Defence of Usury, letter XIII ; Bowring, vol. III, p

2. W. ofN. Book IV, chap. n; éd. Thorold Rogers, vol. II, p. 273. — Cf. book V, chap. i, Part III; vol. II, p. 305 : The third and last duty of the sovereign or commonvealth is that of erecting and maintaining those public institutions and those public works, which, though they may be in the highest degree advantageous to a great society, are, however, of such a nature, that the profit could never repay the expense te any individual or small number of individuals, and which it, tberefore, cannot be expected that any individual or small number of individuals should erect or maintain.

3. Lectures on Justice, Police, Revenue and Arms, delivered in the University of Glasgow, by Adam Smith, reported by a student in 1763, and edited with an introduction and notes by Edvvin Cannan, Oxford, 1896. Sur la date du cours, v. introd. pp. XIX-XX.

4. Lectures, p. 169: Man... works on the self-love of his fellows, by setting before them a sufficient temptation to get what he wants. The language of this disposition is « Give me what I want, and you shall hâve what you want ». It is not from benevolence. . . but from self-love that man expects anything. The brewer and the baker serve us not from bene-

(Pp. 161-162) NOTES. .333

volence, but from self-love. Xo man but a beggar dépends on benevolence, and even they would die in a week were their entîre dependence upon it.

5. Lectures, pp. 9 sqq. Deux principes, selon d'Adam Smith, rendent compte de l'origine des gouvernements : le principe de l'utilité et le principe d'autorité (respect du plus fort, du plus âgé, du plus riche). — Principe lui-même émané « from our sympathy with our superiors : being greater than that with our equals or inferiors : we admire their bappy situation, enter into it with pleasure, and endeavour to promote it ». — p. 136 : Injury naturally excites lin resentment of the spectator, and the punishment of the offender is rcasonable as far as the indiffèrent spectator can go along with it. Tins is the natural measure of punishment. It is to be observed that our first approbation of punishment is not founded upon the regard to public utility which is commonly taken to be the foundation of it. It is our sympathy with the resentment of the sufferer which is the real principe.