W., Ibid

8. TraitéSf Code Civil, !'• partie, chap. VI (Bowring, \oL I, p. 304).

9. Traités, Code Civil, 2« partie, chap. II (Bowring, vol. I, p. 330).

10. Trailésy Vue générale, etc. chap. XVI (Bowring, vol. III, pp. 190- Ij.

11. Traités, Vue générale, etc., chap. XIII. De Tobligation. — /&ûf., Principes de législation, chap. xiii, des fausses manières de raisonner en matière de législation : a J'entends par fiction un fait, notoirement faux, sur lequel on raisonne comme s'il était vrai ». — En 1774-5 Bentham écrivait sur son Commonplace-Book : a Fictions of law. — Fictions of law. — Fictions are mighty pretly things. Locke admires them; the author of the Commentaries adores them ; most lawyers are, even yet, well pleased with them ; with what reason let us see. — What is a fiction ? A falsehood, but in this there is nothing to distinguish the peculiarity of its nature. — By whom invented ? By judges. — On what occasion ? On the occasion of their pronouncing a judicial décision. — For what purpose ? One may conceive two — either that of doing in a roundabout way what they migbt do in a direct way, or that of doing in a roundabout way, what they had no right to do in any way at ail.

12. Treatise, Book III, Part II, sect. V (vol. II, pp. 284 sqq.).

13. Expression empruntée par Bentham à d'Alembert. — Mss. Univ. Coll. n« 27 : Introduction to Morals and Législation, Preface,p, 109 : To Mr. d'Alembert [I owe] tlie distinction bctween real and verbal or fictitious entities, wiiich has been of such infinité use to me in the way of définition. — V. les Mélanges de d'Alembert, tom. I, Disc. Prélim.

14. Of Government, Book II, cbap. V, of Property, § xxv, xxvi.