reposez armes ! 'orderanns

1. 29. mettent leurs fusils e7i faisceaux, 'pilearms';y}/«7 properly 'a Steel' (to strike flint withl, 'hammer' (of a gun), then 'a musket', by extension of meaning, is derived from Low Lat. facile which itself is {\oxi\focus.

1. 30. par escouades, ' by squads ' ; escouade was originally scouadre, from Ital. si/uadra.

1. 39. you/'ert, A/oreau, Macdonald. Of thèse three French gênerais, Jouhcjt, wlio had been appointed to replace Morcau at the head of the arniy of Italy, was killed at the battle of Novi (see p. 1, 1. 32); Morcau in spite of his great abilities had to retreat before SuwarrofF and take refuge in the Apennincs; Macdonald was defeated in a sangiiinary battle ncar the Trcbia which lasted three days (June 17, 18, 19). Whcn it is considered that Suwarroff had to contend in Italy, not only with the armies of Moreau and Macdonald, but with the obstacles thrown in his way by the Impérial authoritics, his defeat of the Republicans, by rapidly interposing the bulk of his forces between them, and turning first on one and then on the other, must be regarded as one of the most splendid fcats which the history of the war atïorded.

1, 40. en route pour Paris, 'away for Paris'.

Page 61.

1. 3. à quatre heures la diane, 'at 4 o'clock the reveille'. 1. 5. bivouac, originally bivae ; derived from the German beiwache, was introduced at the time of the Thirty Vears' War.

1. 24. la vieille des vieilles, 'the ancicnt among ancients'j this

genitive of intensity is common in French ; cp. Lat. ' in sœcula sœcttlorum '.

1. 31. si Je me rappelle, 'of course I remember it', lit. '(how can you ask) whether I remember?'

1. 36. conserve-toi, vionfils, 'take care of yourself, my son'.

Page 52,

1. 1. qtic je suis coûtent, 'how pleased I am'; que, 'how' (Lat. <]uam) is not followed as in English by the adj. or adv. but separated from it by the verb.

1. 19. qui me dit ses vérités, 'who is thrusting her home-truths at me'.

1. 25. a dit que tu nous donnes, 'has said that you must give us'; donnes is hère subjunctive. The subjunctive is used (i) After verbs which express doubt, désire, fear, surprise, supposition, will ; (2) After verbs put interrogatively or accompanied by a négation; {}.) After the inipersonal verbs, il faut, il importe, il conviejit, il est possible, &:c.

1. 33. botte de paille, 'truss' or 'bundle of straw'; botte is from Old High Germ. l>ôzo, 'a fagot', and is distinct from botte, 'a leather bcttle', a boot, from German biitte.

Page 53,

1. 27, c^'st bon pour une fois, 'that will do for the présent'. 1, 36. en faisant claquer les pouces, 'snapping their thumbs'.

Page 54.

1. 1. il n^y en a plus gutre, ' there is not much left ' ; ne. . .^spière = ' but little'. Guère is of Germ. origin, from O. H. G. weigaro (much), whicli contracted into weig'ro htcomes guère, just as war htcoTc\es guerre.

1. 9. une grande cuiller de bois, ' a large wooden spoon ' ; cuiller, which is also spelt cuillère to suit the pronunciation, is derived from the Lat. neut. cochlcare and should therefore be masc. ; its fera, gender is due to false analogy.

L 13. nous la mangerons tout de même, va, 'we shall eat it ail the same, trust us' ; va, allez (and also tiens, tenez) are often used in the sensé oî iudeed, forsootk ; cp. p. 4, 1. 22.

1. 15. en vieux pope, 'as an old Russian priest'; caftan, a garment trimmed with fur ; colback, a Russian cap.

1. 18. chapelet, 'chaplet of beads'; chapelet, dim. of chape, 'cope', from Lat. cappa, is properly a little head-dress and was the name given to the crown of roses that adorned the statues of the Virgin Mary, and uhich was sometimes called rosaire ; it came later to mean a sort of chain of beads to help in counting prayers.

Page 55,

1.2. demain ati Jour, 'to-morrow when it is light' ; au fetit Jour = 'at day-break'.

1. 4. il fait bien noir, 'it is very dark'. Faire is used impersonally, when speaking of the weather : il fait nuit, il fait du vent, etc.