Mill à Napier, 10 sept 1819 (Bain, p. 187j

6. Stuart Mill. Autobiography, p. 27 ; et lettre de Ricardo à J.-B. Say, 18 août 1815 (ap. Lettres de J.-B. Say, pp. 95-96j.

7. Bowring, vol. X, p. 498; et ce qui suit : I was often tête à tête with Ricardo. He would borrow a sixpenny boolc instead of buying it. Tiiere was an épaiichement between us. We used to walk togetiier in Hyde Park, and he reported to me what passed in the House of Gommons. He had scveral times intended to quote tlie Fraf/incid; but his courage failed iiim. as he told me... Considering our intercourse, it was natural he sliould give me a copy of his book (on Rentj — the devii a bit !

8. Ricardo, Prinriples, Préface, p. 1. — Lauderdale dans l'introduction de son hnjniry de 180'i lédit. de 1819, p. 3i conserve l'ancienne définition : l'ublic Ecoiioniy, whicli professes to teacii the means of increasing tlie wealth of the State, and of applying it to the most useful purposes — (et p. 115) : Pulitical Economy, the science which professes lo display and to teaeh the meuns of increasing the wealth of a state.

9. Toynbee, Industrial Révolution, p. 6 : Of the inQuences wiiicli determined Ricardo to adopt the method of purcly abstract reasoning, the intellectual ascendency obtained over him by James Mil! was one of the strongcst. The method of déduction and ai}stract analysis was that of the whole schools of thinkers, to whom he was so closely related, — Bentham,

(Pp. 219-2-2-2) NOTES. 347

Mill, Austin ; and it is significant that Sir H. Maine, who lias apiilied tlie historical methotl with so inuch persévérance to tlie légal tlieories of Bentham and Austin, should hâve turned aside more than once to criticise Ricardo frora the sanie point of vieAV.

10. An Inquirtj concerniny the Principles ofMorah, section III, Part. li, note (Essays, éd. Green, vol. II, pp. 100-101«.

11. Quesnay. Le Droit Naturel, cliap. m, de l'inégalité du droit naturel des hommes. — Burke < Thuughls and Détails on Scarcity ; Works, vol. Il, pp. 356-357j, voit dans l'harmonie des intérêts économiques un ordre providentiel : ce We, the people, ought to be made sensible, that it is not in breaking the laws of commerce, which are the laws of nature, and conse- Huently the laws of God, that we are tô place our hope of softening the Divine displeasure, to remove any calarnity under which we sulîer, or which hangs over us ». -Mais Burke avait étudié les Physiocrates.

12. L'Ordre Naluret et Essentiel des Sociétés politiques, ehap. xviii.

13. Sur la formation et la distribution des richesses, V, XXII.

14. Progr. del'Esp. Humain, 9e époque. — Cf. 8e époque : cette science nouvelle a été portée par Stewart, par Smith, et surtout par les économistes français, du moins pour la precjsio/i et la pureté des principes, à un degré qu'on ne pouvait espérer d'atteindre si promptement après une si longue indifférence. — C'est également l'opinion de Buclianan, en 1S14, dans son édition d"Adam Smith, ([ue la France, à la ditlcrence de l'Angleterre, possède une école d'économistes : v. vol IV : Observations on... Dr. Smilh's... Wealth of Nations, p. II : In France the subject was more studied ; and on many important questions, tiie doctrines of llie Freneh writers are in the highest degree li beral and enlightened. They werc undoubbtediy the first to perceive that liuman laws, in order to be useful, must necessarily conform to those more gênerai laws, on whicli society is founded ; and that the true object of the legislator is to uphold the social System as itis aiready conslituted, in place of interferingto regulale or to alter the natural course of things according to bis own limited nolionsof expediencv-. — Mais, à côté d'autres erreurs : It may be also n.niarked of the Freneh authors, that however consisteatly they maintain the doctrine of the freedom of trade, they seem to deduce it from tiie principles ratlier of abstract right, than of gênerai expediency. In tliis strain, ïurgot remarks, in a lettcr to Dr. Priée iŒuvres, t. IX, p. 383i, in which lie blâmes the newly establisbed governmeiit of America for regulating trade, for authorising exclusive corporations, and for prohibiting the exportation of certain commodities, " que la loi de la liberté entière de tout commerce est un corollaire du droit de propriété a. It was to justice rather than to poliey, iliat they looked for tiie perfection of civil society : and lliey generally reason in référence lo this princijtle.

348 NOTES. (Pp. 222-228)

15. Germain Garnier, Abrégé élémentaire des principes de Vécoiioiitie politique, an IV (179G), p. 3.