PROCÉDURE ET ORGANISATION JUDICIAIRE

i.Introductory View ofthe Rationale of Evidence^ chap. XIX; Bowring, vol. VI, pp. 87-88 : Another cause, by which mischief in ail thèse vaiieties is produoed, is composed of the mass of facHtiotts dday^ veocation^ and expensây and in particular the expense by means of which, under judgemude law, for the sake of the profit extractible out of the expense, justice bas, to ail who are not able to bear the expense, been denied, while to ail others it bas been sold. — Cf. le titre que Bentham donne à un de ses derniers ouvrages : Justice and Codification Pétitions : being forms proposed for signature by ail persons whose désire it is to see Justice no longer sold, delayed, or denied : and to obtain a possibility of that knowledge of the law, in proportion to the want of which they are subjected to unjust punishments, and deprived of the benefit of their rightB. Drafts for the above proposed pétitions, by Jeremy Bentham, 1829 (Bowring, vol. V, p. 437, sqq), et : Equity Dispatch Court Proposai. Sec* tion II ; Bowring, vol. III, p. 337. — Mais Bentham peut avoir emprunté la formule à Montesquieu {Esprit des Lois^ liv. YI, chap. ii), traduit par Blackstone (/// Comm. p. 423-424) : In free states the trouble, expense, and delays of judicial proceedings...

2. Traités f Vue générale d*un corps complet de législation, chap. xxx; Bowring, vol. III, pp. 204-205. — Dans le Judicial Establishment, chap. II, tit. Il, Bentham donne pour fins de l'organisation judiciaire la rectitude de décision, la promptitude et le bon mar<M (rectitude of décision, promptitude, cheapness), sans distinguer encore entre les fins directes et indirectes (Bowring, vol. IV, p. 325).

3. Mss. Univ. Coll. n*' 50 et 51 : fragments de 1772-1774, portant la

rubrique B R (Blackstone revised ?), et le titre : Certamly. Ce titre trouTe son eiplication dans le passage miirant, intitulé lui-mêiBe Cerlaéntg w général : Certainty in Pénal Législation regards three objects : 1* tluit ail persons guilty of tfae act prohibited su£Eer the punishment thaC is denoonced and visible; 2*> That none suffer it but such as are so; 3* That of thèse none suffer more than is denounced. — In thèse three ends, if legitimate and the only ones that are so, we bave the sum of ail the objects that are to be taken in the practioe, and the expressions required to be used in the formula^ of Procédure. — Ainsi il devient possible de fonder une théorie scientifique de la procédure. — The writers on what is called Natural Law touched very little, if at ail, upon Laws Adjective, vii, those which relate to the course of Judicial Procédure. — Thèse they seem to hâve regarded as of a nature merely positive, and not subject to their disquisitions. . . Yet on this head as well as others, if there be some points of expedience which are local, moveable, and temporary, there are others which are universal, lixed and perpétuai ; which, however it be with the fact of their observance, are not the less real in themselves, as arising not out of the peculiar cliaracter and circumstances of any nation, but out of the gênerai principles of human nature (Mss. Univ. Coll., n'50).

4. Sootdi Reform : Goosidered with Référence to the Plan proposed in the late Parliament, for tfae Régulation of the Courts and the A<faBim8tration Justice in Seotland : with Illustrations from English Non-Reforra ; in the course of which divers imperfections, abuses, and eormptkMiB, in tlie administration of justice, with their causes, are now, for the first time, brought to light. In a séries of ietters addressed to the Right Uonourable Lord Grenville, etc., etc., etc. With Tables, in which the principal causes of factitious complication, delay, vexation, and expense, are distinguished from snch as are natural and unavoidahle : Bowring, vol. V, pp. 1-54.

5. An Introductory View of the RationcUe of the Eiid&îce : for the use of non-lawyers as well as lawyers; Bowring, vol. pp. VI. 1-188. — Traité des Preuves Judiciaires^ ouvrage extrait des manuscrits de M. Jeremie Bentham, jurisconsulte anglais, par Et. Dumont. .., Paris, 1823.

6. nationale of Jtidîcial Evidence, specially applied to English Practice, 1827; lk)wring, vol. VI, pp. 189 sqq.. et VII. Stuart Mill nous dit, dans la préface du Rat. of. Jud. Ev. (Bowring, vol. VI, p. 201), que les manuscrite d'oûVouvrage est tiré ont été écrits par Bentham à diverses époques, entre 1802 et 1812, le même sujet se trouvant parfois traité deux ou trois fois. Plus catégoriquement, dans VAutobiography (pp. 114-115), il déclare que Bentham avait trois fois commencé ce traité, à des intervalles considérables, chaqne fois d^une manière différente, et chaque fois sans se référer à Tébauche précédente ; que, sur ces trois essais, deux embraa. saient presque tout le sujet Les manuscrits d'University CoUege qui se

(Pp. 120-123) NOTES. 419

rapportent à la matière des preuves sont znalheoreusemeat très ineo plets, et Ton peut seulement conjecturer que Bentham rédigea ses tris traités : 1« de la fin de 1802 jusqu'en Juillet 1803 (n«-. 45, 47, 48) ; 2« de mars 1804 à juillet 1805 (n-. 49,' 58, 59, 74) ; 3* de la fin de 1811 à août 1812 (n«. 45).

7. Principies of Judidal Frocedure, with the outlines of a procédure code ; chap. m ; Bowring, vol. Il, p. 15. — La plus grande partie de Touvrage a été écrite, selon Téditeur Richard Doane, entre 1820 et 1827. — Les fragments antérieurs à novembre 1824 sont intitulés ComUlutioniai Code : k cette date se détache du ComtittUional Code ce que Bentham appelle le Procédure Code (Mss. Univ. Coll., n* 52). Le 21 novembre 1824, Bentham rédige, pour Touvrage projeté, le titre suivant : Procédure made easy. Procédure as it ought U> be, or, Outline of a Code of Judicial Procédure, being the first that ever had for its ends the ends of Justice, with a oontinued parallel showing the utter inaptitude of the English System with référence to those ends ; preoeded by a sketch of a Judicial Establishment extracted from a proposed Constitutional Code. ~ Le 21 mars 1825, il a modifié son titre : Procédure as it ought to be, versus Procédure as it is, containing an Outline of a proposed Code of Judicial Procédure, adapted to a proposed Constitutional Code framed on Republican principies (variante : applicable to the case of an absolute government though forming a sequel, etc.), by Jeremy Bentham, Bencher of Lincoln 's Inn (pour ces deux titres, v. Mss. Univ. Coll., n" 57). Les brouillons de l'ouvrage, rédigés de 1823 à 1828, se trouvent Mss. Univ. Coll., n«* 52, 53,' 54, 55, 56, 57, 59. — Le 5 février 1828, il communique à Brougham un important fragment afin de Tinspirer dans la campagne parlementaire qu*il vient d'entreprendre pour la simplification de la procédure (Leading Features of the established and proposed natural System contrasted . — Mss. Univ. Coll., n" 53). Bentham incorpore d'ailleurs à ses manuscrits de 1825 d'importants fragments d'avril-août 1805 (Mss. Univ. Coll. n* 57) et de juin-juillet 1804 (Mss. Univ. Coll. n* 59).

8. Introductory View^ chap. m ; Bowring, vol. VI, pp. 8 sqq. —Rationale of Judicial Evidence, Book VIII, chap. m; Bowring, Vil, 199-201.— Preuves Judiciaires^ livre I, chap. ir, vol. I, p. 7.

9. Indications respecting Lord Eldon, section XVII; Bowring, vol. V, p. 369 : Âpprised of the existence of this partnership, Judge and Co is the dénomination by which, for I forget wbat length of time — some thirty or forty years probably — in print as well as in conversation, I hâve been in the habit of designating it (écrit en 1825). — Cf. Rat, of Jud. Ev.j Book VII, chap. vi ; Bowring, vol. VII, p. 192; Book IX, P. IV, chap. m, p. 52 ; Bowring, vol. VU, p. 451, etc.

10. On rencontre déjà l'opposition de la procédure naturelle, ou domestique, et de la procédure technique, dans le Judicial Establishmentj chap. I, Tit. I; Bowring, vol IV, p. 319.

420 NOTES. (Pp. 123-127)

11. TraitéSf Code Pénal, 3« partie, chap. xiv; Bowring, toI. I, p. 558. — RatUmale of Judicial Evidence, Book YIII, chap. ii ; Bowriog, vol. VU, pp. 197-8. — Preuves Judiciaires, livre 1, chap. m; vol. 1, pp. 8 sqq.

12. Preuves Judiciaires, liv. I, chap. m ; vol. I, pp. 8-9. Rat. ofJud. Ev., Book X, condosion (BovrriDg, vol. VII, pp. 598-599). Mais Bentham ajoute aussitôt : With mindsof a certain texture, many points might perhaps be gained by quoting, as if it were in authority, this oonceit of Machiavel. Bot to rest the cause of utility and truth upon préjudices and wildconceits, would be to give a foundation of chaff to an édifice of granité. In a work nvhich, if true or useful for a moment, will be so as long as men are men, the humour of the day is not worth catching at any such price. In point of fact, then, I mention it as mère matter of accident, and in point of argument as no better than an argument ad hominem, that the System of procédure hère proposed, happens to be, in its fundamental principles, not a novel, but an old one ; and I give it for good, not because it is old, but although it happens to be so. Parties meeting face to fkoe, in courts near to their own homes ; in county courts, and, where population is thick enough, in hundred-courts or town-courts.