ji. Vermandols : Mugh, Count of Vermandois antl Valois

reprcsoiitc'd liis liiutht-r l*liili() (King of France 1060-1 io8), who was at the tiiiie of thu crusacic iinder thc ban of excommunication. Hc was surnameil the Great, and was the niosl distinguished of (jodfrey's followers. Hugh was shipwrccked at Uyrrhachium, and kept as a prisoner by Ale.xius till the arrivai of Godfrey, who demanded his release. After the battle of .Antioch he was sent as envoy to Ale.xius, and returned to Europe 1098. In iioo he started again for the East, and dicd at Tarsus in 1102.

25. 1 5. Robert, the eldest son of William the Conqueror, surnamed

Curt-hose from his shortness of leg. To go on this crusade he inortgaged Normandy and Maine to his brother William II. of lingland for 10,000 marks. He distinguished hiniself by sevcral daring acts. On his return to Normandy in 1100, he was attacked by Henry I. , taken captive, and imprisoned in Cardiff Castle, whefe he died 1134.

,, 31. Guillaume le Roux, the second surviviiig son of William the Conqueror, called William Rufus or the Red, from the colour of his ruddy face and hair, King of England 1087- II 00.

26. 1. la chevalerie errante, ' knights-errant.' 'Chevaliers que

les poètes iki moyen-àge dépeignent comme châtiant les méchants, protégeant les opprimés, et soutenant l'honneur et la beauté de leurs dames envers et contre tous ' (Académie).

4. il leva des impôts sur le clergé : cf. — fitirc un grand butin sur rcnnani.

conquérir quelque chose sur quelqu'un, usurper quelque chose sur quelqu u>i.

Under Flambard's administration, bishops and abbots had to pay the sanie feudal ducs as other tenants-in-chief. ' In William II. 's days,' says the chronicle, ' ail justice sank and ail unrighteousness arose. '

9. vm autre Robert : Robert II., Count of Flanders, 1092, son of Robert 1. , who defeated his ncphews Arnulf and Baldwin at St. Omer 1071, and took from them their kingdom, afterwards restoring Hainault to Baldwin ; cf. note p. 24, 1. 8. Hc was engagcd in a civil war with his sistcr-in-law Ricliilda. He returned from Palestine 1099, and died 11 11.

,. 10. Frisons, i.e. the Frieslanders.

,. 12. ses propres neveux : sec above note, 1. 9.

,, 16. les gnerres civiles : see above note, 1. 9.

.. 23. Etienne: Stephcn, Count of Chartres, Troycs, and Rlois in Xorth-West France, married thc Princess Adola, daughter of

ii8 Histoire de la Première Croisade

Page LiNE

William the Conqueror, and was father of Stephen, afterwards King of England. On account of his bravery at Nicaea, he was placed in command of the army. Before the fall of Antioch he deserted his companions and came back to Europe ; but, driven again to the Holy Land by the reproaches of his wife, he fought for Baldwin I. against the Egyptians in the battle of Ramlah, 1102, and was slain.

26. 27. Hildebert, Bishop of le Mans in North-West France, 1097-

1125, and afterwards of Tours, 1125-34, famous as a writer and churchman.

,, 28. César: Julius Cœsar, 100-44 B.c., master of Rome 49-44. ' The noblest man that ever lived in the tide of times. '

, , pour la guerre, ' as regards . . '

,, ,, Virgile, the illustrious Roman poet, 70-19 B.c.