W. o/\V., Introduction (vol. I, p

11. Principte of Population, l r e éd. chap. î : The most important argument that I shall adduce is certainly not new. The principles on which it dépends hâve been explained in part by Hume, and more at large by Dr. Adam Smith. It has becn advanced and applied to the présent subject, though not with its proper weight, or in the most forcible point of view, by Mr. Wallace ; and it may probably hâve been stated by many writers that I hâve never met with. — Cf. Préface to the Second Edition (9 the éd., 1888, p. I, le nom de Priée ajouté à ceux de Hume, Smith et Wallace). — Autres précurseurs : Davenant, c Essay upon the probable means of making a people gainers in the balance of trade », 1699 iap. Eden, State of the Poor, vol. 1, p. 231) : « The bodies of men are without doubt the most valuable treasure of a country; and in their sphère, the ordinary people are as servieeable tothe commonwealth as the rich, if they are employed in honest labour and useful arts; and, such being more in numl>er, do inore contribute to increase the nation's wealth, lhan the higher rank. — But a country may be populous and get poor (as werc the ancien l Gauls and Scythians) so that numbers, unless they are well employed, make the body poli lie big, but unwieldy; strong, but unactive; as to any usesofgood government.Theirs is a wrong opinion, who think thatmouths profit a country that consume ils product : and it may be more truly affirmed, that lie who dues not some way serve the commonwealth, either by being employed himsclf, or by employing others, is not only a useless, but a hurtful member to it. — As it is charity, and what indeed \ve owe to human kind-, to make provision for the aged, the lame, the sick, the blind, and the impotent; so it is a justice we owe to the commonwealth not to sufTcr such as hâve health, and who might maintain theinselves, to be drones, and live upon the labour of others. — Cf. l'ouvrage d'Ogilvie, paru sans nom d'auteur, An Essay upon the Ri*/ht of Proper ty in Land, with respect to its foundation in the Law of Nature; its présent establishment by the municipal laws of Europe ; and the Régulations by which it might be rendered more beneheial to the lower Banks of Mankind, London (1781. — Sec t. II. Of the Right of Proi>erty, as founded on Public Utilitv). — 15. The increase of public happiness, is the true primary object which ouglit to daim the attention of every state. It is to be attained by increasing the commun standard or measure of happiness, which every citizen may bave a chance of enjoying uiider the protection of the state; and by increasing the number of citizens, who are to enjoy this coiiimon measure of happiness. The increase of opulence, or of

33u XOTES. (Pp. 144-1 17)

dorniriiori. are sahordinate obje» ts, and only to be pursued, as they tend to île: in«rease of happine-s, or of number*: t»» bot h i»f «huh thcv are in «ome r«>pe*:ta. and in certain «as»-?, unfrïendly. — 16. Whafe\er régulation- tend dira tly to iorrea**? the t-ommon measuiv of happiness. enjoyed bv ea«h indhidual «itiz»n. t»-nd a~uredh to incr*-ase the numbers ot «itizen-. But »;\*-ry régulation. t*'nd!ni' to imrease th»- number of «itizens, doe* not eertainly tend to imrea** tb*f common mea>ure of happiness, and, in tarions situations of the «•••minunity. may tend to diuiinisb it. TU*i fii>t «»ort of régulations, an* tberefore to he preferred. in case of interfereme, to the fet-ond.

12. Tovwishend a même »'inpl«tyé l'expression « principles of population -, en un sens un peu différent, dans A Journey Throuyh Spam in Ute years 1786 and 1787, with j>articular attention to the agriculture, manufaetiins, cnmimrei-. jiopulation. taxes, and revenue of that eountry; and ri'mark:» in pa^sing through a jiart of France. By Joseph Townshend, A. M. ivrtor «»f Pewsey, Wilts ; and late of Clare Hall, Cambridge, 1791 ; \ol. Il, pp. 207 sq<\. — Joseph To\wi«diend était le frère du politicien de la Cité, et l'\oisin decampagnedelordShelburne v. Bowring, vol. X, p. 515). — Cf. Free Thouyhts on despotic and free yovernments, as connectée witft the happiiu'ss of the governor and the yoverned, Londres, 1781, ehap. IX. On lapidation. 1. The strength and prosperity of every nation dépends upon the riuiiilwTof its inhabitanta.. . Mais 2. The number of inhabitants in any country will bear proiiortion to the case with which the man and wife can gain subsistance, together with the personar securily afforded by the governiinnt of that eountry. — Toutes les citations qui suivent sont empruntées à A Dissertation on the Poor Laws, by a well wisher to uiaiikind, Londres, 1786 i anonyme.).