffer paw the ground, prance piailler squall

Picard, -e native of Picardy, Picard

picholine /. (Provençal pichoulino):

olives à la — , pickled olives picorer (of a bird) peck about for food, pick up food pie/, magpie

Pie X (Mbl) Pius X, an imaginary pope; in Musset’s time there was a pope Pius IX (1846-78), but Musset is punning; see pie pièce /. piece, coin (also — de monnaie coin); gun; room, chamber;

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

la — , ( adv .) for each, apiece; mettre en — s blow into bits, tear to shreds; ( document ) une

— à l’appui de a bit of evidence in support of; — à conviction ( BM ) material evidence; — de théâtre play

pied to. foot; le — sûr sure-footed; — s nus barefoot; vers comptés par — s ( J ) verses counted according to feet, as in Latin; à — , on foot, afoot, walking; il est à — par les chemins ! (R) he’s tramping somewhere on the roads! — à — , step by step; coup de — , kick; mettre — à terre get down, alight; se tenir sur la pointe des — s stand on tiptoe

Pied-de-Mouton ( M D ) Sheep’sfoot Inn {presumably displaying a sheep’s foot on the sign over its entrance )

piège m. trap, snare Piémont to. Piedmont (a province of N.W. Italy, bordering on France) pierre /. stone, (à fusil) flint; fusil à — , flintlock; — - à feu flint; (bâti) sur de la — , on stonework, on masonry; en — , (of) stone Pierre to. Peter; — de Provence (. Ét ) name given in S. France to the planet Saturn

pierreries/, pi. gems, precious stones Pierrette /. of Pierre, no Engl, equiv.

pieu to. {pi. pieux) stake, pile pigeon to. pigeon; — ramier {Mbl) or simply ramier wood pigeon pigeonnier to. pigeon house pilier to. pillar, mainstay {regular customer )

piller [pije] loot, pillage pilon to. pestle, rammer, drumstick; {fig.) of a wooden leg pilote to. pilot pince-nez to. eyeglasses pincer pinch, squeeze (together);

— le bec {Mbl), a parody of — les lèvres purse one’s lips {as if to avoid saying something improper); en pinçant le bec avec une pudeur britannique shutting her beak tight, etc.

pingouin to. penguin

pioche /. mattock

piquant, -e stinging, biting, pointed;

. (fig-) spicy piquer peck (out) pire worse, worst

pis adv. worse; tant —, so much the worse

pistolet to. pistol

pitié (de, pour) /. pity (on, for); un ceil de — , a pitying eye; faire — - à qqn excite one’s pity; pleurer de — , weep out of compassion

pitoyable pitiable pittoresque picturesque place /. place, spot, room, seat, town square, market place; {mil.) stronghold; à sa — , in his stead, instead; sur — , on the premises, on the spot; sur la — , at the market place; les murmures de la — et de la nuit ( R ) the faint sounds in the town square, etc.; faire — à make room for; prendre — , sit down; tenaient si peu de — , {S-N) had so small a share; nous restons maîtres de la — , (A 1UST) we are still in control of the position placer place, set, stow; être placée {S-N) be set at work {after passing the prerequisite exams.); se — , station oneself, stand plafond to. ceiling; {fig.) canopy plage /. beach, shore, strand plaindre pity, be sorry for; être à - — , deserve pity; se — , complain, lament

plaine /. plain, lowland; field plainte/, lamentation, wail, groan, sigh; — s sourdes low (muffled) groaning

plainti-f, -ve doleful, plaintive, wailing, mournful plaire (à) please, be pleasing (to), be liked (by), win one’s good will; — à qqn de + inf. suit one’s convenience to ... ; s’il vous plait if you please, {Mbl) I should like to know; . . . attendait qu’il lui plût de sortir . . . was waiting until it suited his convenience to leave; plût au ciel que ... !

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

would to Heaven that ... ! comme il vous plaira as you please plaisant, -e funny, laughable, droll;

pleasing; un —, a wag, a joker plaisanter joke, jest, be merely “playing”; banter, chaff plaisanterie f. joke, fun; par — , for a joke, in jest

plaisir to. pleasure, delight, enjoyment; par —, (AM) for the sheer pleasure of doing so; travailler pour le — , work for the pleasure of it; faire — à give pleasure to; faire à qqn le — de + inf. do one the favor of ... ; prendre — à take pleasure in, enjoy

plan to. plan, map, sketch map planche /. plank, board; — s planking, boarding

plancher to. ( cf . planche) floor, flooring plante /. plant

planté, -e : bien — , sturdy, hale and hearty

planter (de) plant (with), set planteur to. planter plaque /. plate, slab plat (1) [pla], plate [plat] flat, mean, pointless, commonplace; à — ventre flat on the ground plat (2) to. plate, platter, servingdish, dish ( each course at a meat); — s du pays home dishes plat-bord to. gunwale [gun’l] plateau to. tray plate-bande /. flower bed plate-forme /. platform plâtras to. rubbish; pi. rubbish heaps

plâtre to. plaster, mortar; battre comme — , (fig.) wallop soundly Pléiade /. Pleiades, a group of several hundred stars in the constellation Taurus. It is popularly called la Poussinière, the chicken coop. To the seven largest stars of the group the Greeks gave mythological names. Several coteries of poets have taken the name Pleiades

plein, -e full; il avait le cœur — , his heart was full to overflowing; à — cœur to one’s heart’s con¬

tent; en — champ out in the fields; en — chapitre before the whole chapter; en — - join: in broad daylight; en — juillet in mid-July ( with all its heat); en

— vent (Mbl) in a gale pléni-er (rare), -ère plenary pléonastique redundant pleurer weep, shed tears, cry pleuvoir rain, pour (in), shower, fall

in showers, come in multitudes;

— à verse rain in torrents, pour pli to. fold, wrinkle; un — de

colère au front (AM) an angry frown (on his forehead) plier fold (up); pliée en deux (BM) bent double; plié, -e en quatre double-folded

plisser : — les lèvres compress one’s lips (to express derisive doubt) plomb to. lead, leading (of windows) ;

de — , lead (adj.), leaden plombé, -e leaden (hue) plonger plunge, sink, dive plu see plaire and pleuvoir pluie /. rain, shower, wetting (Mbl) ;

un jour de — , a rainy day plumage to. plumage, feathers plume /. feather, pen, quill; femme de — , (Mbl) authoress (woman who wields a pen). Musset is playing with words; the normal expression is homme de plume ; femme de plume is a “ woman” with feathers, i.e., a bird. Note that plume and plumes are phonetically identical plumer pluck (a bird) plupart (de) : la — , most (of . . .), the majority (of . . .) plus more, most; ne . . . — , no longer, not again; — que lui more than he, but, before a numeral, — de deux more than two; le (la, les) — , (the) most;

— • • • , — . . . the more . . . , the more ... ; ni — ni moins qu’(un poulet) just like; au — , at most; de — , besides, in addition, more; pas une minute de — , not one minute longer; de — - en — , more and more; le moment était on ne peut — favorable (T) the moment was most happily cho-

VOCABULARY AND NOTES 347

sen; ce que j’avais vu de — beau the most beautiful thing I had ever seen; le — tard possible as late as possible; in negations:

nous ne découvrions — de trace de route we could no longer find any trace of a road; — de Quiquet no more Q.; lui non — ne possédait pas, etc. (AM) he, too, hadn’t; ni moi non — , nor I either; (le démon) ne le lâcha — , ( Élix ) never let him go again; que je ne te voie — ! may I never see you again ! je ne sais — , (AM) that’s all I know about it; il ne restait — que . . .

the only thing left was ... ; il ne demanda — que . . .

he limited his demand to ... ; il n’y est — • guère retourné (S-N) he has hardly been back there since; il n’était — qu’un arbre dépouillé de ses feuilles (J) he was (or had become) nought but, etc.; je n’entendis — rien I heard nothing further; tu n’as — rien you’ve nothing else; ü ne s’en séparait — , (BM) henceforward he never let it out of his sight; il ne s’arrêta — , (AM) he kept it up; la maison n’avait — un souffle (AM) in the house not a breath could now be heard; lorsqu’ils ne me trouveront — , (AM) when they find I’ve escaped plusieurs several plût see plaire and pleuvoir plutôt rather; écoutez — , but listen

poche /. pocket

poêle [pwal] to. stove

poème to. poem

poésie /. poetry, poesy, poem

poète m. poet

poétique poetic, about poetry poids to. weight, load, burden poignant, -e poignant, harrowing poignard to. dagger poignarder stab (with a dagger) poignée/, handful poignet to. wrist, wristband poil to. hair, coat (of hair) ; le — sur sa peau (AITS) all the hair on

his skin; chapeaux à longs — s (F) long-napped hats poindre (of heights) loom up poing to. fist, hand; montrer le — (à) shake one’s fist (at); frapper du — , (intr.) pound (on) the table; (serrer) les — s (dans des menottes) (MD) wrists point (1) to. point; à — , just right, perfectly; au dernier — , in the highest degree; en tout — , in every way

point (2) neg. (with or without ne) not (at all), never, not even, etc.; peu ou — de discipline little or no discipline; — de neige no snow whatever (except in folk speech, point is usually more emphatic than pas and is more or less bookish ); c’est — tant la chose (F) it ain’t so much the thing itself (note colloquial c’est point for ce n’est point); non — , not at all

pointe /. (sharp) point, very top, tip, tiptop; spike (of a helmet); à — , pointed; casque à — , spiked helmet; sur la — du pied (des pieds) on tiptoe; sur ses — s on tiptoe

pointu, -e pointed, sharpened (at the end)

poire/, pear; — (à poudre) powderhorn

poisson to. fish

poitrine /. breast, bosom, chest;

(fluxion) de — , of the lungs polaire polar; pole(-sfor) poli, -e polished, well-bred police /. police; agent de — , policeman; bonnet de — , foragecap; salle de — , guardroom poliment politely

polisson to. young scamp, naughty child, mischievous boy politesse /. politeness; avec — , politely

politique (1) political; (2) /. policy

polonais, -e Polish; noun Pole pommade/, pomade, pomatum pommader smear with pomade pomme/, apple; — de terre potato pompeu-x, -se pompous

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

pompon m. topknot, tuft ponceau to. poppy; adj. ( inv .), poppy red, flaming red ponctuel, -le punctual, always on time

ponctuellement scrupulously, in every detail

pondre lay (eggs), hatch (out a brood)

Poniatowski, Joseph Prince Joseph- Anthony P., a Polish general (1762-1813) whom, in 1809, Napoleon appointed lieutenant general and minister for Poland ( Grandduchy of Warsaw). P. joined N.

in his campaign against Russia (1812). His valor at the battle of Leipzig won him a marshal’s bâton, but three days later, while trying to cover the French retreat, he was attacked on the banks of the Elster and, being in danger of capture, rode his horse into the flooded river and was drowned.

(Larousse)

pont m. bridge, deck ponte m. punter (in faro, any player except the banker) pontife m. pontiff (pope) populaire popular porche m. porch, portico portafeuille (F) Norman patois for portefeuille

portail to. doorway, gateway, gate, portal

porte f. door, doorway, doorstep (F); sur les — s (AM) in the (or their) doorways; fermer sa — , (fig.) not be at home (to receive visits); mettre à la — , turn out of doors; le passage des Portes de Fer (VC) presumably an allusion to an episode in the capture of the Arab stronghold of Constantine in Oct. 1837, portrayed in three great paintings which Horace Vernet exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1839

porte-bannière m. standard bearer portée /. range (reach) ; à quelques — s de fusil a few gunshots away portefaix m. porter; (fig., symbolizing strength, Mbl) “prizefighter ” or “ navvy ”

portefeuille to. pocketbook, wallet porter carry, bear, wear (garments), bring, raise; — la main (à son front) raise one’s hand; en — - la peine (Mbl) suffer for it; l’effort allait — (du côté de la campagne) (AM) the resistance was going to be made; for se — , also move, turn, be directed; se — sur la route (AM) go out upon the highway

porteu-r, -se bearer, carrier porti-er, -ère doorkeeper, portress portrait to. portrait, likeness poser lay, set, put (down); ask (a question ); hold (an opinion); — une règle lay down a rifle; posé en arrière (of a hat) tilted backward; (une mouche) posée sur (le mur) resting on; se — (sur) alight or rest (on) ; se — en . . .

set oneself up as (a) . . .

positi-f, -ve positive, sure possédé, -e person possessed (by the devil)

posséder possess, own, have command of; se — , control oneself possesseur m. owner, possessor possession f. possession, diabolical possession

possible possible, as possible poste (1) /. post, mail; fouet de — , horsewhip

poste (2) to. post, position; à leur — de combat (AM) at their posts

poster post, station; se — , stand, take one’s stand postérité/, offspring postillon m. postilion potager [= jardin — ] m. kitchen garden

pot-au-feu [potofp] m. beef stew (beef boiled with vegetables) potée /. potful; stew potelé, -e plump, chubby potence/, gallows poterie /. pottery, earthenware pouce m. [thumb] inch Pouchkine Alexander Pushkin (1799-1837), a Russian poet, novelist and historian

poudre/, powder, gunpowder; poire à — , powderhorn

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

poudreu-x, -se dusty poule /. hen; — - mouillée chickenhearted fellow, milksop poulet m. chicken poupe /. stern; de — , aft pour for, as for, in respect to, in order to, to, because of ; le — • et le contre the pros and cons; la noce sera — dans huit jours the wedding will be put off till a week from now; — - cette fois this time; jour — jour to a day; gêner qqn — écrire hinder one in writing; mourir — mourir (MD) as well die one death as another; reconnaître — , ( Mbl ) recog¬

nize as; (mon isolement) — être glorieux however glorious (it was) ; • — que je voie so that (in order that) I may see; trop bien — ■ que je méconnaisse (un confrère) too well for me not to be able to recognize pourquoi why pourrir rot

poursuivre pursue, follow, beset, continue, go on (with) pourtant however, nevertheless, for all that, yet

pourvu que + suhjunc. provided pousser push, shove, thrust, drive, urge (on), prompt; utter, breathe (a sigh); spring up, sprout, grow (up); — une porte push open (or shut) a door; — le verrou bolt the door; — ■ du coude nudge; les coudes se poussaient (BM) there was a nudging of elbows; — (un projet) jusqu’au bout carry out, carry through (to the very end); [elle] poussait mal (AM) [she] was slow in getting her growth poussière /. dust, haze, spray; une — ■ de soleil (Ét) sunlit haze; — ■ de neige (MD) fine dry snow poussinière /. chicken coop poutre /. beam

pouvoir (1) be able to, can (could), may (might); il ne pouvait pas ne pas (le rendre) (BM) he could not help; vous pouviez vous tuer (AM) you might have killed yourself; vous avez pu

remarquer (CP) you may have noticed; il a pu vous paraître singulier (C P) it may have seemed queer to you; il aurait pu se reposer he could (might) have taken a rest; n’en pouvant plus (d’émotion et de fatigue) (ATUS) worn out by ... ; que nous ne puissions rien (pour vous) that we can do nothing; rien ne pouvait (contre le démon de l’élixir) (Élix) naught availed; le moment était on ne peut plus favorable the moment was most auspicious; il se peut que ... it may be that ...

pouvoir (2) to. power prairie /. meadow, pasture praticien to. practitioner pratique (1) practical; (2) /. practice, experience, practical side; vieille — , (F) commonly applied, to a frequenter of evil resorts, old scamp pratiquer practise pré to. meadow, pasture préau to. yard (amid buildings) précaution /. precaution, caution;

avec — -, cautiously précédent, -e preceding, before précéder precede précepte to. precept prêcher preach

précieusement with great care précieu-x, -se valuable, precious précipitamment in haste précipitation /. haste; avec — , in

haste

précipité, -e: (sa respiration forte

et) — e gasping

précipiter: se — -, fling oneself, rush, dash (out), dart (forward) précis, -e precise; à six heures — es at exactly six o’clock; à l’heure — e où at the very horn when précisément precisely, exactly so;

(BM) as fate would have it précision /. precision, preciseness, accuracy

prédire foretell, predict préfecture /. office or district of a (the) prefect; — de police police headquarters préférer prefer (to)

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

préfet to. prefect ( chief magistrate of a department)

premi-er, -ère first, chief, foremost; former, earlier, already mentioned; le — (chapelet) the other, the original; au — étage (according to gen. American usage) on the second floor; (au pied du) — saule nearest willow tree; le — - moutardier the head mustard maker; tirer le — , be the first to shoot

Prémontrés m. Premonstrants (members of a religious order founded in 1120) pren- see prendre prendre take, take hold of (on), grasp, catch, seize, clasp, capture, get, hit (upon), take on (a look); take (pick) up, assume; carry off; se — • la main clasp hands;

— par terre pick up off the ground; aller — , go to get; — des dispositions make arrangements; (sa résolution) fut prise was made;

— son courage à deux mains (Mbl) pluck up one’s courage; Ù prit feu (CP) he blazed (with, anger); elle prit une petite figure (AM) properly elle eut (began to have), etc.; — garde à heed or notice; — en patience bear patiently; pris de pitié filled with pity; Françoise fut prise d’angoisse (AM) F. was stricken with an agony of fear; intrans. with à or dative : s’il prenait fantaisie à la cabaretière de . . . if the barmaid took it into her head to ... ; il me prit un éblouissement (Mbl) I was seized by a giddiness; se — à + inf. begin to (go about); je me pris à penser I fell to thinking

préoccupation/, preoccupation; — s cares

préoccuper preoccupy; engross (the interest of)

préparatifs m. pi. preparations préparer prepare, get (make) ready; (une résistance) préparée duly arranged

près near, near by; à peu — , nearly, (just) about; de (si) — , (so)

close; — de near (to), close to, beside; voler — d’elle (Mbl) fly to her; — de la reine Jeanne to the court of Queen Joan; — de + inf. on the point of presbytère m. rectory, vicarage présence /. presence, sight; en — de in the presence of présent, -e (1) present, now; (2) to. present; en — , as a gift; jusqu’à — , thus far; dès à — , from now on

présenter present, offer; — (mes hommages) pay; se — (chez) appear, call (on); se — à l’Académie (tech.) seek election to the Academy

préserver (de) preserve, save (from) président to. presiding judge presque almost

pressant, -e pressing, urgent, (of danger) imminent pressé, -e anxious, hurried pressentiment to. presentiment, foreboding

pressentir have some idea of, have a foreboding of

presser press (close) ; squeeze, clasp, urge, hurry; se — , hurry, hasten; ne pas se — , take one’s time; se — autour de crowd round prestance /. noble bearing (or look) preste quick

prêt, -e (à) prepared or ready (to) prétendant to. suitor prétendre claim (to), assert, allege, state; intend; [elle] prétendit seule savoir (R) she averred she was the only person who knew; je prétends (me comporter) I intend . . .

prétention /. pretension, claim; affecter la — de assume the right to

prêter lend, impart; pay (attention) prêteur to. lender

prétexte to. pretext; sous — de under (the) pretence of prétexter allege prêtre to. priest

preuve /. proof; à — Tistet Védène let T. V. be my witness prévenance /. thoughtfulness, consideration

VOCABULARY AND NOTES 351

prévenir anticipate, forestall, prevent; warn, inform prévoir foresee prévu, -e p.p. of prévoir prier pray, request, entreat, invite; je t’en prie I beg you (please); se faire — , require urging prière /. prayer, entreaty, request prieur to. prior prince to. prince; good fellow principal, -e principal, leading ( citizens ), chief, main principalement especially principe to. principle, primary cause; il avait pour — , it was his set conviction; le — de la vie the springs of life; dans le — , ( MP ) at the outset

printani-er, -ère of springtime, full of springtide freshness printemps to. spring pri- see prendre

prise f. hold, prize (a prize ship or “capture”)

prison /. prison; — s d’état state dungeons

prisonni-er, -ère prisoner privation/, hardship priver deprive privilégié, -e privileged prix to. price, cost, rate probable likely, plausible probablement probably, (very) likely

probant, -e conclusive probe honest, upright probité /. honesty, uprightness procédé to. proceeding, way (of doing things)

procéder (à) proceed (to), go on (with)

procès-verbal to. (official) report prochain, -e nearest, neighboring, coming, approaching proche near

procurer procure, provide, get procureur to. attorney, public prosecutor or prosecuting attorney; - syndic ( R ) general attorney

prodigieusement prodigiously; — de huge quantities of prodigieu-x, -se prodigious, tremendous, amazing

produire produce, bring forth; se- — -, occur, happen profil to. profile, outline profit to. gain, advantage, personal advantage

profiter (de) profit (by), avail oneself (of)

profond, -e deep, deeply rooted, profound, fervent; — et doux (of a forest ) profoundly peaceful; un — ennui [prôfàtünqi] utter boredness; une terreur — e (Peur) overmastering terror profondément deeply, soundly; — absorbée deeply absorbed in thought; — endormie fast asleep profondeur/, depth, depths proie /. prey; en — à a prey to projet to. plan, scheme projeter project, cast prolongé, -e long-drawn-out prolonger prolong, lengthen, extend; se — , extend promenade /. walk, drive, ride; faire une — , go out for (take) a walk etc.; leur — périodique their constitutional; sa — , (AM) his tread (his walking) promener take out for a walk etc.;

— le (son) regard sur survey;

— ses regards look about; — sa curiosité dans le pays (BM) roam inquisitively about the neighborhood; se — , go for (take) a walk, walk about, stroll; aller se — , go (out) for a walk; il s’alla — , (VC) archaic for il alla se —, he hied himself off for a stroll

promettre promise promi- see promettre promise /. betrothed, future bride, (fam.) sweetheart

prompt, -e [pro(t)] prompt, quick, quickly made

promptement [prôtma] promptly promptitude/, [protityd] quickness pronom to. pronoun prononcer pronounce, declare (solemnly), speak, state, proclaim; se — , declare oneself prophète to. prophet proportion /. proportion; pi. size, magnitude

propos to. remark, talk; à — , by the way; à tout — , continually, at every turn; échanger des — s exchange ideas proposer propose, offer proposition/, proposition, proposal, offer, overture (s)

propre own; clean, neat, tidy; nous voilà — s ! we’re in a pretty fix !

proprement: à — parler properly speaking

propreté /. cleanness, neatness propriétaire to. or f. owner, landowner, landlord, landlady propriété/, property, estate pro-recteur to. vice rector ( officer authorized to -preside over a German university as acting head, the nominal head being the reigning prince )

prose/, prose; pi. pieces in prose prospérité /. prosperity prosterné, -e prostrate prosterner: se — , prostrate oneself protection /. protection, patronage protéger protect

protestation /. protest or protestation of innocence protester protest proue /. bow, prow prouver prove, show provençal, -e Provençal; à la — e in Provençal style Provence /. Provence ( Latin provincial a great region in S.E.

France; ruled until 1487 by its own kings and, after them, for a time, by its counts proverbe to. proverb, old saw providence /. providence, God province /. province; en — , in the provinces, in the country (outlying districts); dans sa — , (VC) in his (own) province (just where he is happiest to settle down) ; de — , provincial, country . . . , “ countrified ”

provision /. store, stock, supply, food; faire sa — (de) lay in one’s stock (of); prendre des — s stock one’s larder; faire des — s plus considérables lay in a larger stock of provisions provoquer call forth, give rise to

prudemment prudently, cautiously,

warily

prudence/, prudence, caution; avec — -, cautiously; par — , as a matter of precaution prudent, -e prudent, safe prunelle /. pupil (of the eye) Prusse/. Prussia prussien, -ne Prussian psaume to. psalm pu- see pouvoir

publi-c, -que public, notorious, for hire; accusateur — -, prosecuting attorney; crieur — , town crier; le — , the public

publier publish, make public, expose pudeur /. bashfulness, modesty, sense of propriety (decency)

pui- see pouvoir

puis then (= next), after that, next, later, besides, also puisque [pqisk(o)] since, as, because; — tu me l’as rapportée (Par) but you, etc.

puissance/, power puissant, -e powerful, mighty puits to. well; le Puits des eaux vives (J) cf. Solomon’s Song, iv.

15: “A fountain of gardens, a well of living [[= flouring ] waters ” punch [p5S] to. punch, toddy; bol à — , punch bowl punir (de) punish (for) punition /. punishment pur, -e pure purement purely puss- see pouvoir

quai Pie] to. quay [ki] (stone embankment, with parapet, on a river bank)

qualité /. quality, qualification, capacity

quand when, whenever, as soon as, even if; — même + vb. even if, even though; — même with no vb. nevertheless, notwithstanding

quant: — à as for quantité /. quantity, plenty, a lot quarantaine : une — , about forty quarante forty

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

quarante-huit forty-eight quart m. quarter; un — d’heure quarter of an hour; être de — , stand one’s watch (on French vessels, six hours); officier de — , officer of the watch quartier m. quarter, part of town; (mil.) quarter; nos — s (CP) our lodgings

quasi [kazi] nearly, all but quasi-campagnard almost rustic quasiment [kazimâ] almost, as it were

quatorze fourteen; (VC) “ fourteen [points] ” scored at piquet for four aces, four kings, etc.

quatre four; — à — , four steps at a time; plié, (~e) en — , double-folded quatre-vingts eighty que (1) conj. and adv. that, so that, as, how; since, when; than; often not to he translated: (a) heureusement que nous . . . fortunately we ... ; répondre que oui say (answer) yes; écoutez que je vous dise (Êlix) listen and I’ll tell you; que personne ne sorte !

(let) nobody go out ! often used to avoid repetition, as in parce que ... et que because . . . and because, and to avoid repeating comme, quand, etc.: comme (as) le. feu s’était ranimé, que (as) la chaleur se répandait . . . , et que (and as) le verrou me parraissait solide; pendant que . . .

et que while . . . and while; quand ... et que when . . . and when; à peine 4- vb. + que hardly . . . , when; il n’avait pas achevé qu’une décharge effroyable eut lieu he had not yet finished speaking when, etc.; il y a quatre ans que je . . . it’s four years since I ... ; il y avait deux heures qu’elle avait quitté le moulin two hours had passed since, etc. ; et que ce fût [subjunc.l, sur la place, au cabaret ou chez lui (BM) and whether it was . . . , or, etc.; il aurait eu un commerce avec les loups . . . , que cela n’aurait surpris personne (AM) he might have had . . . ,

and nobody would have been surprised; si beau que (si bien que) + subjunc. however beautiful (however well) ... ; aussitôt que as soon as; le même que the same as; (b) exclamatively: que diable ! deuce take it ! que tu es bête ! how stupid you are ! qu’il y en a ! que c’est beau ! how many there are ! how beautiful it is ! oh ! que mon cœur sautillait ! oh, how my heart would go pit-a-pat ! qu’il y a peu de cœurs qui, etc. how few are the hearts that, etc.; que le sang coulait vite dans mes veines ! how fast ... ! que de larmes ! how many tears ! (c) before words in apposition: ce n’était pas un saint homme que le capitaine (VC) he was no saint, the captain; c’est quelque chose que d’être un merle blanc it’s worth while to be, etc.; monsieur ne sait pas ce que c’est que la Saint-Nicolas the gentleman doesn’t know what St. Nicholas’ day means; (d) expressing exclusion and the like:

rien que cela nothing but that; il n’y a que ça there is nothing but that; comme s’il n’y avait eu là que Françoise as if there had been nobody there but F.; je n’appris cela que plus tard I did not learn that until later; son cigare ne lui semblait bon que s’il, etc. (VC) his cigar did not seem good to him unless he, etc.; je ne veux vous devoir à rien . . . qu’à vous-même (R) I don’t wish to be indebted for you to anything but to yourself

que (2) rel. pron. whom, that; (in inversions, for shift of emphasis) le bruit du timbre que toucha la dame the sound of the bell rung by the lady; qu’est-ce que c’est ?

what is that?

que (3) interrog. pron. what; que se passe-t-il ? what is happening ?

qu’est-ce qui nous force à partir?

what forces us to leave? mais que faire? (AW S) but what is (was) to be done ?

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

quel, -le what (a), how great, which, who; — le vie what a life; je ne sais — mystère some mystery or other; vous devinez — le (est la personne en question) (CP) you can guess who ... ; quel, -le que + subjunc. whatever, whichever, whoever

quelconque any, of any kind quelque some, any; — chose (de + adj.) something or anything (+ adj.)] pi. some, any, certain, several, a few quelquefois sometimes quelqu’un (-’une), quelques-uns (-unes) somebody, someone, some, a few querelle /. quarrel quereller quarrel with, scold question /. question, enquiry; le voyageur dont il est ici — , the traveler whom we now have in mind; où il était — de, etc.

( VC ) wherein something was said about, etc.; il n’en fut plus — , no one talked about it any more; faire une — , ask or raise a question

questionner question, ply . . . with questions

quête/, search, quest quêteu-r, -se begging, mendicant queue /. tail, tail end (of a storm) qui (1) rel. who, whom, that, which; de qui of whom or whose; par qui vous voudrez (Élix) by whomever (anyone) you please; qui que who(m)ever; (on apercevait des bandes de gros poissons) qui nageaient (AM) swimming about; (et tout Avignon) qui la regardait looking at her; F.

le trouva qui bouchait déjà, etc.

(AM) F. found him already stopping up, etc.; chez qui at whose house; comme qui dirait (Mbl) as one might say, so to speak; (distributive) qui . . . , qui . . . some . . . , others; some . . . , some . . .

qui (2) interrog. who, whom quiconque whoever quinte/. (VC) quint (a sequence, in piquet, of five cards of like color)]

rêvant de — et quatorze dreaming of having command of all the cards

quinzaine fortnight; de — , fortnightly

quinze fifteen; — jours two weeks, a fortnight

quitte: être — avec qqn be quits with, be (get) rid of . . .

quitter leave, leave off, part with, drop, throw (off)

quoi (1) interrog. or excl. what; mais — ? (S-N) but what can be done about it? un brosseur,

— ! (VC)..., huh! n’importe de — , (Mbl) of anything whatever (normally de n’importe — ); je ne sais — de tourtereau (Mbl) something turtledoveish

quoi (2) rel. which, what; sur — , whereupon; de — se donner au diable enough to drive one to despair; il y avait bien de — , there was a good reason why; il y aurait de — se rompre, etc.

one might easily break, etc.; de — faire (une bonne potée) everything necessary to make . . .;

— que je dise whatever I say;

— qu’il arrive whatever happens;

— qu’il en soit however that may be; — qu’il en soit de votre mérite whatever the truth may be as to, etc.

quoique although, (even) though quotidien, -ne daily

rabais m. lower price rabattre bring (pull, turn) down, lower

raccommoder mend, patch up, “ fix up,” set to rights race /. race, stock, breed, pedigree;

(fig.) kind racine/, root

raclée /. beating, thrashing, licking raconter tell (about), narrate; eurent à — une fable had a story to tell

radieu-x, -se radiant, beaming (with joy)

radoter rave, gabble

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

rafale /. squall, blast raffoler (de) be passionately fond (of), be crazy (about) rafraîchir cool

rafraîchissement m. refreshing coolness; pi. refreshments ragaillardir cheer up rag e/. rage, anger, passion; avec — , in (a) rage

raide stiff, rigid, unbending; tuer — , kill ... on the spot (or outright)

raideur/, stiffness raidir stiffen; se — , draw oneself up stiffly, stiffen raie /. streak, beam (0/ light) railleu-r, -se jesting, bantering railleusement banteringly, mockingly

raison /. reason (s), explanation, motive, ground; avoir — , be right; rendre — à give satisfaction to

raisonnable reasonable, reflective, thoughtful

raisonné, -e rational, supported by argument, reasoned (out) raisonnement m. reason, reasoning, arguing

ralentir slacken, slow down râler breathe hoarsely, have a rattling in the throat ramassé, -e thickset, heavy ramasser pick up rame (1) /. oar rame (2) /. ream (of paper) ramener bring (take, lead) back; — un cheval en main lead a horse home ramer row rameur m. oarsman ramier m. wood pigeon or ringdove; see pigeon rampe /. railing, rail, balustrade ramper creep, crawl rancune/, grudge, spite rancuni-er, -ère spiteful, vindictive rang m. row, rank; se mettre sin: les — s enter the running (jam.

try to get the job); rompre les — s break ranks rangée/, row

ranger range, set in order, put to rights; — en bataille draw up

in battle array; se — , (mil.) form in line (standing abreast) ranimer revive, cheer up; se — , revive, come back to life, brighten up; (of embers or aflame) flare up again

râpé, -e threadbare, shabby rapide swift, fleet, quick, fast; arme — , nimble weapon rapidement quickly, fast rapidité /. swiftness, speed; avec — , swiftly

rapiécer patch, patch up rappeler call back, recall; — qqch à qqn remind one of; se — , recollect, recall

rapport m. report, relation rapporter bring (carry) back, return; tell; record (in a book etc.)] se — à refer to; s’ en — à leave it to, rely on rapprocher bring nearer together; se — (de) draw nearer (together), (fig.) become reconciled (with) rapt [rapt] m. abduction rare infrequent, unusual, scanty, scarce; les — s fois the few times rareté/, scarcity

ras : velours — , short-napped velvet raser [raze] shave rassasier satiate, glut rassembler bring together, assemble rasseoir: se — , sit down again rassi- see rasseoir rassurer reassure, tranquillize, cheer up; plus rassuré more confident rat [ra] m. rat; comme des — s (M D) [eyes] like a rat’s rata m. (mil. or common slang) stew (often composed mainly of potatoes or beans)

râteau m. rake; le Râteau ou les Trois rois (Orion) (Êt) the Belt (of Orion, imagined as a “rake” when to the three central stars we add the nebula as the end of a long handle)

Ratier (AIDS) a proper name coined, or employed, by Maupassant to cast additional ridicule on the colonel of militia, also marchand de drap, who was decorated for false heroism; ratier means ratter or one who has queer notions, or

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

a journeyman tailor who takes home cloth on which to work ratifier ratify, seal ( a bargain) rattacher fasten, link: se — à be connected with, belong to, cling to

rattraper catch again, overtake rauque hoarse, harsh, rough ravage (s) m. devastation, havoc, ruin

ravager lay waste ravin m. ravine, gorge ravir delight, enrapture ; ravi (-e) de delighted (highly pleased) with raviser: se — , change one’s mind rayer strike out, cancel rayon m. ray, beam; — de miel honeycomb rayonnant, -e radiant rayonnement to. radiance rayonner beam, be radiant razzia/, raid réalité/, reality rebelle rebellious reboucher stop up (again) rébus [rebys] m. rebus, a kind of riddle wherein a name, phrase, or sentence is represented by objects whose names offer homonyms ( e.g ., an eye = I) or by other words with similar sounds rebut m. riffraff, trash réception /. reception; salle de — , drawing-room recette /. receipt, recipe receveur m. collector, receiver of tax payments; — de l’enregistrement registrar

recevoir receive, entertain; get réchapper: en — , escape ( from a serious danger ); si j’en réchappe if I get out of this recharger load again réchaud m. chafing dish, heater recherche /. inquiry, research recherché, -e sought after, courted, in (great) demand, select rechercher search for, try to find, seek, inquire (as to), investigate; — ... en mariage seek ( a lady’s ) hand; see recherché, -e récit to. narration, account, recital, statement, tale réciter recite

réclamation /. claim, protest, complaint, objection

réclamer claim, demand, ask for, implore, protest, object reçoi- see recevoir récolte/, crop, harvest récolter get in (a crop) recommander (qqch à qqn) recommend, urge

recommencer begin (or do) again récompense (de) /. reward (for); vingt francs de — , a reward of twenty francs

récompenser (de) reward (for) reconduire take (escort) back, show . . . (the way) out; — jusqu’à see ... as far as

reconnaissance /. gratitude (de for), acknowledgment; envoyer en — , (mil.) send . . . (out) on a reconnaissance; des — s reconnoitring parties

reconnaître recognize, acknowledge, admit; reconnoiter reconter tell again recoucher: se — , he down again recourir have recourse recouvert, -e see recouvrir recouvrer get back, recover recouvrir cover (all over); se — , become covered again récréer: se — , refresh oneself, take (some) recreation recrue /. recruit reçu m. receipt reçu- see recevoir recueil to. collection recueilli, -e absorbed in thought; (of shade or darkness) peaceful, placid

recueillir gather, collect, pick up; take in, shelter; recueillez bien vos souvenirs try to remember (everything); se — , be (or become) absorbed in contemplation reculé, -e remote

reculer draw (go, fall) back; give way, retreat; — devant shrink from; — de vingt ans en arrière go back twenty years redemander ask (for) again, ask back

redescendre come (or go) down again

VOCABULARY AND NOTES 357

redevenir become again rédhibitoire redhibitory (that annuls a contract) redingote /. frock coat redonner give again, restore redoubler redouble, increase, make still greater; — d’efforts exert oneself still more; le vent redoublait the wind was blowing harder and harder; (des) coups redoublés blow after blow redoutable formidable, dreadful redouter dread

redresser straighten (up); se — , straighten up, sit (stand) upright, stand stiffly réduire reduce, lower; — en miettes smash to atoms réduit m. (little) room réel, -le real, actual réellement really, actually refaire go over . . . again refermer close (or shut) again, close; se — , close again réfléchi, -e reflective, thoughtful; [il] avait son visage — , his face had its thoughtful look réfléchir (à) reflect (on), think (about, over), ponder, weigh the (a) situation; réfléchissez think it over

reflet ra. reflection refléter reflect

réflexion /. reflection; faire — , bethink oneself; je fais une — , (CP) come to think of it; mais,

— faite but, on second thought; toute — faite on thinking it all over

réformer (mil.): un soldat réformé

(CP) a soldier honorably discharged on account of physical disability

réfugier: se — , take refuge, flee, seek shelter refus m. refusal

refuser refuse, withhold, deny; se

— à (des jouissances) hold aloof from; après s’y être longtemps refusé (CP) having repeatedly refused to do so; se — (de) refuse (to)

regagner regain, get back to; — son logis go home

régaler (de) regale (with), entertain (with), treat (to) regard m. look, glance; tous les — s (AIDS) every eye; le — dans le vide staring into empty space; nos — s (MD) our eyes (= our powers of vision) ; en — de facing (opposite)

regarder look, look at (upon), watch, see, regard (concern); • — fixement gaze (at) ; — si . . .

(look to) see whether ... ; — l’espace look out into space; [il] se regarda passer (dans les glaces) (VC) [he] followed his reflection; ceci ne vous regarde pas this is none of your business régate /. [regatta] sailor tie régime m. (gram.) object règle /. rule; en — , in proper form; en — (avec sa conscience) at peace . . .

règlement m. rule, regulation; pi.

rules and regulations règlementaire according to regulations

régler settle

regret m. regret, longing; des — s désolés despairing regrets regretter regret; miss (something lost); feel (or be) sorry, be sorry to have lost, yearn for réguli-er, -ère regular, even régulièrement regularly, evenly, symmetrically

rein m. kidney; pi. loins, haunches, back; autour des — s round the waist; d’un coup de — s (MP) by a sudden lunge backward reine /. queen reinette /. pippin (apple) rejaillissement m. splash rejeter throw back (or down) rejeton m. scion, offspring rejoindre join again, overtake réjouir gladden, delight, enliven; se — (de) rejoice (at), be delighted (with, at); enjoy oneself; toute réjouie fairly beaming with

joy .

réjouissance/, rejoicmg, festivity relâche m. (theater) “no performance” (temporary closing or discontinuance)

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

reléguer put away or aside relever raise, lift (raise, set up) again; on releva (la tour Pacôme) they restored ... ; il fut relevé (AtVS) he was lifted to his feet; — - une sentinelle relieve a sentinel; — de spring from, depend on, belong to; se — , rise (again) ; (of a ship ) right itself relief m. (sculp.) relief religieu-x, -se religious, devout; un — , a monk

religion /. religion, devoutness reluire glisten, shine reluisant, -e bright, glistening remarquable noteworthy, conspicuous

remarquer note, notice, observe rembarquer: se — , re-embark, (T) again enter seafaring service remède (à) to. remedy (for) remercier (de) thank (for) remettre put (or carry) back (again); — à deliver (hand over, entrust) to; — -du bois au fourneau put more wood in the stove; se — en observation resume one’s watching; elle se remit debout (AM) she stood up (again); je m’y remis [au tir du pistolet] I took it up again; se — en ses mains (A TVS) deliver himself to him; se fit — le prisonnier had the prisoner turned over to him; se — en chemin set forth again; se — à attendre resume one’s waiting; se — à courir begin to run again; se — , (physiologically) recover, regain one’s composure

remonter go (come, climb, run) up (again), rise again, reach up, come back upstairs; — le fossé (AM) go back up the ditch remords to. remorse rempart m. rampart remplacer replace, take the place of; me — , take my place remplir (de) fill or refill (with); fulfil, perform

remporter carry off; gain, win remuer move (or stir) about, stir; fidget; — la tête shake (wag) one’s head (to express disbelief )

renard to. fox; pelisse de — , foxfur coat

rencontre (de) f. meeting (of, with), encounter; aller à la — de go to meet; aller à sa — , go to meet him (her)

rencontrer meet (with), come across, find

rendez-vous to. appointment, promise (to meet), appointed (meeting) place, meeting, gathering rendre return, give (back), restore, deliver; make; — hommage pay homage; — à la liberté set free; — (un son grave) give forth ... ; render (a service ); se — compte de realize; pour vous — compte (Élix) to make your test (of your cordial)-, (cette bête) nous rendait fous was driving us crazy; — ... cher (chère) à endear . . .

to; se —, surrender; se — à (tel endroit) betake oneself to; rendu à destination (BM) having arrived at his destination; j’étais rendu (Mbl) I was worn out renfermer shut up, contain, enclose, hold

renfler swell; renflé, -e swollen, bulging

rengorger: se — , swell up (with pride)

renom to. renown, name, repute renommée f. fame, renown, public report

renoncer à give up, forgo renouveler renew, refresh, repeat renseignement (s) to. information renseigner inform, instruct rente /. interest (money), income, dividends; often pi.; la — , (Mbl) government bonds (the “yield” for investors who bought at par) rentier to. [/. rentière] gentleman of property, man of means rentrer come (go) back, return (home); — dans re-enter; — en rampant (AM) crawl back; — dans l’ordre become orderly again; trans.: quand nous le [le troupeau] rentrons (Ét) when we bring it in; lèvres rentrées receding lips; (des entre-ponts étroits et) rentrés (T) ... sloping

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

renverse: à la — , over backward; manquer tomber à la — , (fig.) be utterly taken aback renverser turn upside down, upset, throw down (back) renvoyer send back (away), dismiss; refer

répandre spread, scatter, pour out; se — , get abroad, scatter, become scattered reparaître reappear réparer repair, mend reparler speak again repartir set out again repas m. meal

repasser: passer et — , go to and fro, go in and out; se — le doigt sous le nez again pass one’s finger . . .

repentir: se — (de) repent répertoire m. repertory répéter repeat, say again répétiteur m. tutor replier fold (up); se — , coil (or double) up, (mil.) fall back, retreat

réplique/, retort, rejoinder, reply répliquer retort, answer in one’s turn (“answerback”) replonger: se — , plunge (or dive) again

répondre (à) answer, reply or respond (to); assure; je vous en réponds take my word for it répons m. (Cath. liturgy) response (s) réponse /. answer, response, reply; avoir — à tout be never at a loss for an answer reporter take (carry, bring) back, return

repos m. rest, pause, peace of mind, retirement

reposé, -e calm, quiet, refreshed, restful, leisurely

reposer rest, lie resting; se — , rest, take one’s rest repousser push away or back, reject, repulse, repel, resent reprendre take (get) back, catch (seize) again, resume (possession of), goon (with) ... ; begin again;

— la clef des champs see clef;

— une route (un chemin) go back by the same way, turn back; —

connaissance regain consciousness; la nature reprit (un calme effrayant) (R) Nature returned to ... ; (le jeune officier) reprit (A WN) continued, went on; reprise d’espoir (AM) taking fresh hope

représentation /. performance représenter represent, portray, fancy; se — , imagine; qu’on se représente (des femmes) let one picture to himself . . .

repri- see reprendre réprimander rebuke réprimer repress, restrain reprise /. darning; à plusieurs — s over and over (again), several times

réprobation (/.): être en — , (F) a peasant’s way of saying be under suspicion (be “ suspicioned ”) reproche m. reproach; (le public) ne m’en ferait pas un — , wouldn’t hold that up against me reprocher (qqch à qqn) reproach réquisition/, (mil.) levy réquisitionnaire m. conscript réservé, -e reserved, shy réserver (à) keep in store, save up (for), keep back réservoir m. great store résigner resign; un ton résigné a tone of resignation résistance /. resistance, opposition; une — préparée a prepared defence

résister (à) resist, hold out (against) résol-v- see résoudre résolu, -e resolute, determined résolution /. resolve, determination, resolute character; ma — fut prompte I made up my mind quickly; prendre la — de resolve to

résonner resound, rattle résoudre resolve, solve respect [respe] m. respect; sauf votre — , with all (due) deference, saving your presence respectable revered, late lamented respecter have (great) regard for, respect

respectueu-x, -se respectful; crainte — se awe

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

respiration/, breathing, breath respirer breathe (in); ici, je respire here I can breathe freely; je ne respirais plus ! (fig.) I had almost ceased to breathe ! les autres respiraient haletants (M D) the others were gasping; (fig.) be manifest

resplendissant, -e resplendent ressasser (fig.) sift again and again;

think over and over ressemblance /. likeness ressembler à look (or be) like ressentir feel (the effects of) ressort to. spring ressortir go out (again) ressource/, resource, means ressusciter revive, resuscitate restant to. remainder; les dix — s the ten that remain (ed) restauration /. restoration reste to. remainder, remnant, rest;

du — , however, besides rester remain, stay, be left (behind), linger, stop, stand; il ne reste que . . . there’s nothing left but ... ; qu’il lui restait which he still had; — en arrière lag behind; ils ne resteront que trop sur leurs pieds (T) they’ll be kept standing more than enough; (le paysan) resta suffoqué (F) . . .

choked (so that he could not speak); il resta stupéfait he stood aghast; tout en restant délicate though still delicate restituer give back, pay (up) résultat to. result, outcome rétablir re-establish, restore; le silence s’était rétabli silence had come again; se — , recover (one’s strength)

retard to. delay; en — , behind time, late

retarder delay

retenir keep (or hold) back, keep hold of, detain retentir resound, ring (forth) retenue/, self-control retirer (de) draw back (from), take (from), take away, extract; (l’argent) qu’il retira de quelques prises . . . that he got out of some captures; — qqch à qqn

take . . . away or withdraw . . .

from one; un jardin retiré a secluded garden; se —, withdraw, look for a safer place retomber fall again, fall back retour to. return; — offensif counter attack; faire — à revert to

retourner return (go back), turn inside out; en rêvant de roi retourné dreaming that he had turned up a king; se — , turn round (over), look about retracer recall

retraite /. retreat, retirement, pension, withdrawal; en — , retired; battre en — , fall back; mettre à la — , retire (an officer) on pension; faires des — s si fréquentes go so often into seclusion; au fond de sa — , in the depths of his refuge

retranchement to. retrenchment, intrench ment

rétrospecti-f, -ve retrospective (looking back)

retrouver find (again), rediscover, recover (a quality), get back; meet with (again); look up (a 'person)] find waiting for one; pour aller — votre diner (S-N) to get back to, etc.; se — , find one’s way again or get back (à to), meet again réunion /. gathering, meeting réunir bring together, join, unite;

se — , gather, meet réussir (à) succeed (in), be a success; turn out (well); trans. succeed with, do successfully revanche /.: en — , to make up for that, on the other hand rêvasserie /. musing, idle dream rêve to. dream réveil to. awaking réveiller wake (up); se — , wake (up), re-awake

révéla-teur, révéla-trice revealing,

telltale

révélation/, disclosure révéler reveal, disclose revenant to. ghost revenir come back, return; reviens-nous (CP) come back to

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

us; — sur ses pas retrace one’s steps; ce qui lui revenait what was due him; — de qqch give up , recover from . . .

revenu to. income rêver (à or de) dream (of), be in a revery, ponder, wonder (about) réverbère to. street lamp révérence /. bow, curtsey révérencieusement reverently révérend, -e reverend; le — ( Êlix ) the reverend brother; mon Révérend your Reverence revers to. reverse, facing (s) reversi to. ( R ) reversis (a card game, won by the -player who takes the fewest tricks )

revêtir (de) clothe (with) ; (of dust ) lie thick over, cover; revêtu, -e de clad in, covered with rêveu-r, -se dreamy revivre come to life again revoir see again; se — , meet again; au — , good-bye for the present

révolte/, revolt, mutiny révolté to. rebel, mutineer révolter stir up to rebellion; révolté de l’injustice shocked by the unfairness; se — , rebel, be shocked

révolutionnaire revolutionary revolver [revolver] to. revolver revue /. review; à la — , in review;

passer en — , inspect, review rez-de-chaussée to. ground floor rhabiller dress again Rhin to. Rhine; vin du — , Rhine wine

rhingrave /. wide breeches, ioith a flaring ruffle emerging from a broad skirt cut knee-high (a style introduced into France by the Rheingraf von Saim, ab. 1670) Rhone to. Rhone ( flows from its glacial sources in Switzerland southward, ab. 860 k., through Avignon, Arles, etc., into the Mediterranean ) rhum £rom] to. rum rhumatisme to. rheumatism; — s twinges of rheumatism ricaner laugh derisively, sneer; — tout bas titter

riche wealthy, well-to-do; costly;

pas — , ( often =) poor, hard up richement (S-N) to her great financial advantage richesse (s) /. wealth, riches ricocher glance, rebound ride /. wrinkle, ripple rideau to. curtain, screen rider wrinkle, shrivel ridicule ridiculous; to. ridiculousness, absurdity

rien (with or -without ne) nothing; anything; je n’en crois — , (Peur) I don’t believe a word of it; y a — qui vous nuit, etc. (F) there ain’t anything that, etc. (illit. for il n’y a — qui vous nuise); on n’est pas pour — la mule du Pape it means something to be, etc.; — - d’effarouché (S-N) no sign of alarm; — que pour moi (Ét) all to myself; — - qu’en les regardant (Ét) simply by looking at them

rieu-r, -se smiling, merry; non plus — ainsi que ... no longer smiling as . . .

rigide stiff, rigid, unbending rigoureusement strictly rigoureu-x, -se severe, stern, strict, rigorous

rigueur/, severity, sternness; à la — , at a pinch; de —, indispensable rime /. rime (rhyme) rimer rime (rhyme), make verses rire (1) laugh (de at), smile; — aux éclats laugh uproariously (see de) ; en riant with a laugh; il vous riait si bien he would laugh so kindly for you; (cette belle journée) ne faisait — personne . . . brought no gladness to anyone; ce qui ne faisait pas — les cardinaux which didn’t seem funny to the cardinals; vous voulez — , you must be joking rire (2) to. laughter, laugh; pi.

(bursts of) laughter; gros — s loud laughter; petit — , chuckle; le père Merlier avait son — silencieux (AM) old M. chuckled to himself

ris: — de veau to. sweetbreads risque to. risk

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

risquer risk, endanger; se — (à) venture (to), go so far (as to) rissoler brown, do brown and crisp (on the surface) rivage to. (river) bank, (sea)shore rivalité f. rivalry

rivière /. stream, river; en — , in the stream; — de diamants diamond necklace

robe/, dress, robe; en — s de juges (MP) in judges’ gowns (which, in France, are red) robinet to. tap, ( U.S.) faucet robuste sturdy, stalwart, strong Roche-Oysel: la — , an imaginary town (=“ Oysel-Rock”)

Rocreuse to., an imaginary village rôder rove, roam; (of an odor:

Élix) hover temptingly rogner cut off (out), retrench roi m. king

roide, roideur see raide, raideur roidissement (old spelling of raidissement) to. stiffening rôle to. part

roman to. novel, ( fig.) romance romancier to. novelist romanesque romantic (highly fanciful)

rompre break, break open (or off), cut short; see rompu rompu, -e broken down, dilapidated

ronce /. bramble, briar rond, -e round, plump; — des épaules round-shouldered; des yeux tout — s wide-open eyes ronde f. round(s), beat, patrol; à la —, round about rondelet, -te plump rondement roundly, outspokenly, summarily

rondeur /. roundness; (fig.) outspokenness, heartiness rondin to. billet, round block ronflement to. snore, snoring; roar, roaring

ronfler snore; rumble, roar ronger gnaw; [il] se rongeait les sangs (F) [it] preyed upon his heart

rosace /. rose window (with spokelike mullions, round and usually containing stained glass)

rose (1) noun f. rose; — trémière, hollyhock, rose mallow; couleur de — , rose-colored, (fig.) delightful; rose (2) adj. rosy, pink, flushed

roseau to. reed rosée/, dew rosier to. rosebush rossignol to. nightingale rôtir roast; rôti, -e roast (ed) rouages to. pi. gearing(s), machinery

roue /. wheel, mill wheel Rouen [rwô] to. Rouen (the chief city of Normandy) rouge red, red in the face, flushed, blushing; to. red; devenir — pâle turn pink rougeur/, redness, flush rougir grow red, redden; — de blush at (with); rougissant de colère flushing (getting red) with anger

rouille /. rust

rouiller rust, get rusty; se — , get rusty; rouillé, -e rusted, rusty roulade /. quaver; (Mhl) roulade, “a smoothly running passage of short notes (as semiquavers, or sixteenths) uniformly grouped, sung upon one long syllable” (Webster)

roulement to. roll (rolling) ; beating (of a drum), drumming rouler roll (up), roll over and over; drive hither and thither; ramble, rove, knock about; le tambour roula (F) the beat of a drum was heard; — sur (of conversation) turn to

rousse see roux

roussin: son vigoureux — , his lusty

little steed

route /. road, way, route; course, march; grand* (or grande) — , highway; en — , on the way; en — ! let’s start ! go ahead !

se mettre en — , set out (or forth) ; continuer sa — , pass on; laisser en — , leave behind routine /. routine, dull round; esprit de — , set ways rouvrir open again, reopen roux (1), rousse reddish, brown,

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

russet; — de barbe with reddishbrown beard; (2) noun to. reddish brown

r’porter see reporter made /. kick (with both legs) ; d’une — , ( MP ) by letting fly her hind legs mb an to. ribbon mbis to. ruby ruche /. hive, beehive rude rough, hard, strenuous; un homme — , a rough man; un — fardeau a heavy burden; les — s travaux hard toil

mdement roughly, hard, strenuously; — contente mighty glad mdesse /. roughness rue /. street, way; (Jig.) lane; advbly. habiter me . . . live in . . . Street; aller — de la Santé go to, etc.

ruelle/, lane, alley rugir roar mine /. ruin miner ruin

ruisseau to. brook, stream; gutter; flood (of tears)

misseler stream, drip, trickle rumeur/, sound, noise, groaning mse /. trick, dodge, “ game, ’’craftiness

rusé, -e crafty, wily, sly russe Russian

rusticités /. pi. countrified manners, clownish acts mstique plain, homely

s’ see se or si sa see son poss. adj.

sable to. sand

sabler toss off ( a drink), gulp down; — le [or du] champagne (VC): a mould, made of sand (sable), swallows quickly any liquid metal poured into it

sabot m. wooden shoe, hoof or shoe; coup de — , kick sabre m. sabre, sword; traîneur de — , swashbuckler, blustèring soldier; son uniforme sur son — , (CP) with his military coat resting on his sword

sac to. bag, sack, knapsack; — à bière (fig.) beer swiller saccadé, -e jerky, jolting sach- see savoir

sacrificateur m. sacrificer, priest (in the synagogue) sacrifier sacrifice

sacristain to. sexton (vestry keeper, sacristan)

Sadi: — le Persan (Mbl) Saadi, the Persian (ab. 1184-1291), one of the two most popular Persian poets; said to have lived some 107 years safran to.: de — , saffron-colored sagacité /. sagacity, good sense sage wise, good, sensible, prudent;

être — , be good, behave (well) sagesse/, wisdom sai- see savoir

saillie /. flash (of wit), sally, witticism

sain, -e healthy; — et sauf ( — e et sauve) safe and sound, unscathed

sainfoin to. sainfoin (a leguminous plant with a purplish or yellow flower; cultivated for fodder) saint, -e holy, sacred, blessed; (as

a prefix) saint; but - Nicolas

Santa Claus; ce n’était pas un — homme he was no saint; — e mère de Dieu ! holy Virgin ! — bon Dieu ! good Heavens ! to.

and f. saint

Saint- prefix Saint or St.

Saint-Agrico [or -Agricol] an old church in Avignon Saint-Christophe St. Christopher Saint-Cyr (VC) once Saint-Cyrl’École (near Versailles ); in 1808 part of this establishment was transferred to Fontainebleau and became, as Saint-Cyr, the chief military training school of France for officers in the cavalry and infantry

saintement holily; — protégée par under the holy protection of sainteté /. holiness, sanctity Saint-Jean St. John Saint-Louis: le jour de la — , on St. Louis’ day (in full, le jour de la fête [de] Saint Louis, i.e., 25 August)

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

Saint-Nicolas : la — , ( title of Theuriet’s story) St. Nicholas’ day (6 Dec.)

Saint-Sulpice {VC) a church and quarter {in Paris ) where shops for the sale of church furnishings {images, pictures, etc.) are particularly conspicuous; Coppée alludes to the bad taste of the commercially manufactured articles so characteristic of the quartier Saint-Sulpice (St. Sulpicius) saisir seize, lay hold of, clutch, catch; strike {with wonder ); se — de get hold of saisissement m. shock saison /. season; la mauvaise — , = winter sale dirty, filthy saler salt; chair salée salt meat salle /. room, hall; — à manger dining room; — de réception drawing-room; — de police guardroom {military prison) Salomon (King) Solomon salon m. drawing-room, parlor;

petit — , little anteroom saluer greet, bow (to), bow down before, pay one’s respects to, salute, say good-bye to salut m. salvation; — , (maîtresse) good luck . . .

salutaire wholesome Samson Samson (the Nazarite), whose giant strength enabled him to subdue the Philistines, but who was at last overpowered, blinded, and cruelly enslaved by them through the treachery of his mistress Delilah, to whom he had rashly confided the secret of his strength:

his long locks; she caused them to be shorn off during his sleep (Judges xvi)

sang to. blood; se ronger les — s see ronger

sang-froid to. coolness, self-control sanglant, -e bloody sanglier to. wild boar sanglot to. sob sangloter sob, be sobbing sanguinaire bloodthirsty sans without, with no, without any; but for; ... less; — que

+ subjunc.: — que je le sache without my knowing it; — qu’on pût les voir without anyone being able to see them

santé f. health; rue de la Santé a

short street in Paris connecting E.

end of Boul. St. Jacques with Boul. de Port Royal; «la Santé»

is a prison

saoul {old spelling of soûl) [su], soûle [sul]: — de glutted with sapin to. fir

Sarrasin Saracen {ancient name of the Arabs)

satire /.: faire la — de satirize satisfaction /. gratifying {of selfesteem ); amends

satisfaire (à) satisfy, comply (with), appease, gratify, indulge Satume to. the planet Saturn saucisse/, (small) sausage saucisson to. (large) sausage sauf (1), sauve safe, sound sauf (2) prep, save, except; — votre respect saving your presence, with all deference to you saule to. willow saur- see savoir saut to. leap, jump, bound sauter leap, leap about, jump, spring, {of corks) fly or pop; — au cou de . . . fall on . . ,’s neck;

— sur ses pieds leap to one’s feet; nous sautions sur nos sabres we were leaping for, etc.;

— en l’air (comme une fusée) dart up

sautillant, -e {of a gait) skipping, frisky; {of a tune) merrily tripping

sautiller skip, hop, trip; {of the heart) go pit-a-pat {with joyful expectation)

sautoir: en — , slung over his (one’s) shoulder sauvage wild, savage sauvagerie /. shyness, avoidance of society, {CP) unsociability sauver save, rescue; le sauver ! save him ! se — , make one’s escape, get {or run) away, make off; sauve-toi ! {M D) run ! sauvé, -e safe

sauvetage to. rescue

VOCABULARY

savant, -e learned, scientific, skilful, knowing

saveur/, flavor, savor; odor savoir (1) know, know of (or about);

learn, find out, discover; - h

inf. can, know how (be able) to, manage to; ne — plus que devenir be at a loss what to do next; vous saurez . . . (Êlix) let me tell you ... ; je ne sais quelle chanson some ditty or other; ils nous savent ici they know we’re here; on le savait (un brin vantard) ( BM ) they knew him to be ... ; vous savez bien tante Bégon (Êlix) you have of course heard of, etc.; je n’en sais pas un plus pittoresque I know of none, etc.; savoir de leurs nouvelles get any news about them; je n’en saurais douter (R) I really cannot doubt savoir (2) m. (great) knowledge, learning

savoir-faire m. skill, ability savonner soap, wash with soap (savon), do the wash; (fig.) scrub savoureu-x, -se savory scandale m. scandal scandaliser scandalize, shock; se — (de) be shocked (at) scander scan (verses); — ses phrases à contretemps make one’s pauses out of time scarabée m. scarabée (scarabæus, scarab); beetle (of various kinds, including the sacred beetle or scarab of ancient Egypt, often represented by a small image of greenish stone)

Scarron, Paul (1610-60), a French novelist, known chiefly through his Roman comique, a burlesque novel describing the ways of the wandering players of his time and ridiculous provincial cranks scélérat m. scoundrel sceller seal; (des barres) scellées dans le mur cemented into the wall

scène /. stage sceptique skeptical Schwarz, Berthold, a Swiss monk (ab. 1310-ob. 1384), formerly sup-

posed to have invented gunpowder; he is said to have been put to death by order of the Venetian Senate for too great insistence on being paid for his services

science /. science, knowledge, learning

scolastique /. scholasticism, scholastic philosophy, characterized by being largely, if not wholly, based upon the authority of the Church fathers, of Aristotle, and of Arabian commentators, and by its stiff and formal method of dis-

A1/ÇM CYYl

Scott, (Sir) Walter (1771-1832), the famous Scotch poet and novelist, contrasted by Musset with Scarron.

Walter Scott was much read, admired, and imitated by the French of Musset’s period (the “Romantic Movement ”) scrupule m. scruple scrupuleusement scrupulously scrupuleu-x, -se scrupulous, very careful, thorough

sculpteur [skyltœir] m. sculptor, carver; — d’or goldsmith, goldworker

se (s’) oneself, himself, herself, itself, themselves, each other séance /. session, sitting, meeting; — tenante then and there, forthwith

sec (1), sèche dry, dried (up), thin, spare, withered; la taille sèche [women] with a lean figure; la tête sèche with a trim head; l’air • — , with a hard (unsympathetic) look; le bruit — , (of a wooden leg) the sharp thump or the click; sec (2) m.: mettre à — , drain dry, leave penniless sèchement drily, curtly sécher dry, dry up, parch; (fig.) turn out all right; faire — , dry second, -e (1) [sog-] second seconde (2) [sag-] /. second; en deux — s in a trice seconder [sag-] second, help secouer shake, shake off (up), rattle (a door), wave; il secouait gentiment . . . (MP) he would flourish prettily . . .

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

secourir help (succor), relieve; être secouru, -e receive help secours to. help, relief; chargé des — -, in charge of relief work; au — ! help !

secret, secrète secret, private, inward; to. secret secrétaire to. secretary, clerk séculaire centuries-old, venerable, ancient

séduire fascinate, captivate séduisant, -e charming, alluring seigneur to. lord; Seigneur ! ( cry of dismay ) God in Heaven ! le Seigneur-Dieu Lord God sein m. bosom, breast Seine/, (river) Seine séjour to. stay, visit; le — de l’estaminet (VC) tarrying at a café

sel m. salt selle /. saddle selon according to semaine/, week

semblable (à) like, similar (to);

such; mon — , my like semblablement similarly, likewise semblant m. semblance; faire — de pretend (feign) to

sembler seem (to), seem like, strike or impress (one as); il lui semblait voir it seemed to him he saw; une dernière décharge semblait devoir . . . (AM) it looked as if a final volley must ... ; où bon leur semblerait wherever they saw fit semelle/, sole; length of a sole; ne pas reculer d’une — , not budge a foot

semer (de) sow, strew or sprinkle (with), scatter

Sénégal m. Senegal, a great region in W. Africa under French control; peopled by blacks; hence the merle du — in Musset’s story (Mbl) is a black merle (with a greenish sheen)

sens [sûs] to. meaning, sense; direction

sensation/, feeling sensibilité /. sensitiveness, delicacy of feeling; ma — , (Mbl) the emotional side of my nature

sensible sensitive sentier m. path, footpath, trail sentiment (de) m. feeling (for), sense (of), sensation; sentimental interest, emotion sentinelle /. sentinel, sentry sentir feel, smell (of), sniff; il le sent ! (Peur) he smells him ! — l’étable reek of the cowshed; — bon smell good; — bon la lavande (MP) have a sweet fragrance of lavender; se — , feel (well, ill, etc.); se — la force de . . . feel strong enough to ... ; je me sens + obj. (Mbl) I feel in myself . . .

seoir (à) befit, become, suit séparer separate, sever; se — , leave each other, part (company) ; chacun se sépara (BM) each went his own way; il ne s’en séparait

Î)lus (BM) henceforward he never et it out of his sight sept seven ser- see être sérénité /. serenity sergent m. sergeant sergent-major m. first sergeant série /. series sérieusement seriously sérieu-x, -se serious, real, (in) earnest, grave

serment m. oath; faire — , take one’s oath, swear

serpent to. snake; spiral (of smoke) serpentin to. worm (of a still) serre/, greenhouse serré, -e crowded, pinched, stingy, (S-N) financially cramped (life) serrement to. squeezing; — de cœur heart pang, heaviness of heart

serrer squeeze, clasp, press (together); draw (a garment) tight; sa gorge se serrait he felt a tightening of the throat; la poitrine de Boinville se serra (S-N) B. felt a clutching of the heart; cette idée me serra le cœur that thought made me sick at heart; se — , crowd together, gather closely; se — - contre . . .

cling tightly (press close) to ... ; serrés l’un contre l’autre close-

locked in each other’s arms; les lèvres serrées with lips tight-set serrure/, lock

servante /. housemaid, servant service m. service; ( S-N ) perform- . ance of (official) duties; le — de Dieu divine worship; au — de in the service of; je suis en — , (VC) I’m a hired girl serviette /. napkin, serviette servir serve, be of service, be useful, wait upon; pour vous — , {as a homely expression of politeness, (VC) at your service; [il] se fit — , [he] had himself waited on; commencez par nous — à déjeuner {MD) begin by letting us have some breakfast; à quoi lui aurait servi sa fanfaronnade? what could his bragging have done for him ? leur charme leur servant de naissance their charm taking for them the place of high birth; ce qui nous sert d’horloge what we use for a clock; se — de make use of, use, resort to serviteur m. (man)servant ses see son (2)

seuil m. threshold, doorstep, doorway

seul, -e only (one), alone, single; un — - témoin only one witness; ce — - mot that one word; — e héritière sole heiress; le souvenir — , the mere recollection; le hasard — , pure chance; dont l’extérieur — , (CP) whose mere appearance; quelques buveurs — s merely a few drinkers; — , je ne pus ... I alone could not ... ; à lui (elle) — , all by himself (herself), all alone seulement only, merely, even, however; on venait de s’apercevoir — de l’évasion the guard had only just become aware, etc.; il ouvrit — la bouche pour dire {AM) he opened his mouth merely to say; dites — , monsieur {S-N) just say what it is, sir

seul-et, -ette all alone sévère severe, stem, austere sevrer (de) sever (from), wean

sey- see seoir

si (1) conj. if, (as to) whether; ne . . . que si . . . only if, not . . . unless; si on peut dire ! (P) how can anyone teU {such lies) ! s’il rencontrait (des paysans)? suppose he were to meet ... ? si je le leur montrerai? {BM) (they’re wondering) am I going to show it ?

si je l’ai connu ! (CP) have I known him ! [of course I have !] si (2) adv. so (much) ; j’avais si peur I was so frightened; {contradicting a negative statement) yes; si fait yes indeed; si stupide qu’il fût however stupid he was sicilien, -ne Sicilian siècle m. century, world; le Siècle {VC) a Paris political daily newspaper with anti-clerical tendencies, founded in 1836 sied see seoir

siège m. seat, chair; {mil.) siege sien, -ne {with le, la, les) his, hers, his own, her own, one’s own; (l’inquiétude) des — s {Ét) of her family; les — s (AIDS) the folks at home

sieste /. siesta, nap sifflement m. whistling, whizzing siffler whistle; to express disapproval, the French often whistle whereas we hiss or boo sifflet m. whistle signal m. signal (de for, to) signalement m. description signe m. sign, mark, gesture; — de tête nod; d’un nouveau — [de tête] {AM) with another nod of the head; faire — à beckon to signet [sine] m. bookmarker signifier mean, signify; que signifie ... ? what is the meaning of ... ?

silence m. silence, stillness, pause {in conversation); faire — , become silent; garder le — , keep silent; les longs — s de son père her father’s habits of taciturnity silencieusement silently, quietly silencieu-x, -se silent, of few words; rire — , inner chuckle; les — échos {R) the sleeping echoes silhouette /. silhouette, outline

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

Silvio liai. name of the hero of Mérimée’ s Coup de Pistolet simple simple, plain, mere, simplehearted; elle fut — , (Par) she dressed plainly; le plus — sera the simplest course will be ... ; heureux les — s (J) according to Gospel of Matthew (v. 3), “Blessed are the poor in spirit,” but according to Luke (vi. 20), “Blessed be ye poor”

simplement merely, just simples m. pi. simples (medicinal herbs)

simplicité /. simpleness, artlessness, credulity

sincère sincere, real sincèrement sincerely sincérité /. truthfulness singularité /. peculiarity, singularity, queemess, oddity singuli-er, -ère singular, peculiar, queer

singulièrement singularly; (souf- frir) — , . . . sorely sinistre sinister, forbidding, ominous

sinuosité /. bend (of a river) sire: le — - de Védène (MP) ironically archaic for (le) seigneur de V., freely my lord de Védène (as if our Tistet had been a noble of high degree ); sire is obsolete or limited to a few expressions sitôt que as soon as; — entré the instant he was inside situation /. state, case, plight situé, -e situated, standing six six; (in dates) sixth sixième sixth; see étage Skouliani (CP) a town (E. of Jassy) on the Russo-Rumanian frontier sobriété /. sobriety; manquer à la — , fail to keep sober société /. society, social group (“set”), company, party; les dames de la — , the society ladies; sa —, (R) her usual visitors, her social set

Socrate Socrates, a Greek philosopher, 468-400 (or -399) b.c., whose sayings and teachings have come down to us through Plato, Xenophon, and Aristotle. S.

concentrated his philosophic enquiries (“Know thyself”) on man.

On a charge of having corrupted the youth of Athens with his undermining of accepted beliefs, he was condemned to die and tranquilly drank a cup of poisonous hemlock sœur /. sister; (fig.) la — de mon âme (Mbl) kindred soul, my soul's affinity

soi (stressed form of se) oneself, himself, etc.

soi- (sois, etc.) see être soi e/. silk

soif/, thirst; avoir — , be thirsty soigné, -e careful, thorough, fine, sound (thrashing) soigner do carefully soigneusement carefully soigneu-x, -se careful soin m. care, concern, task; — s attention (s), care; avec — , carefully; avoir — (de) take care (of, to) ; avoir — que . . . take care that . . . , be careful to have (something done) ; donner des — s à attend to

soir m. evening; l’office du — , evening prayers; le — , adv. at (in the) evening

soirée /. evening (taken as a unit), evening party; par — , an evening (every evening)

Soissons m. Soissons, a city on the Aisne, midway between Compi'egne and Reims

soit [swa] conj. or vb. either . . .

(or); — distraction ou tout autre motif (MD) whether through absentmindedness or (through) some other impulse; — ... — , either ... or; — que . . . , — que (or ou que) “Whether . . . , or; vb. or adv. [swat] (so be it !), well and good ! all right !

soixante sixty

soixante-mille-sept-cent-quatorzième

sixty-thousand-seven-hundred-and

fourteenth

soixante-quinzième seventy-fifth sol m. soil, ground solder pay, settle (an account) soleil m. sun, sunshine, sunlight; de l’or au — , sunlit gold; (tout hon-

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

teux de montrer) au — , (Êlix) ... in the full blaze of daylight; sous le grand —, in the hot sunshine; une couronne de — , (AM) a radiance of sunshine; cf.

Solomon’s Song, vi. 10 solennel, -le solemn, formal solennellement solemnly, with proper solemnity solennité /. solemnity solide strong, substantial, stout, staunch, steady, firm, good solitaire (living) alone, lonely solitairement (living) alone solitude /. living alone; de — , (as adj.) lonely; — s moments of solitude

solive /. joist

solliciter solicit, petition (for), request, try to get

solhciteu-r, -se person soliciting; petitioner

sollicitude /. solicitude, care sombre gloomy, dark sommairement summarily, without ado, speedily

somme (1) /. sum, amount; en — , to conclude

somme (2) m.: faire un (petit) — , take a (little) nap sommeil m. sleep, sleepiness sommeiller slumber, doze sommer (de) call upon, summon (to) sommes see être

somnambule m. (or f.) sleepwalker son (1) m. sound, tone son (2), sa, ses his, her, one’s, its; sur sa demande (F) at his own request; il avait son visage réfléchi (AM) he was looking thoughtful, as usual songe m. dream; en — , in a dream songer (à) think (of), dream (of), wonder (about); il songea que ... (A W S) it occurred to him that ... ; elle songeait aux grands salons (Par) she would dream of, etc. (songer refers to daydreams, not to literal dreams) sonnaille/, bell (of mules, sheep, etc.) sonner ring, ring for; strike sonnette/, bell, doorbell sonore loud, sonorous sont see être

sorcier m. wizard, sorcerer sordide squalid, mean Sorgue/. a beautiful river (only 36 k.

long) which rises at the Fontaine de Vaucluse and, after dividing itself into numerous branches, flows into the Rhone above Avignon sort m. fate, destiny, chance (one’s lot) ; tirons au — à qui . . . let’s draw lots to decide who shall have . . .; tomber au — , be drafted (for military service) sorte /. kind, sort, manner, way; de (or en) — que so that, in such a way that; de la —, in that way, so; en quelque — , in a way; de telle — , in such a way

sortie /. going out, way out, exit, departure; end (of); à la — de l’église (F) to the people coming out of church

sortilège m. sorcery, witchcraft, spell

sortir (aux. être) go (or come) out, come forth, stick (bulge, be thrust) out; (with or without de) get out (of, away from) ; (of tears) begin to flow; veuillez — , (CP) kindly leave this room; je sors (des Enfants-Trouvés) (VC) I’m from ... ; vous sortez (de votre première mue) you’re just out of ... ; (trans., aux. avoir) bring (lead, take, thrust) out; nous sortons le troupeau we take the flock out (to pasture); il sortit sa tête he thrust out his head sot, -te silly, foolish sou m. a coin worth one twentieth of a franc; roughly (before 1919) one cent or halfpenny; des cigares d’un — , halfpenny (or one-cent) cigars; (ne pas avoir) un — vaillant a red cent (a copper in the world)

souche/, (tree) stump, (vine) stock souci m. worry, care, anxiety soucier: se — de care (or worry) about, mind

soucieu-x, -se anxious, worried soucoupe /. saucer (the number of soucoupes before a customer indicates the number of glasses of

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

liquor or cups of coffee that he has consumed)

soudain (1), -e sudden, unexpected soudain (2) adv. suddenly soudard m. ( satirical or contemptuous) tough old soldier souffert, -e p.p. of souffrir souffle m. breath; (AM) whisper (of the breeze) ; la maison n’avait plus un — , (AM) in the house, now, not a breath could be heard souffler blow (out), puff; breathe more freely, get (back) one’s breath; soufflant les noyaux (of cherries) blowing off (or away) the pits

soufflet m. slap, box on the ear souffleter box ... on the ear, slap . . . ’s face

souffrance /. suffering souffrant, -e ill, ailing souffrir suffer, stand (endure), feel Ü1

soufre to. sulphur souhait m. wish souhaiter wish souiller soil, stain, smirch soûl [su], soûle [sul] mod. spelling of saoûl, saoûle (q.v.) soulagement m. alleviation, (feeling of) relief

soulager relieve, comfort, help soulever raise, stir up, heave up;

se — , rise, get up soulier m. (low) shoe soumettre: se • — , submit (give way); — à undergo, etc.; soumise à (R) dependent on soupçon m. suspicion; un — d’espoir a gleam of hope soupçonner suspect soupe /. soup, (fig.) meal(s); — au café (VC) really coffee soup, for, at breakfast, the French usually drink a concoction made by pouring hot milk on extract of coffee; or by mixing black coffee and hot milk about equally; café au lait is the same drink; la — (et le lit sous l’escalier) (VC) (my) meals ... ; faire la — , get dinner ready, or (the) soup souper (1) take supper, sup souper (2) to. supper

soupière /. soup tureen soupirer (après) sigh, pine or yearn

(for)

souple lithe, flexible, supple souplesse /. flexibility, suppleness source /. spring sourcil [sursi] m. eyebrow sourciller: écouter sans — , listen without moving an eyelash (without wincing)

sourd, -e deaf; (of sounds) dull, muffled, faint, low, indistinct, smothered

souriant, -e beaming, cheerful sourire (1) smile (de at); en souriant with a smile sourire (2) m. smile souris/, mouse

sous under; — mon pistolet (CP) within easy range of, etc.; il la figurait — les traits, etc., he pictured her with, etc. ; — sa dictée at, etc.

sous-chef m. deputy head clerk sous-directeur m. assistant director sous-directorial, -e of the assistant director

sous-lieutenant m. second lieutenant, sub-lieutenant sous-marchand to. assistant merchant

sous-préfecture /. sub-prefecture (district or office in charge of a sous-préfet sub-prefect) soutenir support, maintain, stand by; se — , (R) stand (contrasted with fall)

soutien to. support, mainstay souvenir (1): se — de remember, recall, recollect; il lui en souvient he (she) remembers it (them)

souvenir (2) to. recollection, memory, experience; recueillez bien vos — s try to recall (everything)

souvent often soy- see être

spacieu-x, -se roomy, spacious, with plenty of room spahi to. spahee (Algerian serving in French cavalry) spasme to. spasm

spécialement specially, particularly

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

spécifique to. specific ( remedy ) spectacle to. show, display, sight spectre to. ghost, specter sphinx to. sphinx; (un sourire) de — , sphinxlike spirituel, -le witty stalle /. stall

staroste to. starost ( Polish nobleman owning a starosty, a domain granted him for life) statistique/, statistics, (VC) census records

strié, -e streaked, striated stupéfaction /. amazement stupéfié, -e astounded, amazed, dumfounded, aghast stupéfier daze, astound, amaze stupeur /. amazement, stupor; avec — , (as if) thunderstruck stupide dull, nonsensical; stupefied, dazed

style to. style, language su- see savoir

subalterne to. or /. subaltern, subordinate, inferior subir undergo subit, -e sudden subitement suddenly substituer (à) substitute (for) subtil, -e subtle, fine-spun, artful succès to. (great) success succomber succumb, die sucre to. sugar sud [syd] to. south suer perspire, sweat sueur /. perspiration, sweat; en avoir les — s get into a cold sweat; à la — de son front (J) by the sweat of his brow (cf. King James version of Genesis iii. 19:

“In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread ”)

suffire (à, de, pour) be enough or suffice (to, for); cela suffit that will do, that’s enough suffisant, -e sufficient, adequate suffoquer suffocate, stifle; (F) be speechless (choke) with indignation

Suisse /. Switzerland suite /. sequel, consequence, outcome; de — , in succession; tout de — , immediately suivant prep, according to

suivre follow; elle tâcha de — Dominique [i.e., des yeux] (AM) she strained her eyes to follow D.

sujet (1), -te (à) subject (to), liable (to)

sujet (2) to. subject, matter, cause, ground; au — de about, as to; pipe à — s carved pipe superbe, superb, splendid supérieur, -e upper, superior, higher, stronger; officier — , field officer

superposer add; intérêts superposés compound interest superstitieu-x, -se superstitious suppliant, -e suppliant, beseeching, in supplication

supplier entreat, beseech, beg supplique /. petition supporter bear, stand, endure supposer suppose, infer, imagine; on suppose aisément you can easily imagine

supposition /. supposition, surmise; mais, une — que, etc. ( BM ) but suppose, etc.

suprême supreme; un gémissement — , a final (or dying) groan sur on, upon, onto, up to, over, to, as to (concerning), toward, about, at, in; from, for; sur-le-champ then and there, forthwith; debout sur sa porte standing in his doorway; la mort est sur nous Death is close upon us; [le] coup de fusil sur la tête barbue [the] gunshot at, etc.; elle leva les yeux sur lui she looked up at him; faire de terribles exemples sur les paysans (AM) make terrible examples of, etc.; nous sautions sur nos sabres (CP) we were leaping for, etc.; balle sur balle bullet after bullet; tirées l’une sur l’autre (of bullets) fired in quick succession; sur cette pensée upon that reflexion; sur un ton de fureur in a furious tone sûr, -e sure, certain, unerring, steady (hand, aim ); trustworthy, safe; bien sûr que surely; pour sûr adv. certainly' sûreté /. safety, security; en — , safe

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

surexcité, -e greatly excited surmonter surmount, rise above;

surmonté de topped by surnuméraire m. supernumerary

( ministerial employee working on small salary while awaiting a regular appointment )•; un mince — , (, S-N ) a petty government employee

surpasser surpass, outstrip surplis m. surplice, a “loose fullsleeved white linen vestment . . .

worn usually over cassock by clergy and choristers at divine service” (Concise Oxf. Diet.) surplus: au — , furthermore, moreover, however, after all surpren- see surprendre surprendre surprise, take by surprise, catch one off his guard, detect

surpri- see surprendre surprise /. surprise, astonishment; une violente — , (S-N) amazement; avec — , in surprise; de — , out of (with, for) surprise sursaut m. (nervous) start; nous eûmes un — , we gave a start; en — , with a start, startled sursauter give a start, be startled; il en sursauta de surprise ( BM ) he fairly leaped for surprise surtout especially, chiefly surveille: la — , two days before surveiller watch (over), keep an eye on, see to susdit, -e aforesaid suspendre (à) hang (on, from), suspend (from), hold in suspense, stop for a time; suspendu, -e hung, swung svelte [zvclt] slender syllabe /. syllable symétrie /. symmetry sympathie /. sympathy, feeling of attachment

sympathiser sympathize syndic see procureur système m. system, plan

t’ see te ta see ton (1)

tabac [tabu] m. tobacco; marchand de — , tobacconist tabatière/, snuffbox table /. table; (fig.) toute la — , (F) every one round the table; — d’harmonie sounding board; — ouverte open house tableau m. picture; table, list, description tablier m. apron tabouret m. stool tache /. spot, stain (cf. tâche) tâche /. task (cf. tache) tacher (de) spot (with), stain tâcher de endeavor to, try to taciturne persistently silent tacitumité /. persistent silence tafia (W. Indies) m. tafia, kind of rum distilled from molasses taille /. figure, stature, height; waist; la — sèche (F) with a gaunt figure

tailler cut out, carve, deal (cards); — des bavettes (lit. cut bibs) gossip

tailleur m. tailor

taire: se — , cease speaking, be (or become) quiet; tais-toi hush, be quiet; tout se tut everything became silent; faire — qqn silence one tais- see taire

talon m. heel; [il] lui tourna les — s [he] turned his heels upon him Tamango name given by Mérimée to an African negro chief tambour m. drum (still used in many French towns by the town crier for official announcements); le — roula (F) the beat of the town crier’s drum was heard tambourin m. (MP) tambourine, possibly a tabour (Daudet was not an archeologist!), i.e., a shallow medieval drum played with a single drumstick; ces enragés de — s those mad tambourine (or tabour-) players; (T) tambourine

tandis que whereas, while tanière /. den, lair tant (de) so (or as) much, so (or as) many; so greatly, so well; — et — , so often; — soit peu a (wee)

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

bit, ever so little; — mieux so much the better; — pis so much the worse; — bien que mal after a fashion, somehow; — le ciel était sombre so dark was the sky; — ■ il avait bon air (AM) (because) he was so handsome; — gaillardement (AM) so efficiently; — que as long as; — que mes plumes tombèrent (MU) during my whole moulting time tante/, aunt; — Bégon aunty Bégon tantôt soon; — • • • » — • • • now . . . , now . . .

tapage m. din, uproar, (noisy) row; pour — s nocturnes (VC) freely for being drunk and disorderly at night

tapageu-r, -se noisy, riotous; m.

noisy fellow, brawler tape /. tap, rap, pat, slap taper tap; — du pied stamp; (un lapin) tapant du cul stamping (with its hind feet)

tapir: se — , crouch (from fear), cower; tapi (comme un lièvre) cowering

tapis m. carpet, rug tapisser hang with tapestry, paper (a wall)

tapisserie /. tapestry, hanging (s) tarabin, taraban fol-de-rol (or the

like)

Tarascon m. a small town south of Avignon

tard adv. late; plus — , later, afterward

tarder (à) delay (in), be long (in); sans — d’une minute without a moment’s delay; elle ne tardera pas à rentrer she’ll soon be back tarir dry up; (fig.) ne pas — , talk incessantly

tas m. heap, lot, set (of rascals) tasse/, cup

tâter feel (by touch), try (by touch)] tâtant le lierre du pied feeling about in the ivy with her feet tâtonner grope (feel) one’s way taudis m. filthy den, hovel taux m. rate te (t’) you, yourself té: tais-té (F) Norman patois for tais-toi (see taire)

teint m. complexion teinte /. tint, tone, tinge teinter tinge

tel, -le such (a), so great; un (une) — (-le) such a, So-and-So (a person not named) ; — que je l’ai lu just as I read it; — que vous me voyez (Mbl) just as I am now; (advbly.) — que notre district m’en offrait quantité de modèles (CP) like those of which our, etc.

télégraphe m. telegraph; les Télégraphes the (Government) Telegraph offices (in France, a business wholly under govt, control) tellement so, so much témoigner (de) testify (to), bear witness, show, express témoin m. witness, (in a duel) second; Dieu m’est — , God is my witness

tempête /. storm, tempest temps m. time, while; weather; du — • que je gardais les bêtes at the time when, etc.; à — in time; avec le — , in (the course of) time; de — en — , or de — à autre from time to time; par le — qui court nowadays; un — de neige snowy weather tenable bearable, possible to hold!

tenante: séance — , forthwith, at once, then and there tendre (1) tender, kindly, fond tendre (2) stretch (out), hold out, crane (the neck); — les mains hold out one’s hands; — la main beg alms; — l’oreille (les oreilles) listen intently tendrement tenderly tendresse /. tenderness, fondness, love

ténèbres /. pi. (deep) darkness, (deep) shadows, gloom ténébreu-x, -se shadowy, dark tenir (with tien-, tin-) (1) hold, grasp, cling to, keep; endure; occupy; dont elle tenait le bord (F) to whose side she was clinging; le démon le tenait the devil had him in his grip; . . . tenaient si peu de place (S-N) (fig.) had so small a share; — de qqn have learned from ... ; — compte

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

de allow for; se — , hold (keep, control) oneself, hold on, lie, sit, stand, stay; tiens-toi tranquille (AM) don’t fret; se — en sentinelle stand like a sentinel; se — ■ debout stand; se tenant sur les mains standing on his hands; se — sur ses gardes be wary; s’en — à stop at, rest satisfied with: Tistet ne s’en tint pas là Tistet didn’t stop at that; savoir à quoi s’en — , know what to think or do about it; intrans.

uses: un trou où elle tient (AM) a nook where it [the boaf\ has room; il ne tenait pas en place {S— N) he kept fidgeting; je ne tiens plus sur mes jambes (MD) I’m ready to drop ( from weariness ); (pas une porte) qui tînt ( Élix ) that was fast on its hinges; Un’yput — , {VC) he couldn’t control himself; il faut — , we must hold out; tenez bon (AM) keep steady; — à . . . feel bound to, be anxious to, stick to {an idea)', (2) intrans. and with no expressed subject: qu’à cela ne tienne ! never mind that ! don’t let that stand in the way ! [il] tenait fortement pour un chef de chouans {R) [he] firmly believed it must be a Chouan leader; séance tenante forthwith; tiens, dit-il {Par) “there,” said he; tiens! attrape, bandit ! there ! take that, you rogue! tenez ! look (here)! see !

tentation /. temptation tentative /. attempt, trial tenter tempt; — de attempt to, try to

tenture/, hangings {of any material), drapery, tapestry; papier de — , wall paper

terme m. term, word, end terminer end; en terminant in conclusion; se — -, end teme dull, gloomy, leaden terrain to. ground; céder le — , give way, retreat

terrasser fell, knock down, floor (irk terribly), overwhelm terre /. earth, ground, land; un vent de — , an off-shore wind;

(un petit flacon) de — brune of

brown earthenware; à — -, on the ground, on the floor, {naut.) on shore; il prit, par — , le morceau de corde {F) he picked up, off the ground, etc.; le nez par — , with their noses down; Dominique était par — , D. was lying on the ground; elle se coucha par — , (AM) she lay down on the floor; sous — , under the earth (buried)

terreur /. terror; la Terreur the Reign of Terror (1793-4) terreu-x, -se earthy, sickly, dull terrible terrible, dreadful; le — ,

c’est que the terrifying thing

about it was (or is), etc.

terrier to. burrow terrifier terrify territoire to. territory terroir to. soil; cet accent de — , {S-N) that accent of one’s own birthplace; avoir un goût de — , have a homely flavor, smack of the soil

tête /. head, top; la — ■ me tournait I was Jeeling dizzy; la — en l’air {Ét) looking upward; un signe de — , a nod; dire non de la — , shake one’s head in negation; calcul de — , mental calculation; homme de — , man of brains; en — de (la liste) at the top of; faire — à face ( the enemy), stand one’s ground against; histoire de rire en voyant sa — , (A IFS) just for a joke when they saw his expression tête-à-tête to. a private interview (or private conversation) ; en — , by themselves

théologien to. (MD) Jam. for étudiant en théologie divinity student, theologue thésauriser hoard up money Thrasybule name of a friar {in Engl., Thrasybülus) in Élix. du R. P. Gaucher {also of two “tyrants ” of ancient Greece and of a zealous partisan of the Athenian democracy which overthrew the oligarchical government of the 400 in 411 b.c.)

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

tic tac to. clack (ing) or ticktack tiède (of water) lukewarm, (of air) balmy

tiédir become lukewarm, cool off tien, -ne (with le, la, les) yours, your own tien- see tenir

tiers: le (or un) — , a third tige (de fer, etc.) f. (iron) rod, (MD) blackjack tigre to. tiger

tilbury to. Engl, word used in France to designate a kind of open carriage or (two-seated) gig tillac [tijak] to. (obsol. name of le pont principal) (main) deck timbre to. bell (doorbell, bell in a dock, etc.)

timide shy, bashful timonier to. helmsman tintement to. tinkling, jingle tinter tinkle, jingle tir to. firing; shooting gallery, rifle range

tirailler pull about, plague tirailleur to. sharpshooter, skirmisher

tire-d’aile: à — , (very) swiftly tirer draw, tug, pull, pull off (out, up, down), drag; shoot, fire; — les oreilles à qqn (VC) tweak . . . ’s ears as an evidence of affection (a familiar French gesture equiv. to our slapping on the back, or the like); je tirai mes bottes I pulled off, etc.; — sa montre take out one’s watch; le moyen de nous — tous de peine (Élix) a way to get us all out of our troubles; la — de là-haut (MP) get her down; — des rideaux draw curtains together; — - vanité de pride oneself on; — le pistolet (CP) practice pistol shooting; — sur qqn fire at ... ; ils lui tireraient dessus (A ITS), fam.

for ils tireraient sur lui, they would shoot at him; — au mur (of a mule) kick at the wall; — au sort draw lots

tireur to. puller, plucker; marksman, shot

tisonner stir (the fire) tisser weave (in)

tisserand to. weaver ’tite (pleb.) = petite titre to. title, title deed; mon — de pension (S-N) my pensionright (which could be used as collateral to borrow money) t’nez (coll.) = tenez toi you, yourself

toile /. cloth, canvas, web, cobweb; pi. also ( T) toils, net(s); — cirée oilcloth; — de Guinée Guinea cloth (blue cotton cloth formerly used in trading with negroes of Guinea)

toilette /. toilet, dress; (elle n’avait pas de) — s (Par) fine gowns; faire sa — , dress toit to. roof

toiture /. roofing, roofs; — s (AM) bits of roofing, roofs tôle /. sheet iron tombeau to. grave, tomb tomber fall (off), drop, flag, wane;

— sur come upon, meet by chance; faire — , let . . . fall, drop; faire — la cendre (de sa pipe) knock the ashes ... ; [il] fit — sa crosse [he] pounded with his crosier; laisser — , let . . . fall, drop; . . . laissa — d’une voix légère comme . . . called down to him with a voice as faint as ... ; se laisser — , drop [wearily etc.~\;

— en faiblesse (MD) suddenly grow faint; — en démence go mad; — dans la tristesse become sad; — au sort (mil.) be drafted; — d’accord come to an agreement; tout ce qui lui tombait sous la main (AM) anything that came to (his) hand; le jour tombant as daylight faded away

ton (1), ta, tes your; ta parente

(VC) a relative of yours ton (2) to. tone, voice, pitch; color, shade, hue; style, bearing; (huit cris poussés) sur huit — s différents (AIDS) ... in eight different tones

tondre shear; (son front) presque tondu almost featherless (cropped bare)

tonne /. (large) cask, hogshead >

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

tonneau m. cask tonner thunder, (fig.) roar tonnerre m. thunder; coup de — , thunderstroke; mille — s 1 bythunder ! (une voix) de — , thunderous

torche /. torch

torchère /. candelabrum, floor lamp torchon m. dishcloth tordre twist, wring; se — , (of water) swirl

torrent m. torrent, (fig.) flood, stream tors, -e twisted; les jambes — es crooked legs, (F) bow-legged torse m. trunk (of the body) tort m. wrong, harm; à — , wrongly, unjustly; faire beaucoup de — à (CP) put in a very bad light tortiller twist (about) tortue /. tortoise, turtle; à pas de — , at a snail’s pace torturer torture

tôt soon, early; ne . . . plus — que (Mbl) hardly . . . when total m. total (consumption) tôt-fait m. ( S-N ) cake made of eggs, milk, and flour toucher (1) touch, stroke, graze; (of a bullet etc.) hit; ring (a bell ); (of a check) cash, collect; touch or move ( emotionally ); (with or without à) feel, touch upon toucher (2) m. touch touffe /. tuft, bunch, clump touffu, -e bushy, thick toujours always, ever, still, all the while, meanwhile, constantly, without fail; Silvio, — muet S., without a word; elle demandait — , she kept asking; et — rien and still nothing [could be seen]; le père Merlier ne disait — rien . . . continued to say nothing tour (1) /. tower

tour (2) m. turn, round (trip), trick; faire un — de ville take a stroll (or drive) about town; faire le — de la ville go round the town; c’est à mon — de . . .

it’s my turn to ... ; — à — , by turns, in turn; - — s de force et d’adresse feats of strength and (of) skill; — (de faux cheveux) (S-N) fringe . . .

tourbillon m. whirl, whirlwind tourbillonner whirl, eddy (round) tourelle /. turret; escalier en — , winding turret-stairway tourmenter plague, distress, worry, sorely puzzle

tournée/, round (of visits etc .); se mettre en — , start out on a round (of the town) ; faire une — dans ... go all about . . .

tourner turn, turn round (over, down), revolve, spin, go round; turn out (well, badly)] faire — à son profit (cause to) turn to one’s own advantage; tournant le dos (S-N) with his back turned; — autour du moulin (AM) walk around the mill; la tête lui tourne he (she) is dizzy; se — , turn, turn about

tournoyer whirl about, turn round and round

tournure f. appearance, figure, shape, form

Tours a small city in dept, of Indreet-Loire

tourtereau m. young turtledove; je ne sais quoi de : — -, (Mbl) something turtledoveish (Note this sly allusion to the expression s’aimer comme deux ■ — x, i.e., comme deux jeunes tourterelles ; also to La Fontaine’s fable of Les Deux Pigeons, beginning: Deux pigeons s’aiment d’amour tendre.) Musset treats tourtereau as a true masc. of tourterelle tourterelle /. turtledove tous m. pi. of tout Toussaint: la — , All Saints’ Day (la [fête de] tous [les] saints [1 November ]) tousser cough

tout (1), -e, tous (pron. [tus]; as adj. [tu], [tuz]) adj. and pron.

all, every, any, (the) whole, everything; — le monde everybody; tous (toutes) les deux both (of them); tous les sept ans every seventh year; toute une masse sombre (AM) a great dark mass; — - un Avignon fantastique (MP) A. in a fantastic panorama; — ce qui (or que obj.) all that, whatever;

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

— ce qu’il y a en France de merles

(MU) as many blackbirds as F.

contains; - — Français any (or every) Frenchman; en tous (or en — ) cas in any case; avant — es choses whatever else may (might) happen; as a pure pron.:

avant — , before everything else; pas du — , or ( absol .) du —, not at all; (j’aurai l’air misère) comme — , as anything; et — fut dit (CP) and [for him] that settled it; — es herbes de Provence (Élix) [tut erb] all of them being herbs from P.; le

— très propre everything very neat; (plus jolie que) — es . . .

all the rest; tout (2) adv. (even as an adverb tout becomes toute (s) before a fem. adjective beginning with a consonant: thus, — étonnée, but — e confuse) quite, altogether, wholly, very, just; — au bout at the very rim; — à coup suddenly, all at once; — - à fait quite, exactly, wholly; — à l’heure just now or presently; — ■ de même all (or just) the same;

— de suite immediately; — ■ d’un coup (see coup); — haut aloud; — là-haut all the way up, away up there; — (-e) seul(-e) quite alone; — e réjouie fairly beaming with joy; sa vie — • entière his whole life; — es craquantes ( S-N ) all crackling (not “ all of them ”) ; — e grossière qu’elle était gross though it was;

— en assurant le repos, etc.

(S-N) at the same time insuring ... ; — en exprimant (une violente surprise) (S-N) even though expressing . . .; — en rêvant, je m’endormis in the midst of dreams . . .

toutefois however, nevertheless

toute-puissante [m. tout-puissant] all-powerful

toux /. cough

trace /. track, trail, footstep, telltale sign, clue

tracer trace, lay down (or out) a plan etc.; write, print

traduire translate

Trafalgar m. (Cape) Trafalgar on S. W. coast of Spain; scene of Nelson’s victory (21 Oct., 1805) over the combined fleets of France and Spain, commanded by Villeneuve

trafiquant m. dealer (de in) trafiquer (de) trade or deal (in) trahir betray, reveal train m. (railway) train; activity, movement; — de vie course of life, way of living; en — d’avaler (une omelette) (Mbl) in the act of swallowing ... ; je suis en — de mourir de faim (Mbl) I’m on the verge of starvation; mettre en — , set going, enliven traîner drag, trail about; se — , drag oneself, creep along traîneur m.: — de sabre swashbuckler (military bully, usually an officer)

trait m. feature; draught, gulp ; avaler d’un — , swallow at a (single) gulp traitable: rendre — , conciliate, mollify

traite/.: — des nègres slave trade; outlawed by Great Britain and by the United States in 1808 and by France in 1818. In 1819 a treaty was signed by Great Britain and France according to which the two powers undertook to put a stop to the slave trade

traité m. treatise, treaty, bargain traiter treat, deal (de with); but on le traitait vaguement de braconnier (AM) they hinted that he was a poacher trajet m. distance covered (in a journey), stretch, journey tranchant, -e adj. sharp, trenchant, peremptory tranche/, slice

trancher (fig. of colors) be in strong contrast, stand out sharply tranquille quiet, easy, calm, undisturbed, peaceful; laisser — , leave alone (not bother); nous ne sommes pas — s we’re a bit worried; tiens toi — , don’t fret; à pas — s at an easy gait tranquillement quietly, calmly, peacefully

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

tranquilliser calm

tranquillité /. calmness, serenity;

avec — , tranquilly transformer (en) transform or convert (into)

transir chill, benumb transporter convey, carry away trappe /. trap door Trappe: la — , name of an abbey (Notre-Dame-de-la-Trappe), ab.

115 k. W. by S. of Paris, and of the religious order (les Trappistes) founded there in 1140 trapu, -e thickset travail (pi. -aux) m. work, workmanship, labor, toil; job, duties travailler work, be at work travailleur m. worker travaux see travail travers: à — , prep, through,

across; à — bois through the woods; à — le monde ( Êlix ) over the wide wide world; de — , adv.

the wrong way, askew, askance, awry; (en me regardant) de — , ( Mbl ) crossly; en — , crosswise, on the thwart; en — de across (also alongside)

traverse: un chemin par la — , a

crossroad, a short cut traversée /. crossing (as of a sea or strait), passage

traverser cross, walk across; pass (walk, fly, go) through; le traversant de peurs soudaines (ATF/S) sending through him sudden fears trébucher stumble tremblant, -e trembling; Françoise un peu — e ( here — e is an adjective and agrees) F., a bit tremulous

tremblement m. trembling; un — , a fit of trembling

trembler quake, shake, quiver, shiver; (écriture) tremblée wavering, shaky

trémière (/. adj.) occurs only in rose — , hollyhock, rose mallow tremper soak, steep; dip, temper; (une robe) toute trempée wet through; trempés dans le courage (Peur) tempered by daring deeds; intrans. ■ — dans l’eau (of branches) trail in the water, (of a

bldg.) stand in, or be washed by, the water

trentaine : une — de about thirty trente thirty trépas m. (poet.) death trépignement m. stamping (of feet), trampling

trépigner stamp (with one’s feet), tramp

très very, greatly, very much, very well

trésor m. treasure; darling; des — s (de mélodie, etc.) a wealth, wealths

tressaillir start up (nervously), be startled; shudder; (of muscles) quiver; — de joie tremble with joy

tribunal (pi. -aux) m. tribunal, court (of law)

tribune /. gallery, organ loft tricorne m. three-cornered hat tricot m. knitting trier sort out

trimestre m. quarter (of a year), three months’^ pay trin, trin, trin (Élix) onomatopoetic adv.; also a kind of refrain riming ivith jardin, tum-tee-dum or the like

trinquer touch or clink glasses triomphal, -e triumphal triomphant, -e triumphant triompher triumph; (F) be exultant trique/, bludgeon triste sad, sorrowful, dismal; — temps ! dreary weather !

tristement sadly, mournfully tristesse /. sadness, sorrow trois three

troisième third; third story trombe /. waterspout, tornado tromper deceive, cheat, outwit; disappoint (hopes); se — , be mistaken, be wrong; ma mère ne s’y trompait pas (Mbl) . . . was not deluding herself; se — de chemin take the wrong road trompeu-r, -se misleading, unreal Tronchin : le fameux — , (R) Théodore Tronchin, a Swiss physician b. in Geneva, 1709, d. in Paris, 1781; enabled by his patron Lord Bolingbroke to study at Amster-

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

dam, where he built up a brilliant clientele and married a greatniece of John de Witt. T. became the most fashionable of Paris physicians, but Balzac regarded him as a quack tronçon m. stump trône m. throne

trop too, too much, too many, too often, too greatly; over- ( — encombré overcrowded) ; — de . . .

too much (many) ... ; le — -de the overdoing of, an excess of trophée m. trophy, memento troquer: — contre trade (or swap) for

trottiner skip, trip ( walk briskly, taking short steps )

trottoir m. sidewalk, pavement (= sidewalk)

trou m. hole, (AM) deep hole (in a stream), hollow (in the ground), hiding-place; ce — de verdure this verdant nook; les petits — s (de ses joues) the dimples trouble m. disturbance, turmoil, confusion of mind, distress troubler disturb, agitate, upset (the mind), fluster; — l’eau de son écume (AM) cloud the water with its foam

trouer make a hole (holes) in, bore through; troué, -e full of holes; ce tableau troué this picture with the holes in it

troupe f. troop, band, flock, company, school (of fish); aller en — , go in a flock troupeau m. flock, herd troupier m. used familiarly (before 1914) as a synonym of soldat soldier (Engl, trooper is used only of a cavalryman) trouvaille /. (lucky) find trouver find, find out, discover, invent; think, regard ... as; — mauvais not like; aller — , go to, go and see, look for (or . up); venir — , come and see; je lui trouve un bouquet (Êlix) I find it has a fragrance; se — , be or happen to be, feel (well, ill, etc.), (of a boat) lie; se trouva faire retour happened to return; il

s’y trouvait bien quelques négligences there occurred in it, I admit, etc.; (impers.) il se trouva que ... it so happened that . . . ; un enfant trouvé a foundling truite/, trout

tu pers. pron. used normally only among intimate friends and by adults in speaking to little children, etc. (likewise te, ton, ta, tes, etc.); in living Engl., only you (yourself, your, etc.); comment te nommes-tu? (R) here a form of address officially required by the French Revolutionary Government, 1789-94, whatever the age or rank of the person addressed; translate: what is your name ?

tu- see taire

Tubingue Tübingen, a mfg. town in Württemberg, Germany tuer kill; se — , kill oneself, get killed

tue-tête: à — , at the top of one’s voice

tuile/, tile

tumulte m. uproar, din of voices, disorder, disturbance tumultueusement tumultuously tumultueu-x, -se tumultuous tunique /. tunic, (ecd.) tunicle (short vestment worn by bishops under chasuble, by deacons as outer garment at eucharist, etc.); (short) frock coat (worn by lycée students), coat; (mil.) tunic, coat tutoyer (from tu + toi + er; cf.

“thee and thou” a person) use tu when addressing a person; (c’était la première fois) qu’elle le tutoyait (AM) . . . that she had spoken to him with affectionate familiarity; me — , (VC), freely, call me daddy tuyau m. pipe

ultérieur, -e later, subsequent un, une one; a, an; une heure an hour or one o’clock; une fois once; une idée lui parut (A TUS) one idea (the following idea), etc. ; un poème en un chant a

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

poem in one canto; l’aspect d’une créature vivante (Mbl) the sight of any living creature; avec une suffisante majesté with adequate majesty; une terreur le retenait (AIDS') a feeling of terror, etc.; et l’un dit {Peur) and one of them said; l’un {or l’une) de . . . one of ... ; un à un one at a time; l’un l’autre or l’un à l’autre each other, to each other; l’un et l’autre both; l’un ou l’autre either (of them); l’un pour l’autre for each other; les uns ... les autres some . . .

others

unanime (à) unanimous (in) uni, -e smooth, even -unième (only in compounds) -first uniforme adj. and m. noun uniform union /. union, concord unique only, single; fils — , only son uniquement only, entirely univers to. whole world Ure see Mont-de-l’Ure usage m. custom, use, practice usé, -e adj. or p.p. worn-out, {of garments) threadbare user wear out; usant ses ongles {Par) wearing her finger nails down to the quick; — de use, make use of, avail oneself of usure /. usury; wearing out: 1’ — des sièges the shabbiness of the chairs

usurier to. usurer utile useful

utiliser make the best use of Utrecht to., a city in Holland; velours d’ — , U. velvet {a woollen velvet for tapestry and upholstery)

va see aller

vacance /. vacancy; ■ — s holiday (s), vacation; aux — s during holidays, at vacation times; en — s taking a holiday, on vacation vache/, cow vaciller be unsteady va-et- vient to. motion to and fro vagabond to. vagabond, vagrant, tramp

vague (1) /. wave, {fig.) waves (surge)

vague (2) vague, empty, idle vaguement vaguely, dimly; on le traitait — de (braconnier) {AM) they hinted that he was . . .

vaill- see valoir

vaillant : pas un sou — , not a penny in the world

vaincre overcome, vanquish, conquer, win

vaincu, -e see vaincre vainqueur to. conqueror, victor vais see aller vaisseau m. vessel vaisselle /. plates (and dishes); plate {silver, porcelain, etc.)] laver la — , wash the dishes valet to. footman, flunkey; — de chambre valet, (R) man servant {of the countess)', — de ferme farm laborer valeur /. worth, value valise /. traveling-bag vallée /. valley vallonnement to. undulation valoir be worth (as much as), be as good (or bad) as; — la peine be worth the trouble; il vaut mieux mourir it’s better to die; mieux vaut ’tis better to ... ; autant valait-il vendre chèrement sa vie they might just as well sell their lives dearly; — qqch à qqn cause ... to have, win for; cela lui avait valu un bon poste that had brought her (him) a good position valser waltz valter {dialect) wander vanité /. conceit; tirer — de pride oneself on

vantard, -e boastful

vanter boast of, extol; se — , boast

vapeur /. vapor, mist

vaquer à go about {one’s business)

varier vary

vas see aller

vaste great, spacious

vaurien to. good-for-nothing, scamp

vaut and vaux see valoir

veau to. calf

vécu see vivre

véhicule to. conveyance

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

veille /. keeping awake, watching, vigil; la — (de) the eve (of), the day, evening or night (before) veillée/, evening (spent in chatting), evening sewing party (Êt); la — de Saint-Nicolas (S- N) Christmas Eve ( but see Saint-Nicolas) veiller keep (or lie) awake, stay up, watch; — à be careful about, look after; — sur keep watch over

veilleuse /. night light (in France, an oil cup with a wick ) veine /. vein

vélin to. vellum (fine parchment, orig. of calfskin ) velours to. velvet velouté to. (velvety) smoothness Vendée /. Vendée, a region on the coast of France (south of Brittany), notorious for the hostility of its population generally to the Revolution of 1789-94

Vendéen, -ne Vendean, an inhabitant of la Vendée and generally a supporter of royalty during the French Revolution

vendeu-r, -se seller, vendor, dealer vendre sell; que je vendrais au moins mille écus (T) whom I could sell for at least, etc.; se —, sell or be sold (for) vendredi to. Friday (a day when Roman Catholics are forbidden to eat meat)

vengeance /. vengeance, revenge venger avenge; se — , avenge oneself, be revenged, “ get even ” venir ( with vien-, vin-) come, come on, fall; happen; occur; d’où vient que • . . how does it happen that ... ; [il] vint la prendre par le bras [he] came and took her, etc.; vienne la Toussaint come All Saints’ Day or next All Saints’ Day; faire — , cause . . .

to come, send for, fetch; la nuit venue after nightfall; mes forces venues having got back my strength; il me vint à l’esprit it occurred to me; — à bout de perdre . . . (CP) manage to lose;

U s’en venait à pied he was coming along on foot; j’attendis . . .

qu’il vînt à faire un jour de pluie I waited . . . for a possible rainy day; — de + inf. have (had) just + p.p.; qu’il (vient) venait de déployer which he (has) had just displayed; venaient de se creuser de nouveau had just deepened again; le nouveau venu the newcomer

vénitien, -ne (Vénitien) Venetian vent to. wind; un — de terre an offshore (or land) wind; bannières au — , banners flying (in the wind) vente/, sale

Ventoux: le mont — , Mt. V. (i.e., “Windy Mountain”), ab. 45 k.

E. by N. of Avignon ventre to. abdomen, paunch, (vulg.) belly; hold (of ship); à plat — , (lying) flat on the ground; lui redonnait un peu de cœur au — , put some courage in her (inside of her) again venu, -e (1) p.p. of venir venue (2) /. coming vêpres /. pi. (eccl.) evensong, vespers; les Vêpres Siciliennes (the) Sicilian Vespers, massacre of French residents in Sicily in 1282, begun at stroke of V. bell; also tide of a play (1819) by Casimir Delavigne

ver to. worm; — de terre earthworm; mangé, -e des — s wormeaten

verdâtre greenish verdeur/, greenness, freshness verdure /. verdure, green branches, greenery; ce trou de — , (AM) this verdant nook vergue/, (naut.) yard véritable true, genuine, real, outand-out; un — personnage (MD) quite an important person véritablement truly, really vérité /. truth; à la — , in fact; en —, really

vermeil (1), -le vermilion or (fig.)

rosy; (2) to. silver gilt vernir varnish; le carreau verni the floor polished (well waxed); se serait-elle vernie pour abuser de moi? (Mbl) may she have varnished herself to hoodwink me ?

verr- see voir

verre m. glass; un petit — , a glass of brandy; sous un — , (VC) under a glass bell

verrou m. bolt; pousser le — , bolt the door

vers (1) m. verse

vers (2) prep, toward, to, at, about; — le ciel skyward, upward; hurler — quelque chose d’invisible (Peur) howl at, etc. ; du dehors — la forêt (Peur) outside, from the forest

Versailles m. Versailles, a great park near Paris and site of the huge palace where thousands of courtiers and servants surrounded the French kings under the Ancien Régime, esp. during the reign of Louis XIV versant m. slope (s) verse : pleuvoir à — , rain torrents, be pouring

verser pour (out), shed; — à boire pour out a drimk

verste f. verst (Russian word) = 1076 meters, ab. 3550 ft.

vert (1), -e green; (2) m. green;

les — s (F) green vegetables vertement smartly, lustily, with plenty of vim, sharply vertige m. dizziness, giddiness; des — s fits of dizziness; donner le — à make giddy vertu f. virtue, virtuousness; en — de by virtue of

verve /. liveliness, raciness, spirit, vim; avec — , racily, spiritedly veste /. waistcoat or jacket (with sleeves but without a collar) ; toujours en manches de — , (VC) always wearing his sleeved waistcoat

vestibule m. (entrance) hall vêtement m. garment; pi. clothing, dress; — s pour la sortie wraps

vétérinaire m. veterinary (surgeon) vêtir (de) dress or clothe (in) ; [les] grands salons vêtus de soie ancienne (Par) . . . upholstered with costly old silk vêtu, -e see vêtir veuf m. widower

veuill- see vouloir veut see vouloir veuve /. widow veux see vouloir vi- (vis, etc.) see voir viande /. meat

vibrant, -e vibrant, loud; (fig.)

thrilling vibrer vibrate

vice m. vice, defect, weakness; les — s du capitaine the failings (or shortcomings) of the captain victoire/, victory

victorieu-x, -se victorious, triumphant

vide (1) empty, vacant; — de devoid of; un espace — , (T) a free (or open) space; (2) m.

empty space, void; se trouver dans le - — , find oneself suspended in space

vider empty, unpack (a trunk), (in drinking) “drain,” gulp; se — , be emptied

vie f. life, existence; elle croyait à la — de son fils (R) she believed her son must be alive; en — , alive vieil, -le see vieux vieillard m. (very) old (or agèd) man vieille see vieux

vieillesse /. old age, (one’s) declining years

vieilUr grow old, age; vieilli de cinq ans who had aged five years; vieillie dans la maison (AM) who had grown old, etc.

vieillot, -te oldish vien- see venir

vierge/, virgin; la Vierge, the Virgin (Mary); Sainte Vierge! Holy Virgin ! un fil de la Vierge a gossamer thread; as adj. virgin, virginal, pure

vieux (1), vieil (before vowels), f.

vieille old, elderly; du plus — roux (Mbl) of the dingiest reddish brown; vieux occurs occasionally, in colloq. style, before a vowel: un — homme (Peur) an old fellow

vieux (2), vieille noun old man, old fellow; old woman, old lady vif, vive living, alive; lively, quick, bright, keen, (of heat) intense;

VOCABULARY AND NOTES 383

eau(x) vive(s) living (running) water (s)

vigilance /. watchfulness vigne/, vine; vineyard vigoureu-x, -se strong, sturdy, vigorous

vigueur /. strength, energy viguier to. formerly a high judge or magistrate having , in the South of France, duties like those of the prévôt (provost) in the North vil, -e vile, low

vilain, -e villainous, low, wicked, naughty; ce — tour this mean trick

villageois, -e villager ville /. city, town

vin m. wine; — du Rhin hock or Rhine wine vin- see venir vindicati-f, -ve vindictive vingt twenty; — fois a score of times, time and again vingtaine: une — de a score of, about twenty vingtième twentieth violemment violently violence /. violence, violent temper violent, -e violent, vehement; une - — e surprise great astonishment; de — s (coups de tonnerre) heavy . . .

violet, -te violet ( adj .) violon to. violin, fiddle; violinist, fiddler

violoncelliste to. ’cellist virer turn; — de bord ( naut .) come about, tack

visage to. face, countenance, look; see réfléchi, -e

vis-à-vis de facing, face to face with

viser aim (at), take aim; examine and sign (or visé) a document visible evident, obvious visiblement evidently, obviously visière /. peak or visor (of a cap ) visionnaire visionary visite /. visit, call; search, inspection; faire (or rendre) — à pay a visit to, call on

visiter visit, examine, inspect, (Jam.)

have a look at Visiteu-r, -se visitor, caller

vite quick(ly), fast; au plus — , as soon (quickly) as possible vitesse f. speed, swiftness, rate (of speed )

vitrage to. (window) pane (s), windows

vitrail to. (pi. -aux) window (made up of small panes), often stainedglass window

vitre /. windowpane, pane (of glass) vivacité /. liveliness, sharpness; avec — , a bit sharply, with some excitement

vivant (1), -e living, alive; (2) to.:

du — de in the lifetime of; de son — , in one’s (his, her) lifetime vive see vif and vivre vivement keenly, eagerly, hotly, quickly, hurriedly, smartly, earnestly, very much; sortir — , (of tears) well up suddenly vivre (de) live (on, by), be living (alive), (AM) remain alive; fare; âme qui vive a living soul vivres to. pi. provisions or stores (of food), victuals; les ■ — de campagne, enfin (VC) campaign victuals, in a word (i.e., the biscuit, salt meat, and dried vegetables carried by the army; commonly called petits vivres; but Coppée’s potau-feu may imply fresh meat) v’ià coll, for voilà vociférer yell, shout, bawl vœu to. vow, wish; le — de la nature the demands of nature vogue/, popularity voici (voi [see, look] + ci = ici [here]) here is, here are; — le troisième jour this is the third day; et — que and now, you see voie /. way

voilà (voi [see, look] + là) with no stated obj.: ■ — ! je louerais,

etc. (VC) well now! I might rent, etc.; — ! that’s all! with obj.: behold, there is (are) ; — la mouche (aplatie sur le mur) there’s your fly ... ; — un joli coup ! (CP) that was a fine shot ! ■ — vingt francs (with implied gesture) there are twenty francs; — huit heures (qui sonnent) that’s eight o’clock ... ; me — , here I am; comme

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

te — effrayée ! how frightened you are ! et — que tout à coup . . .

{Peur) and all of a sudden . . . ; maintenant que vous — prévenu now that you’re warned; — sept ans que je te le garde for seven years I’ve been keeping it for you; — qui n’est pas règlementaire (VC) that is not according to regulations; — qui est fort beau that is all very beautiful; — comment . . . that is how ... ; en — assez ! enough of this !

voile (1) /. sail; sous — s {naut.)

under way voile (2) to. veil voilier to. sailing-ship voir {with verr-, vi-, vu-) see, behold, look at; aller — , go and see; faire — , show; nous verrons cela (CP) we shall see about that; a-t-on jamais vu !

{M D) who ever saw the likes ? — le jour first see the daylight {i.e., be born); n’y voyant plus {Mbl) no longer able to see (my way) ; il n’y voyait pas bien he couldn’t see well; voyons ! let us see ! or come ! voyez-vous {expletive) you see, you know; voyez-vous ces musiciens {MD) consider those musicians; voyez- vous qu’un malin se fût présenté {BM) what if (suppose) some “smarty” had turned up; ni vu ni connu (P) and no one’s the wiser; passe, je t’ai vu! {MP) freely, presto change ! se — , {R) find oneself voire indeed, of a truth voisin, -e near by, neighboring, adjoining; les bois — s {AM) the woods about here; to. and f. neighbor; un — de cellule a friend in a neighboring cell voisinage to. neighborhood; mon compliment de — , my neighborly compliment

voiture /. carriage, vehicle, conveyance; compagnie de petites — s {Par) cab company voix /. voice; à — basse in a low tone; à haute — , out loud, aloud; éclat de — , outburst, loud ejaculation; sans — , speechless; d’une

— sourde in a muffled tone; une

— lointaine {AM) a sound from far away

vol to. flight; prendre son — , fly away; des — s de corbeaux flocks of ravens in flight volaille (s) f. poultry, fowls volatile to. winged creature; pi.

fowls (of the air)

volée /. shower (of leaves ); à la grande — , {of bells) in full peal, pealing loudly

voler (1) fly; (2) steal; rob, swindle volet m. shutter voleu-r, -se thief

volontaire voluntary; noun to. volunteer

volontairement of one’s own free will, voluntarily

volonté /. will, pleasure (decision); pi. desires

volontiers readily, willingly, gladly, with pleasure voltiger flutter, hover volupté /. voluptuousness, bliss; les — s du at home the luxuries of home life vont see aller vos your, your own Vosges [vois]: les —, to. the Vosges, a mountain range along the W. of Alsace and the S. end of Lorraine

votre adj. [votr(a) or, fam. vot] your

vôtre pron., usually with le, la; pi.

les - — s [vo:tr or vo:tra] yours, your own voudr- see vouloir vouer vow, solemnly promise, devote, pledge

vouloir ( with veu-, veuill-, voudr-) wish (to), desire (to), be willing (to), like (to), care (aim) to, will (would) ... ; decide to, try to; expect to; require; — absolument que . . . insist that ... ; veuillez (bien) ... be so good (kind) as to ... , please ... ; je veux bien I am willing; je ne veux plus I am no longer willing; comment voulez- vous trouver un homme là-dedans ?

{AM) how do you expect, etc.;

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

vous voulez rire (Mbl) you must be joking; si elle veut crier ?

(AM) if he decides to give the alarm? (l’égoïsme de sa tendresse) le voulait vivant (AM) . . . demanded that he should continue to live; d’autres voulaient un noble (R) others insisted it must be a noble; M. le maire voudrait vous parler . . .

would like to speak to you; comme tu voudras as you please; c’est comme tu voudras manage it any way you like; il voulut protester (F) he tried to protest; on voulait dire they meant; en — à [i.e., — du mal à] have a grudge against, be vexed with; qui en voudra [de ma patte] (MU) who may care to have it; (ce sont les âmes) dont le bon Dieu ne veut pas chez lui (Ét) . . . that God Almighty does not care to have about him vous you (to you, for you), or (to supplement on and se) one, us; elle — - lui détache un coup (M P) I can tell you, she let drive at him a kick

voûte /. vault, arch voy- see voir

voyage m. journey, voyage; heureux — ! a happy journey ! godspeed; les — s (MU) travel (in general) voyager travel

voyageu-r, -se traveler, wayfarer vrai, -e true, genuine, real; c’est — , that’s (it’s) true; à — dire to tell the truth vraiment truly, really, indeed vraisemblance f. probability, likelihood

vu (vue) see voir

vue f. sight, view; garder à — , keep constantly under watch; à — d’œil manifestly, as was plain to see; perdre ... de — , lose sight of . . .

vulgaire popular, common; en langue — , in the vernacular (i.e., in French ); le — , the mob; trop loin du — , too far from common things

wachtmann (German; MD) nightwatchman

whist [wist] m. whist

y adv. there, thereat, therein, thereto, to it, to this, to that, or thither, thereby, etc. (cf. là, which localizes more emphatically ); il y a there is (are); y a rien (F) coll, for il n’y a rien there ain’t anything; si on y [= dans cet état de jongleur] mangeait tous les jours (J) if it gave a man something to eat every day; il y sauta [dans la fosse] he jumped into it; y croire [i.e., croire à cela] believe it; y prendre garde notice it; s’y méprendre be mistaken (about it); (le service de Dieu) y perdait (Êlix) . . . was losing thereby; (malgré le danger qui l’attend ici, je voudrais bien cependant) l’y voir (R) [i.e., le voir ici] . . . see him (of course, here); j’y compte (CP) I count on you; j’y pense I am thinking of it ya (German ja) yes yatagan m. yataghan, a long knife or short saber, often curved near the tip; common among Turks and Arabs yeux pi. of œil

Ymauville Norman village ab. 5 k.

E. of Goderville

yolof, -e: la langue — e the Yolof

language, spoken by the Ouolofs, Wolofs, Yolofs, or Djolofs, a tall negro race inhabiting parts of Senegal

Ypsilanti: Alexandre — , Alexander Hypsilantis (1792-1828), a Greek who became a Russian general; in 1820 he accepted the command of the Greek hetairia (see hétairistes) to fight for Greek independence; but, disavowed by Russia and abandoned by the Roumanians (whose chief, Vladimiresco, he had caused to be executed), he was beaten by the pasha Widdin at Dragasani and fled, to Austria, where he was

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

arrested and held in prison until 1827. See Skouliani Yvetot a Norman town W. of Le Havre; Daudet alludes to a famous ditty by Béranger:

Il était un roi d’Yvetot,

Peu connu dans l’histoire;

Se levant tard, se couchant tôt, Dormant fort bien sans gloire,

Et couronné par Jeanneton D’un simple bonnet de coton, Dit-on.

Oh! oh! oh! oh! ah! ah! ah! ah!

Quel bon petit roi c’était là !

La! la!

These and additional stanzas, composed by B. in 1813, were sung all over France and le roi d’Yvetot thus came to mean jolly good king or roi bon enfant. Béranger’s song was translated into verse by Thackeray

zèle m. zeal zinc [zêk] m. zinc

Date Due