T. cent mille combattants : the nunibers given by the

chroniclers (cf. 1. 29, vingt-cinq mille) vary considerably. The most reliable évidence gives the number of Peter's army as 30,000.

, , 2. leur fit respecter les ordres : about the Jative leur cf. note p. 49, 1. 3 ; also text, p. 41, 1. 14, and p. 75, 1. 26.

9. hôtes destructeurs, ' destructive guests ' ; hôte, ' guest and

'host,' like Lat. hospcs.

,, 10. Bosphore, the strait Connecting the Propontis with the Black Sea. Once across this strait, the Crusaders would be on

Asiatic soil.

,, II. présomptueuse: pronounce / before /.

Notes 115

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20 14 Renaud : nothing is known of this Italian Crusader beyond

llic incident which Michaud, on weak évidence, attributes

to hini.

15. château d'Exerogorgon, a castle known nowas an Eski Kaleh, or old ruin. It was taken by Renaud, Seplember 21.

16. Civitot (or Cibotus), the modem Hersek, on the Nicomedian Giilf.

,, Arganthon, a pcak now called Samanti-Dagh.

19. Nicée : see note p. 10, 1. 10. The metropolis of Bithynia was particularly well fitted to withstand siège. Its walls wcrc 15 or 20 feet in thickness, and 30 or 40 feet in height.

20. qu'on avait : que in co-ordinate subordinate clause for comme.

24. Korazan : cf. note p. 4, 1. 16, on Togrul Reg. In the elcventh century it was a niost important kingdom in the empire of Ivan. It now belongs partly to Persia and partly to Afghanistan.

21. I. le sultan : the Sultan of Nicaea from 1086-1107 was David

Kilidjc Arslan, the Sword of the Lion. He nearlye.x terni inated the army of Crusaders, only 3000 escaping.

8. sans se douter que ■ ., ' without having a notion that . ." ; subj. because sans amounts to a négative.

,, 13. les chroniques: the conteniporary chronicles of Rajinond of Agiles, Guibert of Nogent, Fulcher of Chartres, and others.

,, 16. Gauthier Sans Avoir : cf. note p. 15, 1. 12.

,, 22. déplorable monument : as a rcsult of the wild expédition led by Peter not less tlian 300,000 lives had been lost.

22. lo. la poésie : this refers equally to the conteniporary accounts

of the First Crusade in poetry by Baidric and the subséquent romances of which Godfrey was the centre, e.g. Gandor's Knight of t/ie Swan and the poetry of Tasso.

,, II. Godefroy de Bouillon: Godfrey of Bouillon was the foreniost among the Eurcipcan princes of the second order. Son of Eustace II., Count of Boulogne, and Ida, sister of Duke Godfrey of Lorraine, he was on both sides a descendant of Charles the Great. In the service of Henry IV'. , the Western Emp)cror, the enemy of Pope Gregory VII., he had been the first to mount the walls of Rome, and had shown himself an ablc and experienced soldier. He received the countr}' of Lower Lorraine from Henry IV.

,. 13. par les femmes, ' in the female Une of descent.' ,, 14. la gT-ierre : betwcen Henry IV. and Gregor}' VII. Gregory had summoned Henry l\'. to Rome to settle the dispute between him and the Saxon princes. Henry laughed at the

ii6 Histoire de la Première Croisade

Page LiNE

summons, and in acouncil held at Worms deposed the Pope. The Pope replied by excommunicating Henry. Henry was then deserted by every one, and the great vassals proceeded to elect Rudolf, Duke of Swabia, who had married Henry's .sister, to be Emperor in his place. Henry then hastened to make his peace with the Pope. Gregory subjected him to such humiliation that the indignation of the Germans was aroused, and Henry was able to march at the head of an army against Rudolf, who was slain by Godfrey in a battle near Géra, on the Elster. Henry then crossed the Alps, took Rome, deposed Gregory, and appointed Anaclet, or Clément HT. , Archbishop of Ravenna, in his room.

22. i6. il tua : according to Sybel, History of the First Crtisade,

there is no foundation for this report. ,, ,, Rodolphe: see above note, 1. 15. ,, 18. lorsque la guerre s'alluma, etc. : this is an error ; see

note to p. 22, 1. 15.

,, ig. Anaclet : see above note, 1. 15.

23. 9. le faisaient admirer, ' made him an object of admiration.

,, 18. s'il ne fut: past dcf. after 5/, when two sentences of actual

fact. Notice inversion after comme.

,, 20. qtielques historiens: notably Guibert of Nogent, who

wrote the Gcsta Dci pcr Francos, 1095-1110. ,, 30. Eustache : Eustace III. of Boulogne did not play a very

prominent part in the crusade ; he returned to Europe 1102,

and died 1125. ,, 31. Baudouin, brotherof Godfrey. After the battle ofDorylaeum,

he cstablished a Latin principality at Edessa, the seat of the

Armenian tyrant. On the death of Godfrey, he was chosen

King of Jérusalem in iioo, and reigncd for eighteen years.

24. r. Baudouin, Count of Bourg, or Rethel, in Burgundy, suc-

cecded his cousin Baldwin in the rule of Edessa iioo, and as King of Jérusalem, 1118-31, as Baldwin II. 8. Baudouin, Count of Hainault, 1070-96, second son of Baldwin VI., Count of Flanders ; died 1098. ,, 9. Gamier, Count of Gray in Franche-Comté.

,, Conon of Montaigu, near Laon, a cousin of Godfrey. ,, II. formés à . ., ' accustomed to . .' ,, 19. ToUenbourg, now called Bruck, situated on the river Leitha,

and fîve miles south-east of Vienna.

,, 20. Coloman : see note p. 16, 1. 15.

23. Cyperon, now Odenburg, situated near the lake of Neusiedl. PetfM- the Hermit had tarried hère and sent messengers to Coloman.

Notes 1 1 7

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