livre f. pound

livrée f. livery

livrer to give up, deliver; — bataille to engage in battle

locomotive f. engine

loger (se) to live, lodge

logis m. house, lodging

loi f. law

loin far; — de far from

lointain faraway, distant

longer to sail along; to skirt

longtemps a long time

loup m. wolf

lourd heavy

lumière f. light

lune f. moon

lutte f. struggle

lutter to contend

machine m». machine; — à tuer infernal machine

magasin m. store, shop

Mahomet Mohammed (founder of Islam)

main f. hand; à la —, by the hand; aux —s at or into the hands

maint many

VOCABULAIRE

maintenir to keep together; to secure

maire ». mayor

maison f. house; pagne villa; — town hall

maître m. master, teacher; être — de soi to selfmastery

mal ». harm, ill, hardship, evil, misfortune, trouble

malade sick

maladie f. illness, sickness, disease

malaisé difficult

mâle virile

malgré in spite of

malheur #”. calamity, misfortune; pour son —, it was his misfortune

malheureux unfortunate, miserable, wretched

malhonnèêteté f. dishonesty

malice f. malice; sharpness, acuteness

maltraiter to illtreat

mamelle f. breast

manche ». handle; Manche f.

English Channel

manger to eat

manier to handle

manière f. method

maniéré affected, unnatural

— de camcommune

possess

manquer to fail; — de to lack; — d’être pris to be nearly caught

manteau m. cloak

marais m. marsh

marbre m. marble

marchand m». trader

marchandise f. goods

marche f. step, march; se mettre en —, to move on, start forward

marché m"”. bargain; cheap

bon —,

marcher (sur) to advance (towards)

maréchal m. marshall

marin »”. sailor

marine f. marine; — de guerre Davy

maritime maritime

marmite f. pot

maroc m. Morocco

marocain adj. & n. Moroccan

marquer to write; stamp

marteau ». hammer

massacrer to slaughter

massacreur "». slaughterer

masse f. bulk; en —, in num-

mât m. mast Cbers, en masse

matelot #». sailor

mauvais bad

maux see mal

méchanceté f. cruelty; spitefulness, wickedness

méchant wicked

mécontent m. dissatisfied person, malcontent

mécontenter to displease

médecin m. physician

médicament m. medicine

mêler to mix in; se —;, to dabble in; to interfere, tamper with

même even; same; ni —, not even; nous-—s we ourselves

mémoire f. memory

menacer to threaten

ménager to take care of; to safeguard

mendier to beg

mener to lead, drive, influence

mensonge ". lie

menteur ". liar

mentir to lie

mépris m. contempt, disdain, scorn

mépriser to despise; to scorn

mer f. sea; sur —, at sea;

Mer Noire Black Sea

merci f. mercy, pity

mériter to deserve

«Merveilleuse » f. belle (of the French Directoire; literally, “ Marvelous ”)

métier m. trade or profession; travail des —s artisans’ work

mettre to put, place, set; for idioms see the various nouns and adjectives; se —;, to place oneself; to become; se — à to set to, begin to, enter; se — à plusieurs to assemble in numbers

meubles ». pl. furniture

meurtre m. murder

meurtrier deadly

Mexique m. Mexico

midi »m. south

mieux better

milice f. militia

milieu m. middle; au —, in the middle

milliard m». billion

millier m. a thousand, about a thousand

mine f. mine; coal mine

mise f. placing; — en jugement trial

misère f. misery

mitraille f. grape-shot

mitrailler to shoot at, with grape-shot

mitrailleuse f. machine gun

mobilier adj. personal (property)

mode jf fashion a lan — fashionable

modestie f. modesty

mœurs f. pl. customs

moine ». monk

moins less; minus

moisson f. harvest

moment "”. instant, moment; au — de at the time of

monastère m. monastery

— de charbon

riddle

VOCABULAIRE

monde m». world; people; tout le —, everybody

monseigneur "”. lord; mylorà

montagne f. mountain

montant m. carriage (of gun)

monter to climb; to ride; monté (sur) mounted (on)

monticule m». hillock

montrer to show, manifest

moquer (se) to jeer or laugh at (de)

morceau m. piece

mort m. dead (person); f. death

mot m. word; — pour rire jest

mou soft

mouchoir m. handkerchief

moudre to grind

moulin m». mill

mourir to die

mousseline f. muslin

mouton m». sheep

mouvement ». movement

moyen m. means, au — de b; means of

moyen adj. middle, intermediate; au Moyen Age, in the Middle Ages

multicolore many-colored

munir to furnish

mur m. wall

mûr ripe, mature

muraille f. wall, — de fer iron wall, rampart

mûrier m. mulberry tree

naguère but lately naissance f. birth

naître to be born, originate naviguer to sail

navire m. ship

ne not; — ...guère hardly; — ..…plus. no longer ..que only} lue" rien nothing

VOCABULAIRE

neige f. snow

peiger to snow

nettement clearly

neutre neutral

neveu m. nephew

nez M”. nose; see écraser

ni...ni neither. . . nor

nid m». nest

noblement nobly

noblesse f. nobility

noce f. wedding feast

Noël m. & f. Christmas

noir black, dark; faire —, to be dark

noircir (se) to darken

nom "”. name; du — de called

nombre "”. number; au — de among

nombreux numerous

nommer to elect, appoint; se —, to call oneself

nord north

Norvège f. Norway

nourrir to feed; se —, to live on, feed on

nourriture f. food

nouveau new; de —, again, once more nouvelle f. news: Nouvelle

osse Nova Scotia noyer to drown nuage m. cloud nuisible harmful, injurious nuit f. night; la — comme le jour by night as by day aul no, no one, none, nothing

obéir to obey

obéissance f. obedience

obligatoire compulsory

obliger to compel

obsèques f. pl. obsequies

observation f. remark; faire des —$S À to remonstrate with

obtenir to obtain, secure

obus m. shell

occuper (s’) to see about, take an interest in (de)

octogénaire n. & adj. octogenarian, eighty years old

odieux hateful, odious

œil m. eye

offenser to hurt, injure; to insult; to shock

oie f. goose

olivier m. olive tree

ombrager to shade

ombre f. shadow; sans l’— de without the least

opprimer to oppress

or now, but

or m. gold

oraison f. oration, discourse

ordonner to enjoin, order

ordre m. class

les Ordres m. pl. Holy Orders

orgueil m. pride

orgueilleux haughty, proud

originaire m. native of

orner to adorn, decorate

ornière f. rut

orphelinat m. orphanage

oser to dare

osier m. wicker

ôter to deprive, take away or off

où where; d’—, whence; par —, through which

oublier to forget

ouest m. west

ours m. bear

outillé equipped

outre: en —, moreover

ouverture f. opening

ouvrage m. work

ouvrier ». workman, laborer

ouvrir to open

P paille f. straw pair m. peer paix f. peace

palais m. palace

panache m. plume; — de plumes tuft of feathers, crest (on helmet)

panneau m. panel

panser to bind, dress, stanch a wound

pape m. pope

par through; —-dessus above, over

paraître to appear

parapluie m. umbrella

paratonnerre m. lightning conductor

parce que because

parchemin m. parchment

parcours m. line, road

pardon m». forgiveness

pareil adj. alike, like; m. equal, peer, match

parent m. relative

parfait perfect

parmi among

paroisse f. parish

parole f. word

part f. part, share; à —, separately; d’autre —, on the other hand; de la — de on behalf of; prendre —, to take part

partage m. division

partager to divide; se —, to divide; to share

parti m. party, side, cause

partir to set out; à — de from, reckoning from; — pour to go to

partisan m. partisan; être — de to be in favor of

partout everywhere

parvenir to succeed

passer to spend (time); to pass, cross (river); en par to concede; Se —, to happen; to be spent; se — de to do without

VOCABULAIRE

passion f. passion; avec —, fervently

patauger to flounder, wade

pâtisserie f. pastry

pâtissier m. pastry cook

patrie f. motherland, country

patron m. master

pâturage m. pasturage, cattle raising

paume see jeu

pauvre poor

pauvreté f. poverty

pavé m. paving stone

pavillon m. flag

payer to pay; — cher to pay well

pays m. country; m. pl. Netherlands

paysan m. peasant

peau f. skin, hide

peine f. penalty; trouble; à —, hardly; sous — de under penalty of

peinture f. painting

pèlerin #». pilgrim

pèlerinage m. pilgrimage

peloton m». platoon

pendant during; — que while; — ce temps meanwhile

pendre to hang

pénétrer to enter, penetrate

pénible painful, troublesome

péniblement with difhculty, laboriously

pensée f. idea, view, opinion

penser to think

percer to pierce

perdre to lose; se —, to ruin oneself

perfectionné improved

perfide perfidious, treacherous

perfidie f. treachery

périlleux dangerous

périr to perish, die

permettre to allow

native

Pays-Bas

VOCABULAIRE

perruque f. wig

personnage m. person, figure

perte f. loss

peser to weigh

peste f. plague

petit small, — à — little by little

petit-fils m. grandson

peu little; — à —, little by little; à — près nearly; un —, somewhat

peuple m. people, nation; lower classes

peur f. fear; avoir —, to be afraid; faire —, to scare

peureux nervous

phare m. lighthouse, beacon

physicien m. physicist

pièce f. piece; play; — d’artillerie gun; — d’eau pond; tout d’une — all of one piece

pied m. foot; à —, on foot; mettre sur —, to raise, organize; see chasseur

Piémont m. Piedmont

pierre f. stone

Pierre l’Ermite Hermit

pieu m. stake

pieux pious

pigeon m. pigeon; — voyageur carrier pigeon

pillard m. plunderer

piller to plunder

pique f. pike

piraterie f. piracy

pire adj & n. worse,

pis adv. & n. worse,

pistolet m. pistol

pitié f. compassion; avoir — de to have compassion on

pittoresque picturesque

placer (se) to place (oneself)

plaider to plead; to go to law

plaidoyer m. speech for the defense, pleading

Peter the

plaindre to pity; se —, to complain

plainte f. complaint, grievance

plaire (à) to please; se —, to enjoy; se — à to like to, take pleasure in

plaisance f. pleasure

plaisir m. pleasure, fancy; faire —, to please

planche f. board

plancher m. floor

plat m. dish, platter

plein full, open; en —-, in the middle of

pleurer to weep, bewail, lament

pleuvoir to rain

pli m. wrinkle

plier to bend, give way

plomb m». lead

plume f. feather

plupart f. most people; of

plus more; — de more than; de —-, besides; de — en -—, more and more

plusieurs several; see mettre

plutôt rather, sooner

poignard m. dagger

poignarder to stab

poignée f. handful; — de main handshake

poing m. fist

pointu pointed; bonnets pointed caps, sugarloaves

poitrine f. breast, chest

police f. police; faire la —-, to maintain order

Pologne f. Poland

polonais adj. & n. Polish

pommette f. cheek bone

pont ". bridge

pontonnier ". pontoon soldier (army engineers entrusted with building pontoons)

porc m. pig, hog, swine

porcelaine f. china, chinaware

most

366 VOCABULAIRE

port m. harbor;, — de guerre préparer to prepare; Se -—, to get naval harbor or station ready

porte f. door; — d’entrée front près near; de —, closely; de — door de nearly, about; de tout —.

portée f. reach; mettre à la —, to bring within the reach

porter to carry; to wear; to show (kindness); — les mains sur to lay hands on

portugais n. & adj. Portuguese

poser to place; to make (one’s terms)

posséder to own, possess

pot m. pot; mettre la poule au —, to cook a chicken

poteau m. pillar, post

pouce m. inch

poudre f. powder

poule f. hen, chicken

pour in order to; order that, so that

poursuivre to chase, pursue

pourtant however

pourvu provided

pousser to grow; to incite; to pusb, urge; to utter; see cri

poussière f. dust

pouvoir m. authority, command

pouvoir to be able; n’en — plus to be exhausted

prairie f. meadow

pratique f. practice; adj. practical

pratiquer to observe; to exercise

précéder to precede

précepteur m. imstructor, tutor

prêcher to preach

précipiter (se) to rush, forward

prédicateur m. preacher

prédire to predict

préférer to prefer

prématuré untimely

prendre (à) to take (from); for idioms see the various nouns and adjectives

— que in

rush

quite close, closely

presque nearly, almost, scarcely

presqu'île f. peninsula

pressé eager

prêt ready

prêter to lend

prêtre m. priest

preuve f. proof

prévenir to prevent

prévoir to foresee

prévoyance Jf. foresight, prevision, — sociale public welfare

prier to pray, entreat

prière f. prayer

primaire primary, elementary

primer to go before, surpass; le droit prime la force right makes might

principauté f. principality

printemps m». spring

prise f. capture, hold

priver to deprive

prix m. price

proclamer to proclaim

procurer to obtain

produit m. product

profit m. profit, benefit

profiter to take advantage of; to benefit

profond deep

progrès m. progress

projecteur m. searchlight

projet m. draft, plan

promener to carry about; se — à cheval to ride

promesse f. promise, word

promettre to promise

propre own

propriété f. property

prosateur m. prose writer

protéger to protect

provisoire provisional, temporary

VOCABULAIRE

provoquer to challenge prudent wise

Prusse f. Prussia

prussien adj. & n. Prussian publié published

puisque since

puissance f. power puissant powerful

puits m. well

punir to punish

qualifier to qualify

qualité f. quality

quand when; — même even though

quatre four; see donner

quelque a few, some; —fois sometimes K

querelle f. quarrel; chercher — à to pick a quarrel with

quoi which, what

raconter to tell, relate

rage f. hydrophobia

railler to rail at, mock

raison f. motive; avec —, rightly; avoir —-, to be right

raisonnable sensible

ramener to bring back

rang m. raw, rank

rangée f. row

ranger to draw up; se — du côté de to side with; to draw up

ranimer to reanimate, rouse

rappel m. recall

rappeler to recall; to remind:

se —, to remember

rapporter to bring back; on rapporte it is told or said; se — À to bear upon, refer to

revive,

rapprocher (se) to draw closer to (de)

raser (se) to shave

rassurer to reassure

rattraper to retake, overtake:

être rattrapé to be caught again

ravager to lay waste

rayé striped

rayon m. ray

réalité f. reality; task

rebord m. edge

recevoir to receive, welcome

rechercher to look for, seek

récit m. narrative

réclamer to lay claim to; te protest

récolte f. crop; harvest, vintage

récolter to reap

recommander to to enjoin

recommencer to begin again, resume

récompense f. reward

réconcilier (se) to be reconciled, make up

reconnaître to recognize

reconquérir to take back, recover

reconstituer to reorganize

recueil m. collection

recueilli adj. calm, thoughtful

reculer to retreat

rédiger to draw up, write out

redoutable formidable

redingote f. great-coat, cloak

redouter to fear

refaire to rebuild; to reorganize

refouler to drive back

réfractaire adj. refractory, stubborn; n. defaulter

réfugier (se) to take refuge

regard m». look, eye

regarder to look; to concern

régime "”. form of government

règle f. rule

règlement m. rule, regulation

recommend;

régner to reign

reine f. queen; — mère dowager queen

rejeter to reject; to throw back

rejoindre to Join

réjouir (se) to rejoice at (de)

relâche f. respite; sans —, ceaselessly

relèvmeent m. relief

relever to raise, gather up

relier to bind, join

religieux m. monk

religion f. religion

remarquer to notice

remédier to remedy

remercier to thank

remettre to reinstate

remonter to sail up

rempart m. fortification

remplacer to replace

remplir to fill; discharge

remporter to carry off, win

renaître to revive

rencontrer to encounter, meet

rendre to return, make, render, pay, administer; — le dernier soupir to yield up one’s ghost, die; Se —, to go, repair to; to surrender

renfort m. reinforcement

rente f. income

renverser to overthrow, upset

renvoi »m. dismissal, disbanding

renvoyer to dismiss

répandre to spread

réparer to repair

repasser to recross

réponse f. answer

repos m. peace

reposer to rest

repoussant repulsive

repousser to grow again; to drive back, repel, repulse

reprendre to retake

réprimer to repress

reprise f. retaking, revival

reproche m. blame:; blameless

répudier to repudiate

requérir to call, summon

réseau m. network, system; — ferré railway system

résolu stout-hearted

résoudre to resolve

resplendissant glittering

ressembler (à) to resemble, be like; se —, to have in common, be alike

ressources f. pl. funds

restaurer to restore

reste m. remainder; —S$ remains; du —, however, for the rest

rester to remain

restituer to restore

rétablir to restore

retenir to keep or hold back, detain

retentir to resound

retirer to withdraw, remove; se —, to retreat, withdraw

retour m. return

retourné adj. plowed

retourner to return

retraite f. retreat; (retiring) pension; battre en —, to beat retreat

réunir to gather; — à to add to:

se —, to gather

réussir (à) to succeed (in)

revenir to come back

revenu m. Income

rêver (de) to dream (of)

revers m. reverse, reverses

revêtir to cover

révision re-examination, review

revoir to review, revise

révolter (se) to rebel

revue f. review

Rhin ». Rhine

rigoureux severe

riposter to reply

rire to laugh

sans —,

rive f. bank

rivière f. river

rocher m. rock

roman 7”. novel

rompre to break, interrupt

roue f. wheel; truck

rouillé rusty

route f. road, way; en —, by the way, on the way; se mettre en —-, to start, set out

royaume 7”. realm, kingdom

rue f. street

ruiner to ruin

ruisseau »”1. brook, stream

ruse f. cunning

Russie f. Russia

sable m. sand

sacre m. coronation sacrer to anoint, crown sage wise

saillant prominent Sainte-Ligue Holy League sale dirty

saleté f. dirtiness

salle f. room, hall; — des Glaces Hall of Mirrors (in Versailles); — d’habitation

living quarters

salut m. safety

sang m. blood

sanglant bloody

sanglot "». sob

sans without

santé f. health

Sardaigne f. Sardinia

sauf except

saut m. leap, jump; faire le —, to take the leap

sauter to jump

sauvage wild

sauver (se) to escape, run away

savant m. learned man, scholar

savetier m. cobbler

savoir to know (how); — de quoi il s’agit to know what it is about

Saxe f. Saxony

sceau m. seal