scène of several battles between tbe Vendéens (Royalists), and
the Eepublicans.
Cimon, a celebrated Athenian General ; 'wise and libéral ; died b.c.
Cincinnatus (Lucius Quintns), one of the greatest characters of ancient Kome ; after bis consulate he had retired to bis farm, wbence be \yas entreated (b.c. 458) to corne and défend Rome against the iEqui ; he defeated tbe enemy and returned to bis plougb.
Coblentz or Coblenz, a fortified town of Ebenish Prussia, on left bank of tbe Ebine at the influx of the Moselle.
Cobourg (Friedrieb-Josias Coburg, Duke of Saxe-Coburg), an Austriau Field Marshal ; in 1792 commanded the Allies in tbe Netberlands ; beat Dumouiiez at ÎNeerwinden, and occnpied Holland ; in 1793 was beaten by Moreau at Tourcoing, by Jourdan at Wattignies, and in 1794 at Fleurus ; resigned bis command : died
CoUot d'Herbois, one of tbe most sanguinary leaders of tbe French Eevolution ; in 1792, at Lyons, he bad over 16,000 persans put to deatb; he contributed to the fall of Eobespierre, was transported, and died in 1796.
Coudé (Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Prince of), emigrated after the fall of tbe Bastille ; organised a body of troops, and invaded tbe French territory with tbe Prussians and Austrians ; came back witb Louis XVllI. ; died 1818.
Confédération germanique, samo as "Allemagne;" in English, Germany ; in German, JJeutschland, ancient Germania.
Cottereau; tbere were four brotbers of tbat name, smugglers, wbose rallying cry was tbat of the "cbat-buaut" (corrupted into chouaii), 6creech-owl ; bence tbe name of Chouans given to tbe bands of adventurers which tbey raised against tbe Eepublicans.
Couthon (Georges), formed with Saint-Just and Eobespierre tbe ïriumvirate of tbeTerror; fell witb bis coUeagues on tbe "9 tbermidor an II " — i.e., July 27, 1794.
Çustine (Adam Philippe, Count of), born at Metz, 1740 ; held a commission in one of tbe French régiments serving in America against the Englisb ; bad tbe command of the Army of tbe Ebine in 1792 ; was condemned to deatb by tbe Eevolutionary Tribunal, and executed August 28, 1793.
Danton (Georges Jai'que.s), one of tbe most active among the leaders of the French Eevolucion ; was well qualified for tbe position he assumed by bis colossal ligure, !>tentorian voice, and fierce demeauour; after tbe takiug of Lougwy and the siège of Verdun
by the Prussians, lie uttered in the Convention tliese celebratei ■words, "Pour vaincre nos ennemis, que faut-il? de l'audace, encore l'audace, et toujours de l'audace." In a struggle for supremacy with Eobespierre lie was vanquished, and beheaded April 5, Daunou (Pierre Claude François), a French statesman, a modérât© Libéral, a literary man, and a professor ; died in 1840.
Desaiz (or de Veygoux des Aix), a great French General ; fougbt at Weissenburg and Lauterburg ; defended Kehl ; foUowed Bonaparte to Egypt ; died at Jlarengo in a charge which greatly contributed to the victory, June 14, 1800.
Deux-Ponts (German, Zœeihrucken, two bridges), a city iu Ehenish Bavaria, Germany.
Dierdorf, a town iu Ehenish Prussia, 14 m. N.N.E. Coblenz.
Dieu (lile) or d'Yeu, an island, W. France, opposite the dep. Vendée.
Dol, a French town, dep. Ille-et- Vilaine (prov. Brittany), 13 m. S.E. St.-Malo. •
Douai, a fortified town, dep. Xord, France.
Dumouriez (Charles François Duperrier), French Général ; bom at Cambrai, 1739 ; commauded the Army of the Moselle, and gaiued over the Prussians, 'with Kellermann, at Valmy, dep. Marne, a celebrated victory, which stopped the progress of foreign invasion ; being suspected and accused by the Directory, he took refuge in the Austriaii camp ; went to Hamburg, and in 1804 aecepted an asylum in England ; he died at Turville Park, near Henlej'-upon- Thames, in 18"i3.
Dunkerque (English, Dunkirk), a fortified seaport town, dep. Xord, on the Strait of Dover; was bought by Louis XIV. of Charles II. of England for £200,000, and fortified by Vauban ; the English besieged it in 1793.
Diisseldorf, a town of Ehenish Prussia on the right bank of the Ehine, l'I m. X.N.W. Cologne (KiJln).
Dyle (la), a river in Belgium ; rises iu Brabant, flows into the Nethe to form the Eupel, which joins the Scheldt (Escaut) ; passes through Louvain.
Ehrenbreitstein, a town in Ehenish Prussia, connectedto Coblenz by a bridge; bas a fortress, Ehrenbreitstein (Broad Stone of Honour).
Elbe, a river of Austria and Germany, which flows into the Xortb Sea at Cushaven.
Elbée (Gigot d'), a Eoj-alist chief in Vendée; fought with Bonchamp, La Eochejaqueleiu, Cathelineau, and Stofliet; was shot in 1794.
Estaing (the Count d'), a French Admirai, guillotined in 1793.
rieurus, a village of Belgium, prov. Hainaut, famous by a victory of the French General Jourdan over the Prince of Saxe-Coburg aud the Austrians, 1794, and also by a victory of Napoléon I. over Blïicher and the Allies, 1815.
Fontenay (Jladame de) was divorced froni her first husband, Dariu de Fontenay, and married Jean Lambert Tallien, from -wlioni she was also divorced in 1802 ; her maiden name was Cabarrus.
Trancfort (German, Frankfurt-am-Main), fonnerlya free city of Gerniany, incorporated with Pruisia in 1866; latitude 50.6 N., longitude 8.37 E. ; the river Main divides it iuto two unequal part,s ; the poet Goethe was born there iu 1719 ; Napoléon I. made it the cap. of a Grand Duchy.
Preischwiller, a village and a fortress opposite Eeischoffen (which see).
Frotté (the Count Louis), a Royalist officer; emigrated in 1792 ; triej in vain to excite the Normans to rébellion, and was put to flight by Hoche ; died 1860.
Pûmes, the westernmost town of Belgium, prov. West Flanders.
Gensonné, one of the most éloquent of the Girondist Party (soe Verg-
jiiaud); guillotined October 31, 1793.
Grandes-Indes or Indes Orientales, the common appellation for tho
two peuinsulas of South Asia separated by the Ganges, " l'Hin-
doustan " (Hindustan), and " l'Indo-Chine " (Burma, Siam,
Malay, &c.).
Granville, a Freuch fortified seaport town, dep. Manche ; the army of
the Vendéens (Royalists) attacked it iu vain in 1793.
Grasse (the Count de), a French Admirai ; died 1788.
Grouchy (Emanuel, Marquis of), was of a noble Norman family ; adopted the Eepublican ideas ; fought at the battles of Ulm (18Ù5), Friedland (1807), "Wagram (1809), la Moskowa (1812), Ligny (1815) ; not getting instructions in time, he did not take part ia the Battle of Waterloo ; died 1847.
Guadet, a distinguished Girondist (see Vergniaud) ; guillotined July,
Guesclin (Bertrand du), a renowned French warrior of the fourteeuth century ; drove the English from Normandy, Guyenne, and Poitou ; was twice made prisoner by them ; lie died at the siège of Château Neuf-de-Eandon, dep. Lozère, 12 m. N.B. Mende.
Hautpoul (Jean -Joseph- Ange d'Hautponl-Salette) took part innearly ail the important battles of the Eepublic ; distinguished himseîf at Austerlitz ; was killed at Eylau, 1807.
Hercule, Hercules, the celebratcd hero of antiquity ; Deïanira, his wife, gave him a garment steeped in the blood of the Centaur Nestus, thinkiug to préserve her husbmd's love; the blood had been poisoned (by the arrow with which Hercules hadshot Nessus), and the hero died in fearful agonj'.
Hervilly (the Count d'), a French Koyalist General ; fought in America; weuc to England ; was one of the chiefs of the Eoyalist expédition against Quiberon ; died in London, 1795.
Hondschotte or Hondschoote, a village ou the frontier of France, dep. Nord, 10 m. tJ.E. Dunkerque ; the French General Houchard gained there a victory against Freytag, September 8, 1793.
Hôpital (Michel de 1')^ Chaucellor of France ; endeavoured to secur»
toleralioQ for the Protestants ; died in 1573. Houchard (Jean Nicolas), a French General ; gained a victory at Hondschoote, 1793 ; accused of not having pimctually carried out tlie commands of the Committee of Public Safety ; he was guillotined Kovember 17, 1793.
Jaunaye (la), a castle in dep. Loire-Inférienre, S."W. Nantes.
Jemmapes, a town in Belgium, pro\-. Hainaut, W. of Mons; Dumouriez defeated the Austriaus there, Novembrr G, 1792, and brought about thereby the first conquest of Belgium.
Jersey, an island belonging to Great Britain in the Euglish Ghannel, 15 m. W. of the coast of France.
Jourdan (Jean Baptiste, Count of), a French General, born 1762 ; became master of Belgium by the victory of Fleuras, June 26, 1794, driving the Allies beyond the Pihiiie ; in 1804: was made ilarshal of France by Xapoleon : K st the baltle of Vittoria, June 21, 1813; declared for Louis XVIIl., and was made Peer of France; died 1833.
Kayserlautern, a town in Rhenish Bava-ia, Germany, near the river Lauter ; the Duke of Brunswick defeated General Hoche there in 1793, and the French beat the Prussians in 1794.
Kellermann (François Christophe), born at Strassburg, 1735 ; comnianded the Arruj^ of the Moselle, and gained over the Prussiaus, in 1792, with Dumouriez, at Valmj', dep. Marne, a celebrated victory which stopped the progress of foreign invasion; Napoléon I. made him Senator, Marshal of France, and Duke of Valmy ; he was favourable to the Bourbons, v>-ho made him Peer of France ; he died in 1820.
Zléber (Jean Baptiste), a celebrated French General ; fought in the Vendée, at Fieurus, on the Ehine, 1795-6, where he was very successful ; distinguished himself in Egypt, and was assassinated by an Arab in 18 jO.
La Fayette (Gilbert de Métier, Marquis de), born in 1757 at Chavagnac, near Brioude, in Auvergne ; weut to America in 1777, and took part in the War of Independpnce ; was made Gommander-in-Chief of the National Guard, 17S9 ; sided with the Eevolution, but protected the Eoyal Famih' from the outragea of the mob ; opposed the extrême Party, "the "Jacobins;" escaped from France; was imprisoned by tlie Austrians ; was Bgain made Commander-in- Chief of the "National Guard in 1830, aud accepted the Citizen- King, Louis Philippe ; when he died, in 1834, the American Congre.^s went into mourning for thirty days, and iavited the citizens to do the same.
la Ferté-Alais (or Aleps), a town in the dep. Seine-et-Oise, E.N.E. Etampes.
Lahn (la), a German river, which joins the ELine 4 m. S.E. Coblenz.
Lamartine (Alphonse Prat de), a great French poet and statesman died March 21, 18 G9.
Landau, a fortified city on the river Queich, in Ehenish Bavaria, 18 m. N.W. Carlsruhe; belonged to the French from IGSO to 1815.
La Rocllejaquelein (Henri de), Commander-in-Chief of the Eoyalists
in Venaée; displaved great talent and valour ; was killed near
Nouaillé March 4, 1794.
Xauter, a river in Khenish Bavaria, joins the Ehine at Neuburg. Lauterbourg (Lauterburg), fortified city of Elsass-Lothringen in Ger-
ruany, 34 m. N.E. Strassburg ; the French took it, 1793, by forcing
the famous " lines of Lauterburg " (see Wissembourg). Le Bas, a supporter of Kobespierre, whom he defended on the " D
iherraidor," July 27, 1794; shot himself, and thus escaped the
guillotine.
Lecointre, an extrême Kepublican member of the Législative As-
serublj' and of the Convention.
Le Pèvre or Lefebvre, Duke of Dantzig ; assisted Bonapfirte in
seiziug the suprême power on the "18 brumaire an VIII" —
November 9, 1799 ; took Dantzig, 1807 ; fought at Eckmiihl,
Wagram, and in Kussia ; died in 1820.
Le Mans, a French town, cap. dep. Sarthe (proy. Maine), witnessed
the last struggles of the Vendean and Eepublican forces in 1793. Leohen, an Austrian town, prov. Styria on the Mur ; a peace between
France and Austria ■was concluded there, April 18, 1797. Le Quesnoy, a fortified city, dep. Nord, France ; 9 m. S.E. Valen-
ciennes ; taken by the Austrians 1792 ; retaken by the French
Lescure (the Marquis of), a Eoyalist chief in Vendée ; died 1793. L3 Veneur (Count of) ; De Bonnechose gives an account of him,
pages 30 to 35.
Liège (Dutch, Luyk; German, Liittich), a fortified town of Belgium,
cap. of the prov. Liège, on the river Maas (in French Meuse) ;
from 1793 to 1814 was cap. of the French dep. Ourthe. Lille (formerly L'Isle; Lat., Insula; Flemish, Eyssel), amanufacturing
town of France, cap. dep. Nord ; was unsuccessfully bombarded
by the Austrians in 1792.
Loire, a river in France, length 530 m. ; rises in the dep. Ardèche
(prov. Languedoc) and in the dep. Loire-Inférieure ; flows into
the Atlantic.
Longwy, a fortified town in the dep. Meurthe-et-Moselle, on the
Bflgian frontier, 33 m. N.ISr.W. Metz; was taken by the Prussians
in 1792, and by the Allies in 1815.
Lorient, a French fortified seaport town, dep. Morbihan (prov-
Briltany).
Louis XV., great grandson of Louis XIV.; was only five when he
succeeded to the throne in 1715; the Eegent, Philip of Orléans,
the Duko of Bourbon, the Cardinal Fleui-y, Madame de Pompa-
dour, the King's favourite, the Minister Choiseul, and Madame
Dubarry reigned successively instead of the weak and dissolute
Prince ; the English ruined the French commerce at sea ; Canada
and nearly ail the French colonies were given up to them ; the
King died in 1744, despised and hated.
Louis XVI., grandson of Louis XV., married au Austrian Piincess, Marie-Autoinette iu 1770 ; ascended tLe throne in 1774 ; the Eevolution bioke out 1789 ; tbe Iving was made a piisoner in bis owu palace in 1790 ; coudemued to deatli and bebeaded on the 21st of January, 1793.
Louis XVII., the second son of Louis XVI. and Marie-Antoinette; was born 1785 and died 1795 ; bccame heir to the throne by the death of his eldest brother, but never reigued; after the death of Louis XVI. he was entrusted to a shoemaker named Simon, who is said to hâve brutally ill-trcated him.
Louvain (Dutch, Leuwen ; Germau, Lbwen), atown in Belgium, prov. Brabant, on the river Dyle, 16 m. E.JSÎ.E. Brussels; under the French it was iu the dep. Dyle.
Mabilais (la), a village near Eeunes, dep. lUe-et- Vilaine (old prov. Brittany).
Maëstricht (Dutch, Maastricht), a fortified city of the Netherlands, cap. Duchy of Limburg, on the left bank of the Maas (Meuse) ; taicen by the French in 1791 ; was the cap. of the French dep. Meuse-Inférieure till 1814.
Maine, an old prov. W. of France ; its cap. was Le Mans ; forms now the departments Sarlhe and Mayenne.
Malesherbes (Chrétien-Guillaume de Lamoignon de Malesherbes), born at Paris 1721 ; a great French statesman ; he claimed and obtained the dangerous houour of pleading tlie cause of his Sovereign, Louis XVI. ; he was guillotined in 1794.
Mans (see Le Mans).
Mantoue (Mantua ; Italian, Mantova), a fortified town of Venetia, Korth Italy, 22 m. S.S.W. Verona.
Marat (Jean Paul), born iu 1744 in the prov. of Neufchâtel, in Switzerland ; wheu the Kevolution began headopted the most extrême and violent views ; from September 12, 17S9, to July 14, 1793, he published a daily paper called " L'Ami du Peuple," " Le Journal," &c,, in which he denounced aristocrats and preached massacre, asking for 270,000 heads ; he was foremost in advocating every sanguinary measure and contributed, with Bobespierre, to the fall of the Girondists (see Vergniaud) ; he was stabbed by Charlotte Corday, July 15, 1793. François Ponsard has wi"itten a drama called " Charlotte Corday."
Marceau (des Graviers), a brave, patriotic, and humane Eepublican General; distinguished himself at Flevirus and in the campaigns of 1795 and 179(J ; was shot in 1796.
Marie-Antoinette, Archduchess of Austria, daughter of the Emperor Francis I. and Maria Theresa, born at Vienna 1755 ; married to Louis XVI. 1770; she had great influence over the Kiug, and became very uupofiular for constantly opposing the measures of reform proposed ; she was coudcmned to death by the Eevolutionary tribunal, and éxecuted October IG, 1793.
Marius, the celebrated Boman ; having been sent over to Africa a Legate of the Consul Q,. Metellus, he icgratiated himself with the soldiers, and became so popular that he went to Borne to stand as a candidate to tbe Consulship, and was elected ; he died b.c. 86.
Mayence (German, Mainz), a fortified town of W. Germany, cap.
prov. Khenish Hessea on left bank of tlie Ehine ; lat. 50.0 N.,
long. 8.13 E. ; taken in 1797 by tlie French; it was ceded to the
Grand Duchy of Hesse in 181ô.
Meaux, a town of France on the river Marne, dep. Seine-et-Marnei
25 m. E.N.E. Paris.
Main (le), in German Main, a German river wliich joins the right
bank of the Khiue, opposite Mayence (Mainz).
Mercier, surnamed "La Vendée," a Royalist chief; fought in the Vendée war at the head of the Chouans (see Cottereau) ; died in 1800.
Meuse (Dntch Maas, ancient Mosa), a river which rises in France at the village of Meuse, dep. Haute-Marne ; in the dep. Vosges it disappears underground for a distance uf 4 m., it passes Sedan, Namur, Liège, Maestricht, &c., and enters the North Sea by three principal mouths.
Miranda (Don Francisco), born in Venezuela, South America ; had at heart the émancipation of the Spanish American Colonies ; came to France; served as General under Dumouriez ; took refuge in England in 1793 ; went back to Venezuela and tried to rouse the inhabitauts; died in the dungeons of the Inquisition at Cadiz,
Monck, or more correctly Mouk (George), Duke of Albemarle ; a distinguished military commander, and the great promoter of the restoration of Charles II. ; died in 1670.
Montabauer or Montabaur, a town of W. Prussia, prov. Nassau, Government of Wiesbaden, 8 m. N. Nassau.
Morbihan, a maritime dep. in the W. of France, part of old prov. Brittany,
Moreau (Jean Victor), a celebrated French General ; fought in Holland ; made the mémorable retreat of 1796 ; helped Bonaparte on the " 18 brumaire an VIII. ; " commauded the armies of the Danube and of the Ehine ; was implicated in the Eoyalist plot of Pichegru and G. Cadoudal, and exiled ; took arms against France with the Allies, and was killed at the battle of Dresden in 1813.
Mortagne-sur-Sèvre, a town, dep, Vendée, jprov. Poitou.
Moselle, a river which rises in the dep. Vosges, France ; passes Metz, Trêves, and Coblenz in Ehenish Prussia, where it joins the Ehine on the left.
Nantes, a town in France, cap. dep. Loîre-Inférieiire, prov. Brittany; resisted the army of the Vendéens (Eoyalists) in 1793.
Naples (in Italian Napoli), a city of South Italy ; the French General Champiounet took it in 1799 ; Joseph Bonaparte and Murât were made Kiugs of Naples ; the latter was driveu from it by the Austrians in 1S14.
Nerwinde or Neerwinden, a village in Belgium, prov. Liège ; mémorable by the victory of the Allies, under the Prince of Coburg, over Dumouriez, March 18, 1793.
Neuwied, a town in Ehenish Prussia, 8 m. N.N.W. Coblenz.
Uey (Michel, Duc d'Elchingen, Prince de la Moskowa), Peer and ilarslial, one of the greatest militarj' lieroea of France ; was suinamed " l'Infatigable " and the " Brave des Braves ; " was coudemned to death and shot during the Restoration, December 7,
ITice (Italian, Nizza), a town and seaport of France, dep. Alpes- Maritimes on the Mediterranean.
Nidda (la), a German river which joins the Main at Hochst, 6 m. W. Frankfort.
Normandie, an old prov. of France, N-W. ; its cap. was Ronen.
Oneille (in Italian Oneglia), a city of North Italy, 31 m. E.N.E. Xice. Gaessant (Latin, Uxantis; Englisli, Ushant), the most westerly of the
French isîands cff the coast of Brittauy, opposite the dep.
Finistère.
Paul-Emile (Jîmilius Paulus, surnamed Macedonicus), a Piomaa
General of noble and blameless character. Penthièvre (the fort of), a stroughold iu the Peninsnla Quiberoii
(which see).
Perche (le), an old division of France, now distributed among the
deps. Eure, Orne, and Eure-et-Loir.
Phocion, a cclebrated Athenian gênerai and statesman, a disciple of
Plato ; died B.c. 317.
Piohegru (Charles), a celebrated French General ; conquered Hol-
land 1794-95; entered into negotiatious with tlie Prince of Condé
for the restoration of the Bourbons ; was suspected and traus-
ported; escaped to England ; plotted with Georges Cadoudal
against Bonaparte ; the plot was discovered in Paris, and both
were apprehended; Pichegru was found strangled in his prison,
April 6, 1^01.
Pirmasens, a town in Ehenish Bavaria, Germany, 13 m. E.S.E. Zwei-
brticken.
Pitt (William), Prime Minister of England ; after the exécution of
Louis XVI. he dismissed the French Arabassador, and mauifested
till his death the greatest hostilitj' against France ; from 1793 to
1800 he waged war against her ; he died January 23, 180G. Plutarque (Plutarch), the celebrated Greek biographer and moralist ;
he died at the beginning of the second century a.d. Poitou, an old prov. of W. France, the cap. of which was Poitiers;
forms now the departments Vendée, Deux-Sèvres, Vienne. Portsmouth, an EnEclish fovtifîed seaport, S.W. extremity of Portsea
I^land, lat. 50.48 N., long. 1.5 W.
Provence (le Corute de), grandson of Louis XV- and eldest brother
of Louis XVI. ; he reigned under the name of Louis XVIII.
from 1814 to 18->4.
Puisaye (Count Joseph de), a French Eoyalist chieî ; organised a
formidable body of Chouans (see Cottereau) in Britiany, and
obtained help from England ; died in 1827.
Pythagore, the celebrated Greek philosopher Pytbagoras, who t&ught the doctrine of metempsychosis ; he was bora in Saïuos about B.c. 580.
Queich, a river in Ehenisb Bavaria, Germany ; flows tbrougli
Landau.
Quesnoy (see Le Quesnoy).
Quiberon, a peninsnk and a town in tbe dep. Morbihan (old prov.
Brittany), lat 47.28 N., long. 34 W.
Quimper or Quimper-Corentin, a French town, cap. dep. Finistère
(prov. Brittany).
ReischofFen (German, Eeichsbofen), a town in Eslass-Lothringen, 14 m. S.W. Weissenburg.
Eennes, a Frencb town, cap. dep. Ille-et- Vilaine (prov. Brittany).
Sichepanse (Antoine), a Frencb General ; distinguished l\imself in several of tbe battles of the Kepublic, and particularly at IIohenlinden, 1800 ; died in 1SU2.
Eivoli, a town in Nortb Italy, 8 m. "W. Turin ; Bonaparte defeated tbe Austrians there, January 14, 1797.
Eobespierre, born at Arras, cap. dep. Pas-de-Calais, 1759 ; one of tbs most violent of the Frencb Eevolutionists ; after tbe fall of the Girondists (see Verguiaud), ho had viitually tbe power of a dictator, for he was suprême in tbe Convention, in the Communo of Paris, in the Committee of Public Safety, and in tbe Jacobin Club; he tried to establisb a species of deism ; decreed tbe existence of tbe " Suprême Beiug; " tried in vain to obtaiu a kiud of consécration for bis autocracy in the " Feast of tbe Suprême Being ; " was accused by Tallien and otbers, and was guillotined, July 28, 1794 (10 thermidor au IL).
Eocroi, a Frencb fortified town, dep. Ardennes, 15 m. N.W. Mézières.
Eoland (Madame), wife of Eoland de la Platière, a statesmau of th& Frencb Eevolution ; she had great influence over tbe moderato Eepublican Party, tbe Girondists (see Vergniaud) ; after tbeir fall she favoured'the flight of her husband, was put into prison, ■whpre she wrote her celebrated "Memoirs," and guillotined iu
Eouget de l'Isle, a Frencb Eepublican officer, wbo composed at fcjtrasburg a patriotic song, wbich he called "Chant de guerre," and wbich became famous uuder the name of " La Marseillaise ; " he died in 18-36.
Eousseau (Jean-Jacques), the celebrated Frencb writer and philosopher, born at Geneva in 1712 ; bis writings exercised a great influence over the opinions of bis time; he died in 1778, tbe t-ame year as Voltaire. The following are some of bis principal ■Works: — " Emile ou de l'Education," "Le Contrat Social," "La Nouvelle Iléloïse," &c.
Saint-Brieuc, a French town, cap. dep. Côtes-du-Nord (prov. Brittany).
Saint-Germain en Laye, a town of the dep. Seine-et-Oise, 10 m. W.N.W. Paris. Luyo (Lat. Ledia) is tbe old name of the forest now called Forêt de Saint-Germain and comprising 8'JUO acres. James II. of England died in the "château," 1701.
Saint-ïldeplionse, San Ildefouso, or La Granja, a town of Spain, 6 m. IS.E. begovia, prov. Old Castile; La Granja is a celebrated palace ; in 1796 a Treaty was signed there between Spain and France.
Saint-Just formed witli Conthon and Eobespierre the Triumvirate of the Terror, and was guillotincd, like Lis associâtes, July, 1794.
Saint-Malo, a French fortified seaport town, dep. Ille-et- Vilaine (prov. lirittany).
Saint-Mesmin le Vieux, a French village in the dep. Vendée, 25 m. N. Fontenay.
Saint-Siège (Le), the Holy See ; the dominions belonging to it were called Etats de l'Eglise, or du Pape, Etats Romains or Pontificaux, States of the Church, Pontfîcal States.
Sambre, a river which rises in France, dep. Aisne, and joins the Maas (Meuse) at Namur, in Belgium.
Sarre (Germau, Saar), a river which rises in the Vosges Mountains, France, and joins the Moselle 5 m. S.W. Trêves (Trier).
Sarzeau, a French town, dep. Morbihan, 9 m. S. Vannes (prov. Brittauy).
Savenay, a French town, dep. Loire-Inférieure, 20 m. N.W. Nantes.
Saverne (la; in English, Severn), one of the principal ri vers of England and Wales ; rises in Montgomeryshire, and flows into the Bristol Channel.
Saverne (German, Zabern), a town of Elsass-Lothrîngen (Alsace- Lorraine), Germany, 20 m. N.W. Strassburg.
Scarpe, a French river ; rises iu the dep. Pas-de-Calais, and joins the Scheldt (l'Escaut) in the dep. Nord.
Sedan, a fortified town on the Meuse, dep. Ardennes, 11 m. E.S.E. Mézières ; in its viciuity was fought the battle which resulted ia tire defeat and capture of Napoléon III., September i, 1870.
Sèvre-Nantaise, a French river which ilows into the Loire on tha lef t, opposite Nantes (dep. Loire-Inférieure) ; it rises in the dep. Dcux-Sèvres.
Sèvre Niortaise. a French river whicli passes Niort, dep. Deux- Sèvres, and flows into the Atlantic ; it is from thèse two rivers that the above dep. takes its name.
Sieg (la), a German river which joins the Ehine 2 m. N. Bonn.
Siéyès (Emmanuel Joseph, " Abbé," afterwards Count), the celebrated deputy of 1789, who wrote the famous pamphlet "Qu'est-ce que le Tiers-Etat.? — Tout. — Qu'a-t-il été jusqu'à présent dans l'ordre politique? — Bien.— Que demande-t-il ? — A devenir quelque chose." He was subsequently member of the " Comité de Salut Public," " Conseil des Cinq-Cents," " Directoire," and one of the three Consids after the 18 brumaire (see Calendar).
Socrate (Socrates), the great Atlieniaa philosopher, born b.c. 469 ;
condemned to death as the eneray of religion ; he drank the
hemlock cup with great composure, b.c. 399. Stofflet (Nicolas) was the son of a miller and a Vendean (Koyalist)
General ; fought under d'Elbée, and was shot by the Eepublicans
in 1796.
Soult (Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu), Duko of Dalmatia and Marshal of
France ; fought at Kaiserlautern, at Flenrus, in Switzerland, in
Italy, at Austerlitz, at Jena, in Poland, lu Spain, in Portugal,
and at Waterloo ; he died in 1852.
Suffren (Saint-Tropez, Bailli de), one of the greatest French seamen,
born in 1726 ; served under Admirai d'Estaing ; emigrated after
Sully (Maxicnilien de Béthune, Duke of), a celebrated Prench states-
man and Minister of Henry IV. ; died in 1641.
Tacite ; Caius Cornélius Tacitus, the celebrated Eoman historian, born about A.D. 54.
Tallien (Jean Lambert) was at first an extrême Eepublican ; one of the promoters of the September Massacres and upholder of Marat, but became more moderate after his marriage with Madame de Fontenay (which see) ; had the courage to accuse Robespierre, and caused his ruin ; went to Egypt with Bonaparte ; was taken prisoner by the English, and died in 1820.
Tallien (Madame) ; see Madame de Fontenay.
Théroigne de Méricourt was born in Belgium of obscure parents '. she came to Paris, and led there a dissolute life; duriug the Eevolution she went about dressed and armed as an Amazone, rauch applauded by the mob ; once, however, in the Tuilleries Gard ens she was whipped publicly; she died in a madhouse in
TMonville (German, Diedenhofen), a town in Elsass-Lothringen, on the Moselle, N. of Metz.
Toulon, a French town and seaport on the Mediterranean, dep. Var ; was given up to the English by the Eoyalists ; taken by the Eepublicaus December 18, 1793, during a mémorable siège, in whicb Bonaparte greatly distinguished himself.
Toulouse, cap. dep. Haute-Garonne, France, on the river Garonne.
Travot (the Baron Jean-Pierre), a Eepublican General ; served under Hoche in Vendée in 1796 ; made the Vendean chief Charette prisoner at La Chabottière ; died in 1836.
Truguet (Jean François), a French Admirai ; fought under d'Estaing and de Grasse ; arranged with the General Hoche an expédition against Irelaud; served in the Dutch Navy ; died in 1839.
TJkerath or TJckeratli, a small locality in Ehenish Prussia, Government of Cologne (Kiiln).
Valenciennes, a fortified city, dep. Nord, France, on the Scheldt (Escaut) ; taken by the English and Austrians after a siège of six weeks ; returned to France in 1818.
iss
Valmy, a village, dep. Marne, N.E. Cbalons-sur-Marne. Tlie Gênerais
Itumouricz and Kellermann, September 20, 1792, gained there
au important victory over the Prussians. Vannes, a Freucli seaport town, cap. dep. Morbihan (prov. Brittany). Varennes (en ArponneY dep. Meuse, 16 m. W.N.W. of Verdun;
heio Louis XVI. ana his family were detected and seized in their
attempted flight, June 20, 1791.
Tauban (the Count of), a French Eoyalist; -was a descendant of the
Marquis of Vaubaii,the great niilitarj' engineerunder Louis XIV.;
took part in the expédition against Quiberon ; died in 1816.
Vendée, formerly a division of the prov. Poitou, in the W., now a
maritime dep. on the Atlantic; it was during the Eepublic the
stronghold of the Koyalists.
Verdun, a fortified town, dep. Meuse, 28 m. N. of Bar-le-Duc, on the
Meuse, which hère becomes navigable ; it was taken by the
Prussians in 1792.
Vergniaud, oneof the chiefs of the Girondist Party ; a brilliant orator ; with Gensonné and Guadet he opposed the sanguinary violence of Ilobespierre and the Jacobins ; sentenced to death by the Eevolutionary Tribunal ; was executed October 31, 1793, with Gensonné and twenty other Girondists. The Girondkt.s (Girondins) Avere a moderate liepublican Parlj- ; they struggled against the Jacobins and Montagnards (Marat and iiobespierre), ^ho formed a party of fanatic démagogues ; in spite of Iheir bravery and éloquence, they were overwhelmed by their enemies ; the name " Girondins " was given them from the fact that several of their leaders were deputies from the dep. Gironde, cap. Bordeaux.
Vérone (Verona), a fortified city in Venetia, N. Italy, on the river Adige.
Versailles, cap. dep. of Seine-et-Oise, 10 m. S.W. Paris; was but a village till Louis XIV. spent immense sums of money to make it his résidence, 1672 ; Levan, Jules Hardouin-Mansard, Lebrun, Lenôtre, &c., àc, contributed to make it worthy of the magnificence of their master ; it bas been since the " Commune," 1871, the seat of the Government. In the Place Hoche is to be seen the bronze siatue of Lazare Hoche, by Leniaire, with the following inscription : — " Hoche — né à Versailles le 24 juin. 1768 — soldat à 16 ans, général eu chef à 25 ans, mort à 20 ans, — ■ pacificateur de la Vendée."
Villaret de Joyeuse, a French scaman ; fought under the Bailli de Suffren ; was defeated before Brest by Admirai Howe ; was at the head of the expédition against San Domingo ; died in 1812.
Vosges, a range of mouutains X.E. France; commences on the limits of the deps. Haute-Saône, Haut-Rhiue, and Doubs, and ends ia Germany on the left bank of the Khine, near Mainz (Mayence).
Warren (Sir John Borlase), an eniinent Euglish naval ofScer ; captured some French ships which had been seut by Uocho with troops to laud in Irelaud ; was appointed Admirai in 1810 ; died in 1822.
Wattignies, a village, dep. Nord France, 3 m. S.W. Lille; thé French General Jourdan defeated there the Austriaus in 1793.
Wert (Weert or Weerdt), a lown in Dutcli Limburg.
Wetzlar, a walled town of Ehenish Prussia, 42 m. E.N.E. Coblenz, on the river Lahn.
"Wissembourg (German, Weissenburg), a fortificd city of Elsass- Lothricgen (Alsace-Lorraine), Germany, on the right bauk of the Lauter, 34 m. N.N.E. Sirafesburg; fortified works called the " Liues of Weissenburg," extending aloug the Lauter to Lauterburg, were built by the Austrians in 1702.
Wurmser (Count von), a great Austrian General ; invaded Alsace 1793 ; was defeated at Freischweiler ; was uusuccessful against General Bonaparte in Italy 1796 ; died at Vieuna 1797.
York (Frederick, Duke of), second son of George III.; commanded the British Array in Flauders 1793, and after repeated defeats by the French reiurned to Knglaud; in 1709 waa again sent t4) Holland, and had to sigu a disadvantageous Trealy ; died in 1827.
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