Book IV, chap. m fp
NOTES
(Pp. 170-173)
48. W. of. N. Book V, chap. i ; vol. II, p. 372; Princ. of Pop. 2e éd., Book IV, ciiap. viii: 9= éd. Book IV, chap. ix, pp. 436 sqq.
40, Pline, t/ Pop., chap. xvm, l'^ éd. pp. 348 sqq : ïhc view of humaii life, which results from the contemplation of tho constant pressure of distress on inan from the difficulty of subsistence, by shewing the little expectation that he can reasonably entertain of perfeetibility on earth, seems strongly to point bis liopes to the future. And the temptation to wliich he must necessarily be exposed, from tiie operation of those laws of nature which we havebeenexamining.would seem to represent the world, in the liglit in wliicli it has been frequently considérée], as a slate of trial, and scliool of virtue preparatory to a snperior state of liappiness. But I hope I shall be pardoned, if I attempt to give a view in some degree différent of the situation of man on earth, which appcars to me, to be more consistent with the varions phenomena of nature whicli we observe around us, and more consonant to our ideas of the powcr, goodness, and foreknowledge of the Deity.
.50. //>/>/., p. 361 : To furnish the most unremitted excitements of this kind, and to urge man to furtiier tiie gracions designs "of Providence, by tiie full cultivation of tiie earth, it has been ordained, tliai population should increase much faster tiian food.
51. \ . Empson, Edinburgh Beview, janv. 1837, pp. 479 sq([ ; citations de The Cr/si.s.
o2. Ire éd., chap. i.
53. Cette objection à la philosophie politique de Paine trouve une sorte de confirmation dans le passage suivant des Rif/hts of Man, Part 11, Introduction : Its (America's) first setth'rs ^^^'ve emigrants from différent Europcan nations, and of divers! lied professions of religion, retiring from the governmental persécutions of tiic old world, and meeting in the new, not as enemies, but as brothers. The wunts which necesuirily acconipany the cultivation of a. ivilderness produced umony them a state of soeiety ivhich counlries lony lutrassed by the quarrels and intrujues off/overnments had neylected to cherish. In such a situation man becomes what lie ought. He sees liis species, not with the inhuman idea of a natural enemy, l)u( as a kindred ; and tlie exanqjle sliows to the artiticial world tliat man mast go i)ack to nature for information. — Cf. A leller to Samuel Wliilhread, esq., M. P., on iiis propused bill for tljc amendement of the Poor Laws, London, 1807, p, 11 : The moral obligation of private, active, and discriminate charity 1 lune endeavoured to enforce in the strongest language of which I was capable ; ami if ( bave denied the natural riyht of the poor to support, it is solely, tu use the language of Sir F. M. Kden after bis able and laborioiis Enquiry intu llic Slair of the Pooi-, because « it may be doiibtcd whi Hier an\ riglit, the gratification ol which seems to be impraticable, can be said to exist >^.
54. Cité |)ar Bonar : Malthm and liis u-ork, p. 76. Cf. la ré))onse de Mal-
(Pp. i: '1-178) NOTES. 333
thus à l'Emigration Comniittee, 1827. On demande à Malthus. Wliat circumstanees in jour opinion conlribute to producc a (aste for comforl and cleanliness among people ? — jMalthus répond : Civil and politieal liberty and éducation.
55. Godwin, Thoutjhts occasioned hy... Dr. Pari-'s SpihtI Sermon, pp. '3-74.
56. Essay, l-^' éd.,cii. xviii, p. 367 : It is probable, tiiat too great, or too little excitement, extrême poverty, or too great riclies, may be alikc untavourable in this respect. The middle régions of Society seem to be best suited to intellectual improvement; but it is contrary to the analogy of ail nature, to expect that the ^vhole of society can be a middle région. The temperate zones of the earth seem to be the most favourable to the mental, or corporeal énergies of man ; but ail cannot be tempérât? zones. — |j. 368 : Though we cannot possil)ly expect to exclude riches and poverty from society; yet if we could lind ont a mode of government. jjy uiiicli the numbers in tlie extrême régions ^vould be lessened, and the numbers in the middle régions increased, it would be undoubtedly our (hity to adopt it... Maisi... the extrême parts could not Ije diminished jjeyond a certain degree, without lessening that animated exertion throughout tiie middle parts, which is the very cause, that they arc the most favourable to the growth of intellect. If no man could hope to rise, or fear to fall, in society; if industry did not bring with it its reward, and idleness its punishment, the middle parts would not certainly be \\hat tliey now are. — Maltlius écrivait déjà dans titc Crisis.: « It appears to me that uothing can save the Constitution but the ravivai of tiie true whig principles in a body of the community sufticiently numerous and powerful to snatcii the object of contention from Ihe opposing factions... Tlie only hope tiiat Great Britain lias, is in the returning sensé and reason of the country gentlemen, and middle classes of society. »
57. Ann. Re;/. 1796, pp. 47 sqq. ; 1807, pp. 128 s<|q. — Le 11 fév. 1800, l'itt déclare que, tout en considérant toujours son Poor Bill comme bon, il Tabandonne en considération des objections de « those whose opinions lie wa»; bound to respect », c'est-à-dire, selon Bonar (.Alalihus, p. 43), Bentiiam et Malthus. — Malthus opère la conversion de Palcy (v. Princ. of Pop., book IV, chap. xiii, p. 568).
58. A letler to Samuel WhUhread, esq. M. P., on bis proposed i>ill for the amendment of the Poor Laws. Londres, 1807.
59. 2'. éd., Book III, chap. vu; Hîook III, cliap. xiii, pp. 367-368).
60. Ricardo, letters to Trowr, p. 173 ; lettre du 2.")janv. 1822.
61. Miss Harriett Martîneau, Autoliioi/ntphy, vol. I, pp. 209-210.
62. Éd. de 1798, chap. xi, p. 212; Morality, according lo Mr. Godwin, is a calculation of conséquences, or, as Arclideacon Paley very justly expresses it, ihe will uf God, as collected from gênerai expediency.
NOTES
(Pp. 17.S-181)
