Bonar, Malthus and his ivork, p
43. Cannan, A Uiilory oj the Théories of Produrlion and Dislrihnlion in F.nglish Political Economy jrom 1776 to IS48, pp. 147sq(|.
44. Add. Mss. Brit. Mus. 33, 152, f. 78-9 : Wakefield à Place, Bury St Edmunds, Angust 17th 1814 : ... f. 79 verso : I havr mit seen one of the Reports of the Lords' Committee. Indeed I want botli that and the Commons' but suppose that I must wait until next session. — We are now in the middie of harvest, the wheats considerably injured by ndldew, th(.' Barly a good crop, but in this neighbourhood no labourers to bi' met with, and those who are hère will not work as usual. 1 yesterday rode over an oct;upation of 1.200 acres which requires at least 50 harvestmen, This is exlraordinary. Last year there was a similar want of hands, biil llieri it was attributed to war; wliat is it now ?
3o2 NOTES. (Pp. 238-239)
45. Add. Mss. Brit. Mus. 33, 152, f. 84 : Place à Mill, London, Sept. 9, 1814 : Hâve you seen the corn reports of the Lords' Committee? Ihave been comparing parts of them with the returns to the Population acts in 1811, the tables of blrth, bm-ials and baptism when examined and compared with the priée of breed and the Avages of labour, exhibits some curious and important phenomena, I Ihink I shall be abie to shew a clear and concise view of the opération of the corn laws on the mass of the community : it appears to me that the errors in legislating on this subject hâve more than anything selse produced a state of thtngs from which there is no escape but bij a convulsion ivhkh sooner or laler must happcn.
46. Add. Mss. Brit. Mus. .33, 152, f. 92 : Mill à Place, Ford Abbey, 14 oct. 1814 (résumé par F. Place Junior). «Write to me particularly about Corn Laws. »
47. Add. Mss. Brit. Mus. 33, 152, f. 93 : Place à Mill, Charing Cross, London, 17 oct. 1814. — Et encore, dans la mêmelettre : « I hâve the reports both of the Lords and Gommons on the Corn Laws, they prove that the Farmer is nerely the agent of the Landowner, and that the Landowner, the Sieward and the Land Surveyor as some call themselves al! treat him as such — they regulate the rent ofland by the capital of the Farmer, allowing him 10 per cent on the capital he brings upon the Land, and taking ail the rest to themselves. The Farmer's profit was estimatcd at 10 per cent, when ten pounds would purchase as much as 20 £ wiU now, and lliis practice will continue till 40 £ will purchase the like quantifies only — \t présent no onelhinks of domestic Politicks, or Corn Laws. On the latter subject, there will be noise enough made, and ignorance more than enougli displayed, when the Parliament meets. Nothing but a reform of the whole System, a new beginning in fact can be of use, but of this one part of the people are prol'ounilly ignorant and the other part for their own inuuediate in'erests aredétermined to pi-event.
të. Eclectic Revieiv, Julyl8l4,p. 1 sqq. Analyse de: Dawson sur la misère; Lauderdale, Rose et Malthus sur les Corn Laws. Pour Tattribution de rarlicl." à James Mill. v. Add. Mss Brit. Mus. 33, 152, f. 105: Place à Mill, 9 nuv. 1814 : ... I find it so clearly statod and so well understood, that I bave not a word to add. — Début de l'article : « We might bave conceived ourselves eiititled to expect thaï, after tlie progress which the science of political economy lias maile, we should not, in a country which boasts of its knowledge and liberality, havc had the misfortune to witness another attempt to dislurb, by acts of Parliament, thecstablished order of nature in regulating the supply of tiie people's food. — Et pp. 2-3 : The two classes of persons, consisting of tliose whose labour is not suflirient, tn supply them with necessai'y food, forni by far the greater proportion oftln; community, alinost the whole of tlielabouring and productive classos... Wiien we liear it said, as we do hear it so uften and so loudly said, that a free impoi'lation ofconi will diiainish tiic landowner's rent, and the farmer's
(Pp. -239-2 44) NOTES. 3o3
profit, and whon we hear of the necessity proclaimed of a law for the
prévention ol" thèse déplorable efTectF, we ask for tlic voicos wliich are
raised in belialf of the infinitely more numerous classes of persons, whosc i
loaf w'ûl be diminishcd, not their rent or profit, by a law hi increasc tbc ]
qiiantity of labour necessary for the acquisition of barc siistenance.
49. Observations on the Subjecls trcated of in Dr. Smitli's Inqitirij inio i
Ihc nature and causes of the Weallh of Nations, by David linehanan |
Edinburgh, 1814 (4" vol. de ledition), pp. 33 sqq. — Ricardo to Malthus, |
24 janv. 1817... « Surely Buchanan is right and your comment wrnng: rent is not a création, but a transfer of vvealth. »
.00. .4/( Essnij on the Application of Capital to Land, wilh observations \
siiewing Ihe impolicy of any great restriction on the importation of corn; - '
and that the bounly of 1GS8 diil not lovver the price of it,by a fellow of
University Collège. Oxford [Mr. Edward West] London, 1815. — The chief '
oltject of this essay is the publication of a principlc in political economy, vvhich occurred to me some years ago ; and whicii appears to me tosolvc many diflicultics in the science, whicli I ain at a loss otherwise tu cxplain. On reading latcly the reports of the corn commiltees, 1 fourni my
opinion respecting the existence of this principh' coiifirniod by many of '
tiic witnesses, whose évidence is there delailed. This circumsiance and Ihe importance of the principle to a correct understanding of many parts of the corn question, bave induced me to hazard this publication before Ihe meeting of Parliament, liiough in a much less perfect shape than I think
it would hâve assumed had I been less limited in point of time. — j
Ricardo à Alallhus, 9 mars 1815 : Sinee I hâve secn you I received a note
from Mr. Edward ^Vest, vvho is the author writing under Ihe tith^ of a \
Fellow of Uni\ersity Odlfge; lie speaks in favour of my opinions of
course, because tliey arc very similar to bis own. I bave read bis book '
with attention, and I find tliat bis views agrée very much with my own. !
He is a barrister, a young man, and appears vory fondof the study of political economy. Mr. Brougham has, I think he said, promised to inlroduce • 1 him to you. j
51. Cannan [a Hislor)/ of Ihe Théories of Production and Dislribu- \ lion, etc., 1894} observe (p. 159) que, pour la première fois, le verbe tendre ' se trouve employé ici dans son acception proprement scientifique. i
52. Nature and Progress of rent, reproduit, ap. Principles of Political Economy, cliap. m, sect. II, cd. 1836, p. 1.50.
53. An Essay on Ihe in/luence oj a low price of corn on llie profita oj
stock, shcwing the incxjiediency of restrictions on imporlatioii : uilii <
remarks on .Mr. Malthus's two last publications, etc., 1815 i Works, p. 37.}, I
note) :. . . They appear to think that jtrolits of stock can be raised by com- ]
mercial causes, independenlly of Ihc supply of fooil. i
54. Le 20 octobre 1816 (Add. Mss. Brit. .Mus. 33, 152, f. 225), IMace soulève encore quelque objcciions sur le travail de Bicardo (objections qui ne 1
Il 23 :
354 NOTES. (Pp. -240-247)
poiiont pas d'uilh iirs sur le principe de la renie diiïércntiellc). Et James Mill lui répond de Ford Abbey, le 27 octobre (33, 152, f. 227) : « Don't meddle \¥ith Ricardo. It is not easy to fiiid him in lliewrong, 1 can assure you. I hâve ol'ten thouglit 1 had found liini in tliewrong, buti havealways eventually corne over to his opinion » (copie de F. Place junior).
55. J.-B. Say, Mélanges et Correspondance, p. 95. — Say répond le 2 déc. « Je me bornerai. . . à souhaiter, avec II. Mill, que vous développiez vos idées dans un ouvrage ad lioc.»
56. Ricardo to ïrower, 29 oct. 1815 ; et plus haut : Sotar from imitating the illustrions example that you set before me, and improving as I go on, each successive attempt is attended \vith less success than tlie former, and it invariably happens (Jiat my last performance is the ^vo^sl. . . You see that I liave no otlier encouragement to pursue the study of Political Economy than the pleasure which the study itsclf affords me, for never sliall 1 be so fortunate,ho\vever correct my opinions niay become, as to produce a work which shall procure me famé and distinction. I am determincd, hovvever, not to be daunted by conimon dilîlculties. I shall again set to work to endeavor to improve the style and arrangement of a\ hat I bave just written, not tliat 1 am quilu sure that I shall publish it if l succeed, Jiut at least it will afford mean opportunity oi exercisingthelimitedpowers which I possess.
57. Prinripics of PolUi'vl Economij and Taxation. — Malthus avait déclaré, dans son In/uiry, que « le degré auquel les tlillérentes classes de la société sont affectées par les impôts est en soi un sujet riche, qui appartient aux principes généraux de l'impôt et mérite une enquête distincte >^, et Ricardo, en 1815, louait, dans VInquiry, « un ouvrage abondant en idées originales, — ijui sont utiles non seulement dans la mesure où elles concernent la rente foncière, mais dans celles encore où elles se rattachent à la question de l'impôt, le plus difficile et le plus complexe peut-être de tous les sujets dont traite l'économie politique ^k — Voir l'opinion de Hcntliam sur la théorie de Ricardo, Bowring, vol. X, p. 498: In Ricardo's book on Rcnt, tlicre is a %vant of logic. I Avanted him to correct it in thèse particulars ; but he was not conscious of it, and Mill was not desirons. He confounded cost with value Cf. Ricardo, Principlcs, p. 3(1, note; c'est une olijection de Maltims.
l'eu UCATlOiN nii l'IilMM.li
1. Education, p. 18-20. — p. 9: That, at least, al! Ilie dillerein'i' which cxists between classes or bcdies ot' men is the effect of éducation, will, we suppose, withounl cutcring into the dispute about individual distinctions, be readily grantcil ; that it is éducation whoUy wliicli constitutes llu'
(Pp. 248-:2o0) NOTES. 3oo
reiiiarkable differenco lietween thc Turk and tlic Enf^disliman. and even tlie still luore remarkable diircrcnce betw.en tlie most cultivaled Europoan and Ihe wildest savago. Wliatevor is niade of any class of men, we may then be sure is possible to be niade oC the whole Imuian race. ^Ybat a field foi- exertion ! Wiiat a prize to be Avon I — Stuait Mill, Autobio;/raphy, p. 108: In psycliology, liis (Janaes Miirs) fundanienlal doctrine \\as tbe formation of ail 11 uman cliaraclcr by cirtumstances, tliruugli liie universal Prinoipleof Assoiia'.ion, and llieiunsi'(|uentiinliuiifrd possibilily orimproving tbo rnoral and intelkrlual lundilion ot niankind Ijy iducation. Ul' ail bis doctrines none was more important than tbis.
2. Pauper Management; Bowring, vol. VIII, p. 427 note : For exemples of tbe success of tbe fellow-instruotion principle U'inploying children soon aftcr tbey bave reoeived any brancb of instruction in liie capacity of learners, to communicate it to otiier children in tbe capacily of teachersi, see Dr. /ie//'s account of tbe charify scliooh at Madras — London, 1787 — and a paper in llie Reposilory, la periodical collection in two vorumes, publisbed ten or twelve years ago), giving an account of tbe resuit of tbe use made of that principle, in a cbarity. scbool, in Ibe neigbbourbood of Paris (le ciievalier Paulet. Cf. Traités, Code Pénal, Moyens Indirects, cbap. xx).
'A. Sur l'éducation de .lobn Stuart Mill par son père, v. Stuarf Mill, Autobiofjraphy, p. 4 s(|q. ; Graliam Wallas, Life of Place, p. 70-77 (lettres de James Mill et journal quotidien tenu par Place pendant son séjour à la campagne cbez Bentbani, a\ec Milli ; et Bain, Jobn Stuart Mill a criticism : witb Personal recollections, pp. 6-9, lettre de Stuart Mill au frère de Bentbam, sir Samuel Bentbam, en date du 30 juillet 1819, contenant un récit de son éducation, plus détaillé que celui de VAutobioyraphy.
