d., Ibid

8. TraitéSj Code Civil, !'• partie, chap. VI (Bowring, vol. I, p. 304).

9. TrailéSy Code Civil, 2* partie, chap. H (Bowring, vol. I, p. 330).

10. TraUéSf Vue générale, etc. chap. XVI (Bowring, vol. III, pp. 190-1 j.

11. Traités, Vue générale, etc., chap. XIH. De Tobligation. — Ibid., Principes de législation, chap. xiii, des fausses manières de raisonner en matière de législation : « J'entends par fiction un fait notoirement faux, sur lequel on raisonne comme sMl était vrai ». — En 1774-5 Bentham écrivait sur son Commonplace-Book : « Fictions of law. — Fictions of law. — Fictions are mighty pretty things. Locke admires them ; the author of the Commentaries adores them ; most lawyers are, even yet, well pleased with them ; with what reason let us see. — What is a fiction ? A falsehood, but in this there is nothing to distinguish the peculiarity of its nature. — By whom invented ? By judges. — On wliat occasion ? On the occasion of their pronouncing a judicial décision. — For what purpose ? One may conceive two — either that of doing in a roundabout way what tliey might do in a direct way, or that of doing in a roundabout way, what they had no right to do in any way at ail.

12. Treatise, Book III, Part II, sect. V (vol. II, pp. 284 sqq.).

13. Expression empruntée par Bentham à d'Alembcrt — Mss. Univ. Coll. n" 27 : liUroducUon to Morals and Législation, Preface^p, 109 : To Mr. d'Âlembert [I owe] the distinction between real and verbal or fictitious entitics, which has been of such infinité use to me in the wav of deûnition. — V. les Mvlawjvs de d'Alembcrt, tom. I, Disc. PnHim,

14. Of Government^ Book II, chap. V, of Property, § xxv, xxvi.