l rw éd., chap. I

53. Cette objection à la philosophie politique de Paine trouve une sorte de confirmation dans le passage suivant des Riyhts of Man, Part 11, Introduction : Its (America's) lirst settlers were emigrants from différent Kuropean nations, and of diversified professions of religion, retiring from the governmental persécutions of tlie old world, and meeting in the new, not as enernies, but as brothers. The wanls which necessarily accomjxiny the cullivation of a wifderness produced amony tiiem a state of society whicfi countries long lutrassed by the quarreis and intrigues ofyovemmenls had neylected to cherish. In such a situation man becomes what he ought. He sees bis species, not with the inhuman idea of a natural enemy, but as a kindred ; and the example shows to the arlilicial world that man must go back to nature for information. — Cf. A letter to Samuel Whitbread, esq., M. P., on bis proposed bill for the amendement of the Poor Laws, London, 1807, p, 11 : The moral obligation of private, active, and discriininatc charity I bave endeavoured to enforee in the strongest lnnguage of which I was capable ; and if I hâve denied the natural riyht of the poor to support, it is solely, to use the language of Sir F. M. Kden aller bis able ami laborious Enquiry inlo the State of the Poor, b( 'cause « it may be douhtcd whether any right, the gratification o( which seems to be impraticable, can be said to exist ».

54. Cité par Bonar : Malthus and his uork, p. 76. Cf. la réponse de Mal-

(Pp. 174-178) NOTES. 333

thus à l'Emigration Committee, 1827. On demande à Ma Un us. What circumstances in your opinion contribule to produee a taste for corn tort and cleanliness among people ? — Malthus répond : Civil and political liberty and éducation.

55. Godwin, Thoughts occasioned by... Dr. Parr's S pilai Sermon, pp. 73-74.

56. Es&ay, V* éd.,ch. xvm, p. 367 : It is probable, that too great, or too little excitement, extrême poverty, or too great riches, may bealike unfavourable in this respect. The middle régions of Society seem to be best suited to intellectual improvement; but it is contrary to the analogy of ail nature, to expeet that the whole of society can be a middle région. The tempera te zones of the earth seem to be the most favourable to the mental, or corporeal énergies of man; but ail cannot be temperats zones. — p. 368 : Though we cannot possibly expeet to exclude riches and poverty from society; yet if we could Hnd out a mode of government, by which the numbers in the extrême régions would be lessened, and the numbers in the middle régions increased, it would be undoubtedly our duty to adopt it... (Mais)... the extrême parts could not be diminished beyond a certain degree, without lessening that animated exertion throughout the middle parts, wbich is the very cause, that they are the most favourable to the growth of intellect. If no man coidd hope to rise, or fear to fall, in society; if industry did not bring with it its reward, and idleness its punishment, the middle parts would not certainly be what they now are. — Malthus écrivait déjà dans the Crisis : « It appears to me that nothing can save the Constitution but the revival of the true whig principles in a body of the community sufûcienlly numerous and powcrful to snatch the object of contention from the opposing factions... The only hope that Great Britain has, is in the returning sensé and reason of the country gentlemen, and middle classes of society. »

57. Ann. Re<j. 1796, pp. 47 sqq. ; 1807, pp. 128 sqq. — Le 11 fév. 1800, Pitt déclare que, tout en considérant toujours son Poor Bill comme bon, il l'abandonne en considération des objections de « those whose opinions lie wa* bound to respect d, c'est-à-dire, selon Bonar (Malthus, p. 43), Bentham et Malthus. — Malthus opère la conversion de Paley (v. Princ. of Pop., book IV, chap. xm, p. 568).

58. A letter to Samuel WliUbrewt, esq. M. P., on his proposed bill for the amendment of the Poor Laws. Londres, 1807.

59. î 6 . éd., Book III, chap. vu; (Book III, chap. xm, pp. 367-368).

60. Ricardo, Mien to Trower, p. 173 ; lettre du 25 janv. 1822.

61. Miss Harriett Marti neau, Autohioyraphy, vol. I, pp. 209-210.

62. Éd. de 1798, chap. xi, p. 212; Morality, according lo Mr. Godwin, is a calculation of conséquences, or, as Archdeacon Paley very justly expresses it, the will of God, as collected from gênerai expediency.

330 NOTES. (Pp. 178-181)

G3. Ed. 1803, Book IV, chap. m.