payez-vous. *Pay yourself,=*take your money

Page 29.

3. du saunier. This word means hère the «seller,* not the * maker.' See note to p. 7, 1. 20. The French still pay a slight tax on sait.

5. les aides. Subsidies to the Crown were originally granted by a duty levied on alcoholic liquors.

13. se tapaient dans la main. The old-fashioned sign that a bargain was struck.

14. le pot de vin. Hère nsed in its literal sensé. The modem sensé is what is given over and above the stipulated priée named. Hence it is euphemistically used of a ' bribe.'

23. Dieu merci. In this phrase, lit. 'thanks be to Heaven,* the préposition à is omitted before Dieu. Render by 'gooduess knows.'

10. la première lettre. That is to say, ' of the alphabet.* 25. carmagnole de bure. In the early years of the French Révolution, the carmagnole, or * spencer,' of coarse woollen stuff became (with additions) a kind of national dress or uniform. Carlyle ("French Révolution, 1793,") says : " Revolutionary Army is gone forth ... in red night-cap, in tricolour waistcoat, in blackshag trousers, blaekshag spencer ... in carmagnole complète." The word was also the name of a mad popular dance, and of the son g which was sung by the dancers. The refrain was, " Dansons la Carmagnole ; Vive le son du canon.** Carmagnola, a sraall town 29 kilomètres south of Turin, from which many of the Paris street-musicians corne, is said to hâve given its name to this song. Carmagnola is the birthplace of the celebrated François Bussone (1390-1432), Captain of Free Companions, Generalissimo of the Republic of Venice.

— . bure. From this word is formed bureau, properly a writing«

table covered with bure ; hence the word bureau came to hâve the meanin g 'office,' a place containing tables of this kind for the transaction of business.

30. des livres de messe. Lit. ' mass books,' %.e.y ' naissais,' or • prayer-books.'

31. des Jean-Jacques. See note to p. 11, 1. 3. Kousseau, the great prose writer, was fond of styling himself Jean-Jacques, by way of distinction from the poet Jean Baptiste Rousseau. The writera named in the text wrote againat abuses in Church and State.

Page 31.

16. rien que ^entendre. Render by «I bave only to hear. . . « and.' Cf. note to p. 12, 1. 1.

19. du nouveau. Distinguish du nouveau^ ' something new,' from, e.g., une bonne nouvelle (noun), ' a pièce of good news ; ' des nouvelles (noun), ' news.'

21. «o?i enfant a la main. Contrast with this, tenant son enfant par la main, in which case la main is the child's hand. In the text, the hand is the father's hand. Render both by ' holding by the hand.'

22. rajeunit de soixante et quinze. The préposition de hère dénotes the arithmetical différence. The use of et between soixante and dix or quinze is unusual, but not incorrect.

27. le poêle. The high stove, formerly of earthenware, now either of ornamental tiles or iron, is indispensable on the Continent, both for the sake of heat and for economy of fuel. In the country, the stove is still often of dried clay, with a fixed bench round iU

Page 32.

6. des calvinistes. The Edict of Nantes, by which Henri IV. gave toleration to the Protestants in 1589, was revoked by Louis XIV., 1685. The Protestants expelled from France took refuge in Germany and England, enriching their adopted countries by industrial ekill. Calvin was the leader of the Protestant movement in France. Toleration was granted to the Protestants by Louis XVL

7. la Rochelle. The capital of what is now the department of Charente Inférieure, a sea-port three hundred miles south-west of Paris. In 1557 it became a stronghold of the Huguenots or Protes» tants. It was ineffectually besieged by the Duke of Anjou in 1574. It was taken by the royal forces under Louis XIII. and his minister Kichelieu, after a siège which began in 1627 and lasted thirteen months, and the power of the Huguenot party was finally broken. The expédition to relieve the town despatched by Charles I. of England failed through the incapacity of the Duke of Buckingham.

15. à lui seul. Lit. * by himself alone ; ' familiarly * in his single self.»

21. oVUtrecht. Whatever would not pass the French censorsbip of the Press was printed in Holland, and so contraband,

30. des landes de loups, etc. The French naturally suppose that everything disagreeable cornes from Germany. But wolves still exist in the Ardennes and Pyrénées, and were still found in many other districts of France when they were already extinct in Gerniany.

Page 33.