Judicial Establishment (Bowring, vol. Il, p

33. Truth versus Ashhurst ; or Law as it is, contrasted with what it is said to be (written in dec. 1192, first published in 1823). Bowring, vol. Y, pp. 233 sqq. — Ashhurst affirme 1* qu'il n'y a pas d'homme si humble qui ne soit sous la protection de la loi. — Et les frais de justice ? demaocle Bentham. — 2** Que le droit anglais n'impose de restrictions aux actions des individus que celles qui sont nécessaires à la sécurité et au bon ordre de la société en général. — Et les game-laws ? Et le libcl tou; ? — 3* Que nous ne sommes liés par aucunes lois si ce n'est condamnés par le consentement virtuel du royaume entier — Virtuel? qu'est-ce à dire ? réel on imaginaire ? — 4» Que nous ne sommes liés par aucunes lois que tout homme n'ait le moyen de connaître. — Malheureusement il se trouve que la loi commune est inconnaissable par définition.

34. Bentham, View of the Hard Labour Bill; Bowring, vol. IV, p. 5.

35. View of the Hard Labour Bill; being an abstract of a pamphlet, intituled, « draught of a bill, to punish by imprisonraent and hard labour certain offenders ; and to establish proper places for their réception » : interspersed with observations relative to the subject of the above draught in particular, and to pénal jurisprudence in gênerai, 1778. — Voir la Proface (Bowring, vol. IV, p. 3) : « When the proposed Bill, of which the ensuing sheets are designed to give a view, first fell inlo my hands, I Avas employed in finishing a work of some bulk, in which I hâve been treating the subject oî punishment more at large On this account,

had I been at liberly with respect to time, I should rather hâve ^ished

10 hâve published the whole together first, before I had detached from it thèse scattered fragments. The publication, however, of the proposed biH in question, \vith the intelligence that accompanied it, efféctually precluded

any such option ^Vhe^ I had rcad Mr. Howard's book on Prisons,

one fruit of it was a wish still more earncst than what I had been led to entertain from theory, to see some gênerai plan of punishment adopted, in ^hich solitary confinement might be combined with labour ». — John Howard, SkUe of the Prisons in England and Wales, with Preliminary Observations and an Account of some Foreign Prisons, 1777, Warrington, — L'opuscule de Bentham est signalé en France par Brissot, Théorie des lois crimineUeSj vol. I, p. 182 : « 11 parait qu'on s'occupe très sérieusement en Angleterre du soin d'adoucir le sort des criminels ; on a passé un bill qui a pour but de punir par Temprisonnement et le travail certains coupables, et d'établir des places propres pour les recevoir. — Jérémie Bentham, Anglais, a publié en 1779 des observations sur ce bill.

11 y en a d'excellentes, il y en a de ridicules. L'emploi de la musique, qu'il conseille les jours de dimanche, me paraît une voie non pas tout à fait capable d'épurer une âme gangrenée, mais au moins d'adoucir peu à peu la férocité d'un scélérat. L'influence de la musique, telle que l'ont décrite les anciens, n'est qu'une fable ; mais l'influence de la musique sur nos sens, et celle de nos sens sur notre âme sont également incontestables : le législateur peut donc l'employer. — Howard était un ami de Bentham : v. Bowring, vol. XI, p. 93 : Howard was bis intimate friend — a friend delighted alike to find and to acknowledge in him a superior benefîcent genius. — Cf. Bentham à Stewart, 27 juin 1783 (Bowring, vol. X,

pp. 129, 131) : ... our excellent friend Mr. Howard I took the liberty,

as you may perhaps remember, of claiming kin to you and Mr. Howard as a kind of brother of the trade, which I certainly am, as far as endeavours go, at least, however inferior in point of means. — George Wilson à Bentham, 2i sept. 1786 (Bowring, vol. X, p. 164) : You will see by the papers that thcre is a large subscription to erect a statue to your friend Howard, who is now makîng a tour of the Lazareltos for the plague in the Levant. Jonas Hanway auother of your fellow-labourers, but at some distance, is dead. — V. le bel éloge de Howard, Panopliœn, Postcript, Part II, Principles and plan of management. Section I. Leading positions (Bowring, vol. IV, p. 121) : ... A regular system of prison management... is... still is exécute. Mr. Howard's publications présent no such work. They affbrd a rich fund of materials; but a quarry is not a house. My vénérable friend was much better employed than in arranging words and sentences. Instead of doing what so many could do if they would, what he did for the service of mankind, was what scarce any man could hâve done, and no man would do but hiniself. In the scale of moral désert, the labours of the legislator and the writer are as far below his, as earth is below heaven. His was the truly Christian choice; the lot, in which is to be

530 NOTES. (Pp. 146-149)

fouQd the lea»t of that which sellish nature covets, and the most of wliat il Blirinks from. Uis Kingdom was of a better 'world he died a martyr, after living an apostle.

96. CcraHtuUonal Code; Bowring, toI. Il, p. 605; cf. Bowring, ¥oL X, p. 86.

37. Sur le Panopticon, v. Bowring, vol. IV, p. 37 sqq. : PemopHoon or the Inspection House ; containing the idéal of a new principle of conslroction applicable to any sort of establishment, in which persons of any description are to be kept under inspection ; and in particular to penitentiarj> bouses, prisons, houses of industr}*, work-houses, poor-honsee, manufôctories, mad houses, lazarettos, hospitals and schools : ipvith a plan of management adapted to the principle : in a séries of letters, written in he year 1787, from GrechefT in white Russ*a, to a fricnd in England. (1787-1791 ) — et les opuscules postérieurs : Panopticon versus New South

' Wa!es (^-ol. IV, pp. 173 sqq.); A plea for the Constitution (toI. IV, pp. «9 sqq.). — Cf. Dans les Traités : PanopUque, mémoire sur un nouTeau principe pour construire des maisons dMnspection et nommément des maisons de force (c*est le mémoire euTOjé par Bentham en 1791 à l'Assemblée législatiTC de France, et imprimé sur Tordre de la législative. — Le mémoire est sommaire, le traité original est confus : la théorie des fins d'un système pénitentiaire (Bowring, toI. IV, p. 46 : safe

" custody, labour. — Vol. IV, p. M : confinement, punishment, reformation, pecuniary economy, — plus de détails dans le Post-Scriptum, vol. IV, pp.

■ 122-123) est indécise et variable. — Pour une expression rigoureuse des principes, voir James Mill, Tarticle Prisons and Prison Dtsctp/tne du V« supplément de ITîncyclopédie britannique.