Stuart Mill, Autobiography, p

40. Const. Code, BookI,chap. xv ; Bowring, vol. IX, p. 107.Thehappine88 of ihe most helpless pauper constitutes as large a portion of tbe universal happiness, as does tliat of the most powerfui, the most opulent member, of the community. Therefore the happiness of the most helpless and indigent bas as much title to regard at the hands of the législation, as that of tbe most powerfui and opulent.

41. Sur ce point, divergence de James Mill ; Stuart Mill, Autob., p. 104.

42. Plan of Pari. Réf., introduction, sect. vu; Bowring, vol. III, p. 464. — Cf. Bowring, vol. X, p. 498 : universality on account of il» simpliciiy and unexdusiveness.

43. Ricardo to Malthus, S5 mai 1818 ; Ricardo lo Trower, 27 juin 1818.

44. Bowring, vol. X, p. 4Ç8 ; Bentham to Ricardo, 14 mars 1818 : I told Burdett jou had got down to triennality, and were waveringbetweentbat and annuality, wbere I could not belp flattering myself you woold fix; also, in respect of extent, down to householders, for which, though I sbould prefer universality on account of its simplicity and unexdusiveness, I myself should be glad to compound. — Cf. Ricardo to Trower, 22 mars 1818, 27 juin 1818.

45. Ricardo to Trower, 22 mars 1818. — Cf. Ricardo à MacCullocb, 4 déc. 1820 : A Reform of the Parliament is tbe only securily we can hâve for a real reform of abuses, and anything which shall be fairly entilled to that name, wc shall notlthink get from ihe Whigs.Theymay how» ever do some little good and they would at any rate, if Ihey did not reform the Parliament, satisfy us that it could be obtained only by the energy and resolution of thepeople. Although lam very far from agreeing withCobbell in most of bis opinions, 1 hâve long been convinced that our security Tor good government mustrest on the institutions themselves, and the influence under which those who govern us act, and noton the more or less virtue in the characters of our government. The conduct of two différent sel» of men educated ncarly in the samc manner, acting under the same cbecks, and. with the same objects in view, as far as their own personal interest is concerned, cannot be materially différent. — Cf. Ricardo à MacCuUocb, 17 janv. 1821 : Lord Grey, lord Rolland parlent de réforme parlementaire. Sont-ils sincères ? — Tbe party are in possession of a namber of boroughs themselves, but what they would be most loth to part witli is the influence which they possess over the electors in conséquence of tlieir being great proprietors of land and other property. They will not consent to let tbe real unbiassed choice be in the people, or in that part of the

(Pp, 201-206) XOTES. 441

people Tvhich may be considered as having an identity of intcrests witli Ihe -whole.

46. Hatuard, XLI, p. 770, 6 déc. 1819 : He had read with surprise the abhorrence of radical reform expressed by several members of that House. He believed there were, among the advocates of that measare, designiog and nvicked men. But he also knew that there was a great number of very honest men who believed universal suffrage and annual parliaments were the only means of protecting the rights of the people, and establishing an adéquate check upon government. —Cf. lettre à Trower, 28 déc. 1819 : To me it appears that the radical reformers are yery unfairly treated — ihey are ail lumped together — without proof or even examination they are declared to be revolutionists in disguise and on this assumption they are condemned i^vithout being permitted to say one word in their defence. — Un mois plus tôt (9 nov. 1819), il écrivait à Malthus : I am certainly not more inclined than I was before to Radicalism, after witnessing the proceedings of Hunt, Watson and Co, if by Radicalism is meant Universal Suffrage. I fear, honvever, that I should not think the moderate reform, which you are willing to accède to, a suffîcient security for good government. — Cf. Ricardo à MacCulloch, 3 janvier 1822.

47. Hansard, n. s. VIII, p. 1285 (24 avril 1823). — Autres discours où Ricardo traite de la question : Hansard, XL, p. 1216 (18 juin 1819) ; n. s. V, p. 449 (6 mars 1823) ; VHl, p. 507 (6 mars 1823).