Progr. de l’'Esp. Humain, 1° époque ; 9 époque

38. Essay on the Spirit and influence of the Reformation, by Villers, p. 25, note. — Dans la Revue d'Edimbourg, l'articie de juillet 1809, sur la Chine, est malthusien. Dans Commerce Defended, Mill félicite Spence pour ses opinions sur la question de la population. — Quant à Bentham, il est encore un malthusien sans le savoir, Scotch Reform, letter IT; Bowring, vol. V, p. 21 : So redundant is the population of the Inner House found to be, when once any principle of reason or experience comes to be applied to it — so large the proportion of the mass that runs into scoriae, when once put into this test — so raging the disease, so urgent the pressure, that even Mr. Malthus, with his inflexibility, and his bitter remedy, might find himself at a loss to cope with it. — Dans la Théorie des Peines, l'expression restreint moral est employée.

39. An Inquiry into the Nature and Progress of Rent, and the Principles by which it is regulated, 1815, p. 20 — reproduit ap. Principles of Political Economy, chap. nr, sect. II, ed. 1836, p. 153.— Cf. Ricardo à Malthus, 27 mars 1815 :... Indeed I see no limit to the fall of the corn value of goods but the impossibility of manufacturing them with any the least return of profit, and this will not happen till the landlord has appropriated to himself in the form of rent nearly the whole surplus produce of the land. It appears to me that progress of wealth, whilst it increases accumulation, has a natural tendency to produce this effect and is as certain

the principle of gravitation.

40. Lettre de Hume à Adam Smith, 1°" avril 1776: If you were here at my fireside, I should dispute some of your principles. I cannot think that the rent of farms makes any part of the price of the produce, but that the price is determined altogether by the quantity and the demand.

41. Anderson, James, Observations on the means of exciting a spirit of National Industry ; chiefly intended to promote the agriculture, commerce, manufactures and fisheries of Scotland, 1777, p. 45 note. La démonstration est très rigoureuse, très claire (soit quatre catégories de terres, offrant divers degrés de fertilité, À, B, C, D, E, etc.), et ne diffère en rien de l'argumentation de Malthus et Ricardo.

42, Bonar, Mallhus and his work, p. 222.

43. Observations on the Subjects treated of in Dr. Smith's Inquiry into the nature and causes of the Wealth of Nations, by David Buchanan, Edinburgh, 1814 (4° vol. de l'édition), pp. 33 sqq. — Ricardo to Malthus,

24 janv. 1817... « Surely Buchanan is right and your:comment wrong : rent is not a creation, but a transfer of wealth. »

44. An Essay on the Application of Capital to Land, with observations shewing the impolicey of any great restriction on the importation of corn; and that the bounty of 1688 did not lower the price of it, by a fellow of University College, Oxford | Mr. Edward West] London, 1815. — The chief object of this essay is the publication of a principle in political economy, which occurred to me some years ago ; and which appears to me to solve many difficulties in the science, which I am at a loss otherwise to explain. On reading lately the reports of the corn committees, Î found my opinion respecting the existence of this principle confirmed by many of the witnesses, whose evidence is there detailed. This circumstance and the importance of the principle to a correct understanding of many parts of the corn question, have induced me to hazard this publication before the meeting of Parliament, though in a much less perfect shape than I think it would have assumed had I been less limited in point of time. — Ricardo à Malthus, 9 mars 1815 : Since I have seen you I received a note from Mr. Edward West, who is the author writing under the title of a Fellow of University College; he speaks in favour of my opinions of course, because they are very similar to his own. I have read his book with attention, and I find that his views agree very much with my own. He is a barrister, a young man, and appears very fond of the study of political economy. Mr. Brougham has, I think he said, promised to introduce him to you.

45. Cannan (a History of the Theories of Production and Distribution, etc., 1894) observe (p. 159) que, pour la première fois, le verbe {endre se trouve employé ici dans son acception proprement scientifique.

46. Nature and Progress of rent, reproduit, ap. Principles of Political Economy, chap. ri, sect. Il, ed. 1836, p. 150.

47. Nalure and Progress of Rent, Advertisement ; et ce qui suit: Itisthe duty of those who have any means of contributing to the public stock of knowledge not only to do so, but to do it at the time when it is the most likely to be useful. É

48. Place écrivait à Mill, le 17-oct. 1814 (Graham Wallas, p. 166) :... « The whole value of all the improvements in agriculture goes to the landowners, and the price, so far as it is advanced by the increased rent, is levied by them upon the people, who are unable to purchase necessaries with the miserable pittance they receive for their labour ».— On aimerait connaître la réponse de James Mill.

49. An Essay on the influence of a low price of corn on the profits of stock, shewing the inexpediency of restrictions on importation: with remarks on Mr. Malthus’s two last publications, etc., 1815 (Works, p. 373, note) :... They appear to think that profits of stock can be raised by commercial causes, independently of the supply of food.

50. J.-B. Say, Mélanges et Correspondance, p. 95. — Say répond le 2 déc. « Je me bornerai... à souhaiter, avec M. Mill, que vous développiez vos idées dans un ouvrage ad hoc.»

51. Ricardo to Trower, 29 oct. 1815 ; et plus haut : So far from imitating the illustrious example that you set before me, and improving as I go on, each successive attempt is attended with less success than the former, and it invariably happens that my last performance is the worst... You see that [ have no other encouragement to pursue the study of Political Economy than the pleasure which the study itself affords me, for never shall I be so fortunate, however correct my opinions may become, as to produce a work which shall procure me fame and distinction. I am determined, however, uot to be daunted by common difficulties. I shall again set to work to endeavor to improve the style and arrangement of what I have just written, not that I am quite sure that I shall publish it if I succeed, but at least it will afford me an opportunity of exercising the limited powers which I possess.

52. Principles of Political Economy and Taxalion. — Malthus avait déclaré, dans son Inquiry, que « le degré auquel les différentes classes de la société sont affectées par les impôts est en soi un sujet riche, qui appartient aux principes généraux de l’impôt et mérite une enquête distincte », et Ricardo, en 1815, louait, dans l’Inquiry, « un ouvrage abondant en idées originales, — qui sont utiles non seulement dans la mesure où elles concernent la rente foncière, mais dans celles encore où elles se rattachent à la question de l'impôt, le plus difficile et le plus complexe peut-être de tous les sujets dont traite l’économie politique ». — Voir l'opinion de Bentham sur la théorie de Ricardo, Bowring, vol. X, p. 498 : In Ricardo’s book on Rent, there is a want of logic. I wanted him to correct it in these particulars ; but he was not conscious of it, and Mill was not desirous. He confounded cost with value. Cf. Ricardo, Principles, p. 30, note; c’est une objection de Malthus.