Ici., Ibid

8. Traités, Code Civil, lre partie, chap. VI (Bowring, vol. I, p. 304).

9. Traités, Code Civil, 2e partie, chap. II (Bowring, vol. I, p. 330).

10. Traités, Vue générale, etc. chap. XVI (Bowring, vol. III, pp. 190-1).

11. Traités, Vue générale, etc., chap. XIII. De l'obligation. — Ibid., Principes de législation, chap. xm, des fausses manières de raisonner en matière de législation : « J'entends par fiction un fait notoirement faux, sur lequel on raisonne comme s'il était vrai ». — En 1774-5 Bentham écrivait sur son Commonplace-Book : « Fictions of law. — Fictions of law. — Fictions are mighty pretty things. Locke admires them ; the author of the Commentaries adores them ; most lawyers are, even yet, ■well pleased with them ; with what reason let us see. — xYhat is a fiction ? A falsehood, but in this there is nothing to distinguish the peculiarity of its nature. — By whom invented ? By judges. — On what occasion ? On the occasion of their pronouncing a judicial décision. — For what purpose ? One may conceive two — either that of doing in a roundabout way what they miglit do in a direct way. or that of doing in a roundabout way. what they had no right to do in any way at ail.

12. Treatise, Book III, Part II, sect. V (vol. II, pp. 284 sqq.).

13. Expression empruntée par Bentham à d'Alembert. — Mss. Univ. Coll. n° 27 : Introduction to Morals and Législation, Preface.p. li>9 : To Mr. d'Alembert [I owe] the distinction between real and verbal or fictitious entities, whicli lias been of such infinité use to me in the way of définition. — V. les Mélanges de d'Alembert, tom. I, Disc. Prélim.

14. Of Government, Book II, chap. V, of Property, § xxv, xxvi.