ADRESSE DE ROBERT OWEN AUX HOMMES ET AUX FEMMES DE FRANGE
Amis,
Une grande responsabilité vient de peser soudain sur vous.
En conséquence, l'esprit public de l'Europe, qui maintenant va se tourner de votre côté dans l'espoir d'y trouver un digne et haut exemple d'invitation générale, exige de vous une grande prévoyance, une grande sagesse, une grande patience et une grande charité.
L'occasion que vous avez sagement saisie est glorieuse et au-dessus de tout ce qui s'est fait.
On a dit avec raison : « Laissez les sots discuter les formes de gouvernements ; celui qui administre le mieux est le meilleur. »
Tout gouvernement basé sur de faux principes a besoin d'être soutenu par la force et la déloyauté, et il n'engendrera jamais que le mal.
Tous les gouvernements ont été, jusqu'à présent, basés sur de faux principes, et nécessairement soutenus par la force et la déloyauté.
Edouard Dolléans. 2 3
3o4 ANNEXES
Vous pouvez désormais établir un nouveau gouvernement basé seulement sur la vérité, gouvernement qui pourra servir d'exemple au monde et devenir un bienfait pour l'humanité.
Les résultats d'un semblable gouvernement devront être d'établir :
« i° Une situation avantageuse, continuelle, physique et morale, dont puisse jouir tout individu selon son âge, son talent et sa forme corporelle ;
« 2° Une éducation générale depuis la plus tendre enfance, de manière à développer et à cultiver le plus possible les facultés physiques, intellectuelles et morales de chaque individu, conformément à ses penchants et à son organisation ;
« 3° Comme toutes les religions et les choses idéales ne sont chez les peuples que la conséquence naturelle des différences des degrés de latitude et de longitude sur le globe, toutes les croyances religieuses devraient être également libres, sans que le pouvoir légal accordât à l'une plus de privilèges qu'à l'autre. Ce n'est que de cette manière que l'erreur disparaîtra insensiblement et naturellement pour faire place à la vérité qui alors se fera jour et régnera triomphante ;
« 4° Liberté générale de parler, d'écrire et d'agir, autant que cela ne pourra nuire au bonheur de tous, à l'intelligence et à la morale ;
« 5° Egalité d'instruction, d'éducation et de condition selon les forces et les capacités de chacun ;
« 6° Aucune taxe, à moins que ce soit une taxe graduée sur la propriété, jusqu'à ce que la fortune soit annuellement appelée à devenir surabondante pour tous ;
« 7° Comme l'homme, selon les lois de sa nature, est l'enfant des circonstances où le place la folie ou la sagesse de la société/et comme la sagesse nous dit : — Remplacez tout ce qui est inférieur par ce qui est supérieur, — la
ADRESSE DE ROBERT OWEN 3o5
pratique de ce principe devrait avoir lieu immédiatement ;
« 8° Comme les hommes isolés et désunis ne peuvent réaliser ce changement de choses inférieures en choses supérieures, des idées d'unité et d'association raisonnables devraient être mises à exécution, en tenant compte des habitudes d'isolement dans lesquelles se trouvent les individus élevés au milieu de la génération actuelle ;
« 9 Un gouvernement local sera établi ; chaque division d'hommes et de femmes qu'il renfermera sera basée sur des principes préalablement statues : chacune de ces divisions n'excédera pas le nombre d'individus reconnu le plus avantageux pour un établissement rationnel de la société, afin de mettre tout le monde à même d'être employé pour trouver le bien-être et le distribuer le plus avantageusement possible, afin que tous soient dès leur enfance instruits, enseignés et bien gouvernés localement ;
« On devrait faire comprendre à tous que ces résultats ne peuvent être atteints que lorsque les individus seront en état de réaliser ces importants objets.
« Pour être en état, il faut 'qu'ils soient formés par des institutions nouvelles qui les maintiendront dans leur dignité, par leur propre industrie bien dirigée, sans qu'ils puissent craindre de retomber dans le monde, qui est pour bien des gens une source journalière d'horreur et de misère ;
« ii° Le gouvernement américain, en prime, et sauf quelques modifications essentielles, pourra, pour commencer, servir de modèle ;
« 12° La non- intervention d'aucune puissance étran^ gère, si ce n'est comme médiatrice, pour empêcher les hostilités ; cependant il sera sage de la part des nations de se maintenir en paix et sans une entente cordiale avec vous ;
« i3° Enfin être une nation armée pour la défense, mais non pour l'attaque.
3o6 ANNEXES
« Le point essentiel est donc d'acquérir des connaissances pour mettre en pratique la manière dont il faut diviser et exécuter des dispositions qui permettent graduellement de placer les individus dans des conditions propres à créer et à distribuer la richesse de la meilleure manière possible, et d'acquérir un caractère supérieur conformément à leurs qualités naturelles, de manière à être généralement et localement bien gouvernés.
« Telle est la nouvelle transformation sociale, compréhensible et exigée par le monde, avec un grand et nouveau pouvoir scientifique, productif, à la disposition de la société pour le bien de toutes les nations et de tous les peuples. Cette nouvelle manière d'employer la population de tous les pays peut être pacifiquement effectuée et avec avantage.
« Vous êtes aujourd'hui dans les meilleures conditions , qui se soient jamais présentées dans les annales des nations pour accomplir ce grand et glorieux changement social, pour établir en France la charité, la paix, la bienveillance, au milieu d'une augmentation annuelle de biens et de savoir. Vous serviriez bientôt d'exemple à toutes les nations et à tous les peuples.
« Soyez modérés, soyez cléments envers vos ennemis, soyez justes envers tout le monde et votre triomphe sera non seulement grand et glorieux, mais durable.
« Votre ami,
« Robert Owen. »
Londres, 27 février i848.
La Voix des Femmes, 2 5 mars i848.
A. — Œuvres de Robert Owen 1 .
A statement Regarding the New Lanark Establishment (Published anonymously). Edinburgh, 1812.
*A New View of Society : or, Essays on the Principle of the Formation of the Human Character, and the
Application of the Principle to Practicc By one of
His Majesty's Justices of the Peace for the County of Lanark. First Essay. London, 181 3.
*A New View of Society : or, Essays on the Principle of the Formation of the Human Character and the Application of the Principle to Practice. Second Essay. By Robert Owen of New Lanark. London, 181 3.
*A New View of Society : or, Essays on the Principle of the Formation of the Human Character, and the Application of the Principle to Practice. Third Essay. By Robert Owen of New Lanark... Not published. London,
* A New View of Society ; or, Essays on the Principle of the Formation of Human Character, and the Application of the Principle to Practice. Fourth Essay. By Robert Owen of New Lanark. Not published. London, i8i4-
Observations on the Effect of the Manufacturing System :
1. Les ouvrages les plus importants sont marqués d'un astérisque
with Hints for the Improvement of those Parts of it which are most Injurious to Health and Morals. Dedicated most respectfully tho the British Législature. By Robert Owen of New Lanark. London, i8i5.
An Adress delivered to the Inhabitants of New Lanark, on January I, 1816, at the opening of the Institution established for the Formation of Human Gharacter. London, 18 16.
Peace on Earth-Good Will towards Men. Development of the plan for the relief of the poor and the émancipation of mankind. London (1817).
N° I. — New View of Society. Extracted from the London daily newspapers of July 3o and August 9 and 11, 18 17. With référence to a Public Meeting held at the « City of London Tavern » on Thursday, August i4, 1817, for the considération of a Plan to Relicve the Gountry from its Présent Distress, 18 17.
*N° II. — New View of Society. Mr Owen's Report to the Gommittee of the Association for the Relief of the Manufacturing and Labouring Poor, laid before the Committee of the House of Gommons on the Poor Law, in the Session of 1817; accompanied by his address delivered in the « Gity of London Tavern » on Thursday, August i4, 1817..., With a letter from Mr Owen, 1817. N° III. — New State of Society. Mr Owen's Second Address, delivered at the « City of London Tavern » on Thursday, August 21, 18 17, at the adjourned Public
Meeting to which is added a further Development of
the Plan 1817.
Observations on the Effect of the Manufacturing System : with Hints for the Improvement of those Parts of it which are most Injurious to Health and Morals. Dedicated most respectfully tho the British Législature. By Robert Owen. The Third Edition. Tho which are added t wo letters on the employment of children in manu-
factories, and a letter on the union of churches and schools. London, 1818.
New View of Society. Tracts relative to thissubject, viz. Proposai for raising a Coljedge of Industry of ail useful Trades and Husbandry. By John Béliers (Reprinted from the original, published in the year 1696). — Report to the Gommittee of the Association for the Relief of the Manufacturing and Labouring Poor. — A Brief Sketch of the Religious Society of people called Shakers. — With on account of the Public Proceedings connectcd with the subject, which took place in London in July and Àugust, 181 7. London, 181 8.
Two Memorials on Behalf of the Working \ Classes : The First presented to the Governments of Europe and America, the Second to the Allied Powers assembled in Gongress at Aix-la-Chapelle. London, 181 8.
* Report to the County of Lanark of a plan for relieving public distress, and removing discontent, by giving permanent, productive employment to the poor and working. classes, under arrangements which will essentially improve their character and ameliorate their condition, diminish the expenses of production and consumption, and create markets co-extensive with production. Glasgow, 1821.
Report of the Proceedings at the several Public Meetings held in Dublin by Robert Owen, Esq., on March 18, Aprii 12, April 19, and May 3; preceded by an introductory statement of his opinions and arrangements at New Lanark, extracted from his Essays on the Formation ofHuman Character. Dublin, 182 3.
An explanation of the cause of the Distress which pervades the Givilized parts of the World, and of the Means whereby it may be Removed. London, 1823.
Owen's American Discourses. Two Discourses on a New System of Society ; as delivered in the Hall of Repre-
sentatives al Washington in thc présence of the Président of the United Stades, the President-Elect, Headsof Departments, Membres of Congress, etc., etc. The First on February 2 5, the Second on March 7, 1820. London, 1825.
An address to the Agriculturists, Mechanics, and Manufacturers, both Masters and Operatives, of Great Britain. Published in the Sphynx newspaper. September, 1827. Address delivered by Robert Owen, at a Public Meeting held at the Franklin Institute in the City of Philadelphia, on Monday morning, June 20, 1827. To which is added an exposition of the pecuniary transactions between that gentleman and William Maclure. Taken in shorthand by M. F. G. Gould, stenographer. Philadelphia, 1827.
Mémorial... to the Mexican Republic and to the Government... of Goahuila and Texas, 1828.
Debate on the Evidences of Christianity : containing an Examina tion of the « Social System », and of ail the Systems of Scepticism of Ancient and Modem Times. Held in the city of Cincinnati, Ohio, from April i3 to 2 1 , 1829, between Robert Owen, of New Lanark, Scotland, and Alexander Campbell, of Bethany, Virginia. Reported by Charles H. Sims, stenographer. With an appendix„ written by the parties, 2 vols. Bethany, Va., 1829.
Lectures on an Entire New State of Society : comprehending an Analysis of Bristish Society, relative to the Production and Distribution of Wealth ; the Formation of Character ; and Government, Domestic and Foreign. London [i83o].
The Addresses of Robert Owen (as published in the London journals), preparatory to the Development of a Pratical Plan for the Relief of ail Classes, without injury to any. London, i83o.
The New Religion ; or Religion founded on the Immu-
table Laws of the Universe, contrastée! with ail Religions, founded on Hum an Testimony, as developed in a Public- Lecture... at the « London Tavern ». October, i83o.
Second Lecture on The New Religion... at the « Freemasons* Hall ». December i5, i83o.
Outline of the Rational System of Society, i83o.
The Address of Robert Owen, delivered at the great Public- Meeting held at the National Equitable Labour Exchange ,. Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square, on May I i833, denouncing the Old System of the World, and announcing the commencement of the New, i833.
Lectures on Charity ; as delivered by Robert Owen at the- Institution of New Lanark. Nos, i -6 (complète), i833.
[The first number was published September 7, i833].
* The Book of the New Moral World, containing the rational System of Society, founded on demonstrable facts, developing the constitution and laws of Human Nature* and of Society. Part 1. By Robert Owen. London, i836.
*The Book of the New Moral World (Parts 1I-III, 1842 ; IV-VII, i844).
Manual of « The Association of ail Classes of ail Nations. » Founded Mav I, i835. N° 2, i83C.
Six Lectures delivered in Manchester previously to thediscussion between Mr Robert Owen and the Rev. J. H. Roebuck and an Address delivered at the annuai Congress of the « Association of ail Classes of ail Nations » after the close of the discussion. Manchester- [i83 7 ].
Public Discussion between Robert Owen, la te of New Lanark, and the Rcv. J. H. Roebuck, of Manchester. Revised and authorised by the speakers. Second Edition : Manchester, 1837.
A Development of the Origin and Effects of Moral EviU and of the Principles and Practices of Moral Good. Manchester, i838.
A Dialogue in three paris, between the founder of « The Association of ail Classes of ail Nations » and a stranger desirous of being accurately informed respecting its origin and objects. By Robert Owen. Manchester, i838.
Synopsis af a Course of Four Lectures [to be delivered at Sunderland] . . . explanatory of the Errors and Evils of . . . Society, etc. [4 pp-]« Birmingham. i838.
*The Catechism of the New Moral World. Manchester, [i838].
Social Tracts, published by the National Community Friendly Society (sans date, vers i838).
N° i. — Observations upon Political and Social Reform, with a sketch of the various and conflicting théories of Modem Political Economists.
N° 2. — A Calculation of the Resuit of the Industry of 5oo persons of the Working Classes.
N° 3. — The Pull Ail Together.
N° 4- — Man the Créature of Gircumstances.
N° 5. — Human Nature ; or, the Moral Science of Man.
N<> 6. — The Religion of the New Moral World.
N° 7. — Outline of the Rational System of Society, founded on demonstrable facts, developing the Constitution and Laws of Human Nature.
Lectures I-VI. Delivered at the Institution of New Lanark, upon the i3 th Chapter of the ist Epistle to the Gorihthians, i838(?).
*The Marriage System of the New Moral World : with a Faint Outline of the présent very Irrational System, as developed in a Course of Ten Lectures. Leedf, i838.
Report of the Discussion between Robert Owen, esq. and the Rev. Wm. Legg, BA, which took place in the Town Hall, Reading, March 5 and 6, i83o, on Mr Owen 's New Vicws of Society, 1839.
* Lectures on the Marriages of the Priesthood of the Old Immoral World, delivered in the vear i835, before the
Passing of the New Marriage Act. Fourth Edition. With an Appendix, containing the Marriage System of the New Moral World. Leeds, i84o.
Outline of the Rationai System of Society, founded on demonstrable facts, developing the constitution and laws of Human Nature ; being the only effectuai remedy for the evils cxperienced by the population of the world; the adoption of which would tranquillise the présent agitated state of Society, and relieve it from moral and physical evils by removing the causes which producc ihem.By Robert 0\ven. Authorised édition. Sixth Edition, revised and amended. Leeds, i84o.
A Development of the Principles and Plans on which to establish Self-supporting Home Colonies, as a most secure and profitable Investment for Capital, i84i.
An Address to the Socialists on the présent Position of the Rationai System of Society and the measures required to direct the opérations of the « Universal Community Society of Rationai Religionists ; » being the substance of Two Lectures delivered... in May i84i. — Home Colonisation Society. London, i84i.
Lectures on the rationai System of Society, derived solely from Nature and Expérience, as propounded by Robert Owen, versus Socialism, derived from Misrepresentation, as explained by the Lord Bishop of Exeter and others ; and versus the Présent System of Society, i84i.
A Lecture delivered in the Mechanics' Institute, London, on March 3o, i84o, by Robert Owen, in reply to the errbrs and misrepresentations made on the subject of the Rationai System of Society, in both Houses of Parliament, by the London City Mission, by a large portion of the daily and weekly press, and in the sermons and lectures delivered and published by the clergy and ministers throughout the kingdom. Second Edition. Home Colonisation Society. London, i84i.
The Signs of the Times ; or, the Approach of the Millennium. An Address... Second Edition, 184 ï •
* Public discussion between John Brindley and Robert
Owen, on the questions, « What is Socialism ? Ancï what would be its Pratical Effects upon Society? » held in the Amphithéâtre, Bristol, on the evenings of Ja— nuary 5, 6, and 7, i84i. Moderator, John Scandrett Harford, Esq. Printed without correction by either party, from the Verbatim report of the shorthand writei s engaged expressly for the purpose ; with an Appendix* containing an Address from the moderator, the chairman» of the Gommittee of management and from Mr Brindley. Birmingham (1841).
* What is Socialism ? And what would be its Pratical Eflccts
upon Society ? A correct report of the public discussion between Robert Owen and Mr John Brindley, held in Bristol, on January 5, 6, and 7 i84i, before an audience of more than 5 000 persons, J.-S. Harford, Esq., of Blaize Castle, in the chair. With the preliminary correspondence between Mr Owen and Mr Brindley' s Gommittee; and an Appendix, containing a distinct déclaration of Principles. London,... i84i.
Manifesto... addressed to ail Goverments and Peoples who désire to become Civilised, and to improve permanently the Condition of ail Classes in ail Countries. Washington, i844-
Dialogue sur le Système Social de Robert Owen. Dialogue entre la France, le Monde et Robert Owen, sur la nécessité d'un changement total dans nos Systèmes d'Education et de Gouvernement. Paris, 1848.
Deuxième Dialogue sur le Système social, par Robert Owen. Dialogue entre les membres de la Commission Executive, les Ambassadeurs d'Angleterre, de Russie, d'Autriche, de Prusse, de Hollande, des Etats-Unis, et Robert Owen. Paris, 1848.
* The Révolution in ihe Mind and Practice of Human Race ; or, the Corning Change from Irrationality to Rationality. London, 1849.
A Supplément to the Révolution in Mind and Practice of the Human Race; shewing theNecessityfor, and the Advantages of, this Uni versai Change. .By Robert Owen. Also a copy of the Original Mémorial (in English, French and German) which was presented to the Sovcreigns assembled in Congress at Aix-la-Chapelle, in 18 18, by the late Lord Castlereagh, from the author of this work, shewing the correctness of his anticipations, as proved by subséquent events. To which is added a discourse delivered to the Socialists of London on October 25, 1849. London, 1849.
Letters on Education, as it Is and as it Ought to be, addressed to the Teachers of the Human Race in ail Countries. London, i85i.
Robert Owen's Tracts for the World's Fair. Six Leaflets printed for distribution at the Exhibition of i85i.
The Future of the Human Race ; or, a great, glorious, and peaceful révolution, near at hand, to be efTected through the agency of departed spirits of good and super ior men and women. London, i853.
Robert Owen's Address to the Human Race on his Eightyfourth Birthday, May i4> i854 ; with his Last Legacy to the Governors and Governcd of Ail Nations. London % i854.
*The New Existence of Man upon Earth :
Part I. of the New Existence of Man upon the Earth. To which are added on outline of Mr Owen's early life, and on Appendix, containing his Addresses, etc., published in 181 5 and 181 7. London, i854-
Part II. of the New Existence of Man upon the Earth. In which is continued the outline of Mr Owen's life. With an Appendix containing the Address on opening
the original Infant School, in 1816 ; Memorials to the* Gongress at Aix-la-Chapelle, in 18 18 ; and Essays on the Formation of Character, first published in 18 1 2-1 3- London, i854.
Part III. of the New Existence of Man upon the Earth. In which is continued the outline of Mr Owen's life. With an Appendix conta ining a Report to the County of Lanark ; The Report of a Committee of the Gountv upon it ; and Détails of Experiments in Spade Husbandry, first published in 1820. London, i854.
Part IV. of The New Existence of Man upon the Earth. In which is continued the outline of M r Owen's life. With an Appendix containing Report of Proceedings in Dublin in 1823. London, i854-
Part V. of The New Existence of Man upon the Earth. In which is continued the outline of Mr Owen's life. With an Appendix containing a collection of évidence respecting New Lanark, from original correspondence and documents, and from the published testimony of eye-witnesses, etc; and a postscript. London, i854.
Part VI. of The New Existence of Man upon the Earth. With an Appendix containing a record of spiritual communications fromFebruary i854, to February i855. London, i855.
Part VII. of The New Existence of Man upon the Earth, including on outline of the principles and government of the millennial World. With an Appendix containing correspondence and spiritual communications. London, i855.
Part VIII. of The Existence of Man upon the Earth. Containing a proposed treaty of a holy alliance ol governments for the people of the civilised world, etc. London, i855.
Robert Owen's Address delivered at the meeting in St Martin's Hall, Long Acre, London on January 1, i855. — i855.
Report of the General Prcliminary Meeting on the Coming Millennium on January i, i855, — i855.
Tracts on the Corning Millennium (January, i855). Two séries, i c?[each séries], i855.
Inauguration of the Millenium (May i855). — i855.
Address on Spiritual Manifestations (July i855). — i855.
The Millennium in Practice (August i855). — i855.
Report of the Meetings of the Gongress of the Advanced Minds of the World, convened by Robert Owen. London, i85 7 .
* The Life of Robert Owen. Writtenby himself. With sélections from his wrilings and correspondence. Vol. 1. London, 1867.
*A Supplementary Yppendix to the First Volume of the Life of Robert Owen. Containing a séries of reports, addresses, memorials and other documents referred to in that volume, 1803-1820. Vol. I A. London, i858.
The Reporter's Report of Robert Owen's May Meetings in London for i858. The Past, Présent and Future explained by Robert Owen. London, i858.
R. — Journaux et Revues publiés par Robert Owen.
The Economist : a Periodical Paper explanatory of the New System of Society projected by Robert Owen, Esq., and of a Plan of Association for Improving the Condition ol the Working Classes, during their Continuance at their présent Employments. N° 1, Jan. 27, 1821. N° 52, March 9, 1822.
*The New Harmony Gazette. Edited by William Owen, R. D. Owen, R. L. Jennings, Frances Wright and others. New Harmony, Indiana. Oct. 1, 1825. Oct. 22,
The Co-operative Magazine and Monthly Herald. Vols I and H. Jan. 1826. Dec. 1827.
The Co-operative Magazine. Vol. III. N° i, Jan. 1828. N° 10. Oct. 1829.
The London Go-operative Magazine. Vol. IV. N 09 : Jan. 1. Mar. 1., i83o.
TheGrisis : or, The Change from Errorand Misery to Truth and Happiness. Edited by Robert Owen and Robert DaleOwen. 4 Vols... April i4, i832. August 23, i834-
*The New Moral World, a London Weekly Publication, Developing the Principles of the Rational System of Society. Conducted by Robert Owen and his Disciples. i3 Vols. Nov. 1, i834- — Jan. 10, 1846. Published at différent times at London, Manchester, Birmingham, and Leeds.
The Moral World, the Advocate of the Rational System of Society as Founded and Developed by Robert Owen. Lorafo/i,i845.No 1-2: Aug. 3o, i845. — Nov. 8, i845.
Weekly Letters to the Human Race. By Robert Owen. N os 1-17, i85o.
Robert Owen's Journal.- Explanatory of the Means to well place, weel-employ, and well-educate the Population of the World. Vols 1-IV, Nov. 2, i85i. Oct. 23, i852.
Robert Owen's Rational Quarterly Review and Journal. Vol. I, containing the First Four Parts, published in i853. — i853.
Millennial Gazette : Explanatory of the Principles and Practices by which, in Peace, with Truth, Honesty, and Simplicity, the New Existence of Man upon the Earth may be easily and speedily commenced. By Robert Owen. N° 1, March 1, i856. — N° 16, July 1, i858.
G. — Études sur Robert Owen
(Publiées après sa mort.) W.-L. Sargant. — Robert Owen and his Social Philosophy, 1860.
— [F. -A. Packard] Life of Robert Owen. Philadelphie,
À.-J. Bootii. — Robert Owen the founder of Socialisai in England. 1869.
G. -H. Holyoake. — Life and Last Days of Robert Owen of New Lanark, 1871.
Lloyd Jones. — The Life, Times and Labours of Robert Owen, 2 vol. 1889- 1890 (Volume II cdited by William C. Jones).
Locrwood. — The New Harmony Gommunilies. Indiana. 1902. — Voir aussi sur New-Harmony le chapitre v des Voyages du Naturaliste Charles-Alexandre Lesueur, dans l'Amérique du Nord, publiés par le D r Hamy dans le Journal de la Société des Américanistes. Paris, 1904.
Edouard Dolléans. — Robert Owen. 1900 (la présente édition est revue et augmentée).
Franck Podmore. — Robert Owen : a Biography, 2 vol, 1906. (London. Hutchinson and C°) (l'œuvre la plus complète sur R. 0., au point de vue de la documentation et du détail des faits. M. Podmore est peut-être l'homme qui connaît le mieux Owen.)
Edouard Dolléans. 2^
