THE REPUBLICAN CALENDAR

Directory takes place (Barras, Siéyès, Rogers-Ducos, Moulin, Gohier), which will bring about and justify the "coup d'État" of the 18 brumaire.

The ler Prairial, An III, and the above are known as " Les Journées de Prairial ; " they both eventually turned to the advantage of the more moderate party.

18 Brumaire, An VIII (November 9, 1799), Napoléon Bonaparte, by a " coup d'État," upsets the two Assemblies called "Conseil des Cinq-Cents" and "Conseil des Anciens," together with the "Directoire," and is elected Consul, with Siéyès and Roger-Ducos,

Achille, the great hero of the Iliad : he wounded and slew numbers of Trojaus, and at length met Hector, whoni he killed after cliasiug him thrice around the walls of the city.

Alpes, a range of mountaius nearly 600 m. long ; the Alps form a L-rescent-shaped chain, extending froin the Mediterranean (tha Gulf of Genoa) on the W., to the plains of Hungary on the E.

Altenkirchen, a town in Khenish Prussia, 22 m. N. Coblenz.

Alvinzi, or Alvinczy (Joseph, Baron of), an Austrian Field-Marshal ; fwught against France at Neerwinden, Houdschoote, Arcole, and Kivoli; diedlSlO.

Andernach, a town in Ehenish Prussia, ou left bank of the Ehine, 70 m. N.W. of Coblenz.

Andreossy (Antoine François, Count of) served with distinction in neiirly ail the campaigas of the French Eevolution ; was Ambassa'iorat London, Yienna, and Constautinople, and one of theComniissioners sent to Wellington after Waterloo ; died 1828.

Angers, a French fortified town, cap. dep. Maine-et-Loire, on the river Mayenne (prov. Anjou).

Anjou, an old prov. of France ; its cap. was Angers; forms now the dep. of Maine-et-Loire.

Antilles, in English West Indies, an archipelago of islands in the Atlantic, betweeu North and South America.

Arcole (Arcola), a village of Northern Italy, 15 m. E.S.E. Verona ; Bonaparte defeated the Austrians there, Xovember, 1796.

Ardennes, a system of heights andforests, embracing part of Belgium, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, and the north of France, extending W. to the sources of the (somme, and E. to the Moselle.

Arras, a fortified city, cap. dep. Pas-'le-Calais, France, on the river Scarpe ; fortified by Vauban, under Louis XIV.

Artois (Count of), brother of Louis XVI. and of Louis XVIII. ; was very unpopular on account of bis opposition to reform : reigned from 1824 to 1830. fled to England, and went to GiJritz (Gôrz), a town in Austria, N.N.W. Trieste, where he died in 183G.

Augereau, Duke of Castiglione and Marshal of France, distinguished hiniself through ail the campaigns of Napoléon from 1796 to 1813 ; offered his services too readily to the Bourbons, and then again to Napoléon on his return from Elba.

Axiray, a small French town on the river Auray, dep. Morbihan (prov. Biittauy).

Bailly (Jean Sylvain), a French astronomer ; was the first Président of the Assembly at the States-General, 1789, and called upon liis colleagues to take the famous oath of the Tennis-Court (Serment du Jeu de Paume), June, 1789 ; was Mayor of Paris ; declared the charges against Marie- Antoinette to be unfounded, and ■was executed November 10, 1793.

Bantry (baie de), a fine bay, S. Ireland, County of Cork.

Barnave, an éloquent deputy of the States-General in 1789 ; sometimes rivalled Mirabeau in éloquence ; presided at the Constituent Assembly ; after the arrest of the Eoyal Family at Varennes ho aceompanied them back to Paris, and was won over to their cause ; he was arrested and guillotined in 1793.

Barrère, or Barère (de Vieuzac), at first a moderate Pioyalist, then an extrême and bloodthirsty Kepublican ; genprally sided with tho strongest party ; was also a literary man ; died in lS-11.

Beauhariiais (Joséphine de) ; her maiden name was Tascher de la Pagerie; she marrried in 1779 the Viscount Alexandre de Beauharnais, and had two children, Eugène and Ilortense; De Beauharnais was guillotined 179-1 ; Madame de Beauharnais married. General Bonaparte in 1796 ; was crowned Empress of the French December, 1804 ; was divorced 1809 ; died in 1814.

Bernier (l'Abbé), a curate of Angers (old prov. Anjou) ; the soûl of the Vendean insurrection ; was made Bishop of Orléans, 1802.

Seurnonville (Pierre Kiel de), Minister of War 1793 ; was made by Napoléon 1. Grand Ofïicer of the Légion of Honour, Senator, and Count; afterwards attached himself to Louis XVIII., who made him a Marshal in 1816 ; he was born in Champagne in 1752, and died in 1821.

Billaud Varennes, one of the most violent and sanguinary characters of the French Révolution ; died in 1819.

Biron (Armand Louis de Gontaut, Duke of), at first known as the " Duc de Lauzun ; " fought in America for the Independence ; became the confidant and the secret agent of the Duke of Orléans ; served the Kepublic in Corsica, Savoie, and Vendée; was sentenced to death by tha Kevolutionary tribunal, and executed in

Bitche (German, BitscJi), a German town and fortress in Elsass- Lothringen (Alsace-Lorraine), in a Pass of the Vosges.

Bohême, Bohemia (German, Bohmen ; Bohemian, Czech), a division of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Bonaparte (Napoléon), born August 15, 1769, at Ajaccio in Corsica ; is called Bonaparte or Buonaparte till he assumes the title of Emperor under the name of Napoléon I ; died at St. Helena 1821. (For more information see French History.)

Bonchamp (the Marquis of), a Royalist Chief in Vendée; brave and humane ; saved 5O0O Republican prisoners from the fury of the Eoyalists : was mortally wounded at Cholet (dep. Maine-et-Loire) October 27, 1793.

Bourdon de l'Oise, first a violent and extrême Eepublican, member of the National Convention ; became a Reactionist after the excesses committed in Vendée ; was transported and died in 1797.

Braunfels, a tovrn in Ehenish Prussia, 37 m. E.N.E. Coblenz. Brest, a fortificd French towa aud seaport, dep. Finistère (prov

Brittany).

Bretagne, an old province N.W. of France, called in. English Brit-

taiij-.

Brissot, one of the chiefs of tlie Girondist Party (see Vergniaud) ;

was executed in 1793.

Bristol, a city and seaport of England, iu Gloucestershire and Somer-

setshire, on the Avon.

Brunswick (Frederick William, Duke of) took an active part iu the

ivar agaiust France, l!^09; cameto England with bis trcops, -which

were taken into the British service ; iu 1813 raised a large body

of troops to fight agaiu agaiust France ; fell at Liguy at the head

of his " Brunswickers."

Canclaux, commanded iu 1793 the army of the "West agaiust the

Koyalists (Vendéens) ; was Peer of France uuder Louis XVIII.;

died iu 1817.

Carnao, a French village, dep. Morbihan (prov. Brittany), 17 m. S.E.

Lurient.

Carnot (Lazare Nicolas Marguerite), a French mathematician and

Minlster of War ; beat the Austriaus at Wattignies, October, 1793 ;

luember of the Convention audof the " Coraité de Salut Public ; "

Inspector of the Army of the North ; exiled iu 1797 ; recalled by

Buonaparte and made Minister of "War ; . Napoleou's Minlster of

the Interior during the Huudred Days; settled at Magdeburg,

and speut the last years of his life iu the pursuit of science ; diea

Cathelineau (Jacques) was the sou of a weaver ; at the head of the

Vendéens (Royalists) gained soveral victories agaiust the Kepub-

lican troops ; died at the attack of Nantes iu 1793. Cadoudal (George), the son of a miller and a notorious Chouan chief

(see Cottereau) ; escaped to England; came afterwards to Paris

with Pichegru to assassinate the First CodbuI Bonaparte ; was

arrested aud executed June 25, 1804.

Cayenne, a seaport town, cap. of French Guiaua, South America. Chanipionnet (•Jean Etienne), fought at Fleurus, 1793 ; was sent in

1798 to help the Romau Fiepublic attacked by the Lazzaroni of

Naples, aud occupied that town; died 1800. </harette (de la Coutrie), a noblemau ; one of Ihe Vendean chiefs ;

was ofteu successful agaiust the Eepublican troops; was shot in

Charles (l'Archiduc), third son of Leopold IL, Emperor of Germanj- ;

fought under Coburg; defeated Moreau at Eastadt; look Kehl ;

was Governor of Bohemia ; fought agaiust Napoléon at Essliug,

Eckmiihl, aud Wagram ; died in 1847.

Châtillon, a village, dep. Ille-et- Vilaine (prov. Brittauy), where the

Veudeans (Royalists) aud Kepublicau troops had several en-

counters.

Chénier (Andr^, a French poet; guillotiued in 1794 ; his odes, idylls,

and elegiacs were published tweuty-live years after his death.

Cherbourg, a seaport, dep. Manche, in tlie Englisli Channel, at tlie

N. exiiemity of the peninsula of Cotentiu; Napoleou III.com-

pleted in 1864; the great breakwater commenced by Louis XVI. in

Chérin, a French Eepublican General; fougbt under Hocbe in

" Vendée," 1795.

ChoUet or Cbolet, a town, dep. Maine-et-Loire (prov. Anjou), the