Mill à Xapier, 10 sept 1819 (Bain, p

6. Stuart Mill. Autobiography , p. 27 ; et lettre de Ricardo à J.-B. Say, 18 août 1815 <ap. Lettres de J.-B. Say, pp. 95-96;.

7. Bowring, vol. X, p. 498; et ce qui suit : I was often télé à tète with Ricardo. Ile would borrow a sixpenny book instead of buying it. There was an éjmndiement betw r een us. >Ve used to walk together in Hyde Park, and be reported to me what passed in the House of Commons. He had several tiines intended to quotc the Fragment; but his courage failed him. as lie told me... Considering our intercourse, it was natural he sliould give nie a eop\ of his book ion lient; — the devil a bit !

8. Ricardo, Principes, Préface, p. 1. — Lauderdale dans l'introduction de son Imjuiry de 1804 (édit. de 1819, p. 3> conserve l'ancienne définition : Public Eeonomy, which professes to teaeh the means of increasing the we-allh of the State, and of applying it to the most useful purposes — (et p. 115; : Politieal Kconomy, tlie science which professes lo display and to teach the means of increasing the wealth of a state.

9. Toynbee, Industrial Révolution, p. 6 : Of tbe influences which determined Ricardo to adopt the rnethod of purely abstract reasoning, the intellectual ascendency oblained over him by James Mill was one of the s troupes t. The rnethod of déduction and abstract analysis was that of the whole schools of thinkers, to whom he was so closely related, — Bentham,

(Pp. 210-225) NOTES. 347

Mill, Austin ; and it is significant that Sir H. Maine, who has applied the historical method with so much persévérance to the légal théories of Beotham and Austin, should hâve turned aside more than once to criticise Ricardo from the same point of view.

10. An Inquiry concerning the Principles of Morals, section III, Part. II, note (Essays, éd. Green, vol. II, pp. 100-101 ».

11. Quesnay. Le Droit Naturel, chap. m, de l'inégalité du droit naturel des hommes. — Burke (Thoughts and Détails on Searcity ; Works, vol. 11, pp. 356-357;, voit dans l'harmonie des intérêts économiques un ordre providentiel : « We, the people, ought to be made sensible, that it is not in breaking the laws of commerce, which are the laws of nature, and consequently the laws of God, that we are to place our hope of softening the Divine displeasure, to remove any calamity under which we suffer, or which hangs over us ». Mais Burke avait étudié les Physiocrates.

12. L'Ordre Naturel et Essentiel des Sociétés politiques, chap. xvm.

13. Sur la formation et la distribution des richesses, V, XXII.

14. Progr. de l'Esp. Humain, W époque. — Cf. 8° époque : cette science nouvelle a été portée par Stewart, par Smith, et surtout juir les économistes français, du moins pour la précision et la pureté des principes, à un degré qu'on ne pouvait espérer d'atteindre si promptement après une si longue indifférence. — C'est également l'opinion de Buchanan, en 1814, dans son édition d'Adam Smith, que la France, à la différence de l'Angleterre, possède une école d'économistes : v. vol. IV : Observations on... Dr. Smilh's... Wealth of Nations, p. II : In France the subject was more studied ; and on many important questions, the doctrines of Ihe Frcnch writersare in the highestdegree libéral and enlightened. They wereundoubbtedly the first to perceive that iiuman laws, in order to be useful, must necessarily conform to those more gênerai laws, on which society is founded ; and that the true object of the legislator is to uphold the social System as itis alread\ constiluted, in place of interfering to regulate or to alterthe natural course of thingsaivording loliisownlimitednotionsofexpcdiency. — Mais, à côté d'autres erreurs : It may be also remarked of the French authors, that however consistently they maintain Ihe doctrine of the freedom of trade, they seeni to deduce it from the principles rather of abstract right, than of gênerai expediency. In tins strain, Turgot remarks, in a letter to Dr. Price [Œuvres, t. IX, p. 383', in which he blâmes the newly established government of America for régula tin g trade, for authorising exclusive corj>orations, and for prohibiting the exportation of certain comiuodities, « que la loi de la liberté entière de tout commerce est nn corollaire du droit de propriété ». It was to justice rather than to policy, that they looked for the perfection of civil society : and they generally reasoa in référence to this principle.

348 NOTES. (Pp. 222-2-28)

15. Germain Garnier, Abrégé élémentaire des principes de Véconomie politique, an IV (1796), p. 3.