Bonar, Malthus and his work, p

43. Observations on the Subjects treated of in Dr. Smith's Inquiry into the nature and causes of the Wealth of Nations, by David Buchanan, Edinburgh, 1814 (4« vol. de l'édition), pp. 33 sqq. — Ricardo to Malthus,

24 janr. 1817. . . « Surely ftthnnin is right and your comment wrong : rent is not a création, but a tnarfar of wealth. »

44. An Essay on the Application of Capital to Land, with observations shewing.the impolicy of any great restriction on the importation of corn; and that the bounty of 1688 did not lower the priée of it, by a fellow of University Collège, Oxford [Mr. Edward West] London k 1815. — The chief object of this essay is the publication of a principle in political economy, which occurred to me some years ago ; and which appears to me to solve many diffîculties in the science, which I am at a loss otherwise to explain. On reading lately the reports of the corn committees, I iound my opinion respecting the existence of this principle confirmed by many of the witnesses, whose évidence is there detailed. This circumstance and the importance of the principle to a correct understanding of many parts of the corn question, hâve induced me to hazard this publication before the meeting of Parliament, though in a much less perfect shape than I think it would hâve assumed had I been less limited in point of time. — Ricardo à Malthus, 9 mars 1815 : Since I hâve seen you I received a note from Mr. Edward West, who is the author writing under the title of a Fellow of University Collège; he speaks in favour of my opinions of course, because they are very similar to his own. I hâve read his book with attention, and I find that his views agrée very much with my own. He is a barrister, a young man, and appears very fondof the study of political economy. Mr. Brougham has, I think, he said, promised to introduce him to you.

45. Cannan (a History of the Théories of Production and Distribution, etc., 1894) observe (p. 159) que, pour la première fois, le verbe tendre se trouve employé ici dans son acception proprement scientifique.

46. Nature and Progress of rent, reproduit, ap. Principles of Political Economy, chap. m, sect. Il, éd. 1836, p. 150.

47. Nature and Progress of Rent, Àdvertisement ; et ce qui suit : It is the duty of those who hâve any means of contributing to the public stock oi knowledge not only to do so, but to do it at the time when it is the most likely to be usef ul.

48. Place écrivait à Mill, le 17 oct. 1814 (Graham Wallas, p. 166) :... « The whole value of ail the improvements in agriculture goes to the landowners, and the price, so far as it is advanced by the increased rent, is levied by them upon the people, who are unable to purchase nécessaires with the misérable pittance they receive for their labour ». — On aimerait connaître la réponse de James Mill.

49. An Essay on the influence of a low price of corn on the profits of stock, shewing the inexpediency of restrictions on importation: with remarks on Mr. Malthus's two last publications, etc., 1815 (Works, p. 373, note) : . . . They appear to think that profits of stock can be raised by commercial causes, independently of the supply of food.

NOÎES. 383

50. J.-B. Say, Mélanges et Correspondance, p. 95. — Say répond le 2 déc. c le me bornerai. . . & souhaiter! avec M. Mill, que tous développiez vos idées dans un outrage ad hoc. »

51. Ricardo to Trower, 29 oct. 1815 ; et plus haut : Sofar from imitating the illustrious example that you set before me, and improving as I go on, each successive attempt is attended with less success than the former, and it invariably happens that my last performance is the worst. . . You see that I hâve no other encouragement to pursue the study of Political Economy than the pleasure which the study itself affotds me, for never shall I be so fortunale, ho wever correct my opinions may become, as to produce a work which shall procure me famé and distinction. I am determined, however, not to be daunted by common difficultés. I shall again set to work to endeavor to improve the style and arrangement of what I hâve jttdt written, not that I am quite sure that I shall publish it if I succeed, but at least it will affbrd me an opportunity of exercising the limited powers which I possess.

52. Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. — Malthus avait déclaré, dans son Inquiry, que « le degré auquel les différentes classes de la société sont affectées par les impôts est en soi un sujet riche, qui appartient aux principes généraux de l'impôt et mérite une enquête distincte », et Ricardo, en 1815, louait, dans Y Inquiry, « un ouvrage abondant en idées originales, — qui sont utiles non seulement dans la mesure où elles concernent la rente foncière, mais dans celles encore où elles se rattachent à la question de l'impôt, le plus difficile et le plus complexe peut-être de tous les sujets dont traite l'économie politique ». — Voir l'opinion de Ben. tham sur la théorie de Ricardo, Bowring, vol. X, p. 498 : In Ricardo's book on Rent, there is a want of logic. I wanted him to correct it in thèse particulars; but he was notconscious of it, and Mill was not desirous. He confounded cost with value. Cf. Ricardo, Principles, p. 30, note ; c'est une objection de Malthus.

l'éducation du peuple

1. Education, p. 18-20. — p. 9: That, at least, ail the différence which exista between classes or bodies of men is the effect of éducation, will, we suppose, withount entering into the dispute about individual distinctions, be readily granted ; that it is éducation wholly which constitutes the remarkable différence between the Turk and the Englishman, and even the still more remarkable différence between the most cultivated European and the wildest savage. Whatever is made of any class of men, we may

then be sure is possible to be made of the whole human race. What a field for exertion ! What a prize to be won ! — Stuart Mili, Autobiography, p. 108 : In psycbology, his (James MiU's) fondamental doctrine was the formation of ail human character by ci rcum stances, through the uni versai Principleof Association, and the conséquent unlimited possibility ofunproving the moral and intellectual condition of manktnd by éducation. Of ail his doctrines none was more important than this.

2. Pauper Management; Bowring, vol. VIII, p. 427 note : For examples of the success of the fellow- instruction principle (employing children soon after they hâve received any branch of instruction in the capacity of learaers, to commuoicate it to other children in the capacity of teachers), see Dr. BelVs account of the charily schools at Madras — London, 1787 — and a paper in the Repository, (a periodical collection in two volumes, published ten or twelve years ago), giving an account of the resuit of the use made of that principle, in a charily school, in the neighbourhood of Paris (le chevalier Paulet. Cf. Traités, Code Pénal, Moyens Indirects, chap. xx).

H. Sur l'éducation de John Stuart Mill par son père, v. Stuart Mili, Autobiography, p. 4 sqq. ; Graham Wallas, Life of Place, p. 70-77 (lettres de James Mill et journal quotidien tenu par Place pendant son séjour à la campagne chez Bentham, avec Mill) ; et Bain, John Stuart Mill a criticism : with personal recollections, pp. 6-9, lettre de Stuart Mill au frère de Bentham, sir Samuel Bentham, en date du 30 juillet 1819, contenant un récit de son éducation, plus détaillé que celui de Y Autobiography .