animal. Render ' stupid fellow

30. fy consens. En route l Render by * I hâve no objection to make. Forward ! '

2. en pain de sucre. The préposition en hère dénotes, as often, the manner, ' like a.' Cf. se conduire en homme. Pain is used for différent things in the lump, « loaf,' 'cake,' etc.; e.g. pain de sucre, pain de cire.

4. lui en vouloir. Vouloir du mal à is to « bear a grudge against ; ' en vouloir a is less strong, to be ' angry with.'

9. les répartiteurs. Translate the •assessors* Each province had to pay a fixed quota. Honce the necessity for assessors to regulate the proportion paid by each man according to the varying number and wealth of the inhabitants of each district

11. le grand charron. See note to p. 26, 1. 4. For the meaning of grand before the noun, cf. grand scélérat, grande dame, grand duc, 'a villainous wretch,' *alady of high rank,' etc.

15. des maraîchers. In the neighbourhood of Paris, some marsh land, des marais, was reclaimed and cultivated by gardeners. Hence maraîcher became a gênerai term for a ' market-gardener.'

18. tout droit. Lit. * quite in a straight line,' i.e. 4in a per» fectly straight line.' Tout and droit are both adverbs.

20. la Schlittenbach. Since the German Bach, ■ brook,' is masculine, and since French names of rivers are mostly masculine, if they do not end in e mute, this gender is anomalous.

21. U fallait des cinq et six chevaux. This use of the partitive article before numerals is conversa tional ; • some five or six.'

32. fourmillait. This verb is formed from fourmi, Latin formica, * ant,' and meana ' to swarm like ants ; ' hence simply ' swarm.'

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2. en s'en retournant. Cf. with s'en retourner, s'en aller, s'enfuir, and the English * to walk one's self off.' Observe that thèse intransitive vetbs acquire a transitive force when thus used with reflective pronouns ; se is accusative, and the past participle agrées with it ; e.g. ils se sont enfuis.

3. un verre de trop. Do not render de. Cf. rien de trop ! * no excess I ' ; cinq hommes de tués, ■ five men wounded.'

10. les traitaient de bêtes. Traiter de, lit. 'to treat as/ means * to stigmatize.' Render hère * call.' Cf. with traiter de, qualifier de (in the same sensé), servir de, * to serve as, do the office of.' De in such cases dénotes the manner ; e.g. cela lui servira d'exemple, lit *by way of example, example-wise, as an example.' Bête is said of one who wants intelligence, who is stupid.

14. rançonnait. This word * ransom ' has corne to mean • exact from a roan more than is due.' The imperfects in the whole passage express an often-repeated séries of events.

11. en voulaient surtout aux péages. See note to p. 27, 1. 4. Every province, every town had barriers, and levied tolls. Some

84 Histoire oVun Paysan.

French towns still levy a toll, octroi, on provisions brought into them for sale from the country.