CHAPTER VI
.ABBIVAIj AT NICB — ENTHUSIASTIC BECEPTION BY THE AEITY OF ITAIY — HIS AEEEST— INDIGNATION OF HIS OFFICEBS — TAKEN TO PAEIS— nrPKISONED IN CARiEES AND THE CONCIEBGEBIE— THE FRIGHTFUL ■WOEK OF THE GUILLOTIXE — SOCIETY IN THE PRISON — HIS FEELINGS — HIS FRIEND THOIRAS EXECUTED— CHANGE IN HOCHE — THE TEBRORISTS — THE KE-ACTION OF THEEIUDOB — HOCHB SET FEEE — GOES TO THIONYILLE.
Line 16.— devancé— Preceded.
Line 19.— accueil— In words ending in ueil and ueille, ue bas the
Sound of eu in heure, or oeu in soeur. Line 20.— quartier général—Head-quarters.
" Kice— A town on the Mediterranean, west of the Gulf of
Genoa.
Line 24.— «val de gloire— Napoléon Bonaparte. Line 28. — sobre &e.— Ahstemious, as he always waa.
Page 37.
Line 2.— devant- In déférence to.
Line 6.— les repas de Pytliagore—Pythagoras was a celebrated Greek philosopher who believed and taught the doctrine of the trausmigi-ation of soûls. He absolutely forbade the use of animal food, a conséquence, no doubt, of hiâ belief in Metempsychosis.
Line 7.— inde- Harsh.
'• an-été- Decree — Arrêt means sentence or judginent in
légal cases ; arrêté is appUed to the resolution of a deliberative body, or an order of an administrative council, <tc. ; prendre vn arrêté, to pass a resolution.
Line 9.— Onei.le An Italian town N. E. of Nice.
Line il.— général à l'armée— This is rather a peculiar use ol /.
Line 13.— feront mettre— WiU put.
Line 14.— «n état d'arrestation— TJnder ai-rest.
Lme lu.— CoUot d'Hcrboîs — Notorious as one of the most cruel and tlood-thirst^- of the revolutionary leaders. Lyons was the principal scène of his massacres. He was transported and died in exile.
Line 17.— cette lectui-e— The reading of this decree.
Line 16.— «ontenue— Eestrained.
" Pardon — Excnse me.
Line 19.— j'ignorais (te.— I was net aware that you were a policeman — Fussiez is subjunctive after ignorais. The fol- Icwing Terbs usually require the subjunctive : — appréhender, commander, d/nter, empêcher, s'étonner, ignorer, nier, ordonner, permettre, se réjouir, souhaiter, soupçonner, and others ot similar meaning. The Gendarmes constitute a military police, coniprising both cavalry and iufantry. The force consists chiefly of soldiers taken from the army, generally on account of intelligence and good conduct.
" me mettre an lit— To go to bed — ^Distinguish the noun
from verb lit.
Line 25.— swpérienrs — Kot of higher rank than Hoche, but the highest in rank among his subordinates.
Line 26.— ■«menaient saluer — venir with de means, to hâve just, as je viens de le voir; with à, to happen, as si vous veniez à le voir; without a préposition it is used like the English corne oefore an infinitive of purpose, as in this passage.
Line 27.— firent éclatir—ilanifested-burst forth in — literaUy, cau^ed to burst forth.
Line 28.— se soustraire à— To escape from. See Note, p. 19, 1, 23.
Line 30.— tôt»* prévenu— Every one sximmoned.
Line 31.— s'y refusa — se refuser takes à after it— hence the use oly.
Line 33.— pût servir— ilight sprve — Subjunctive because contingency is expressèd.
Line 3-5.--ïie se démentirent pas— Did not falter.
Page 38.
Line 1.— exposé- Explained.
Line 2.— aUait être—Would be.
Line 3.— de nouveau — Again.
Line 4.— înjnstices—Acts of injustice.
Line 5.— toujour» funeste- Which always proved fataL
Line 7.— l«i— The pro'iouns vtoi, toi, lui, elle, nous, voui,, eux, elles, are so;' etimes cillf d Bisjunctive persoiial pronouns, because tliey are used apart from the verb. They are employed (1) after c'est, ce sont &c., (2) alone, (3) after que, ou, comme, ni, (4) after a préposition, (5) w-hen there is more than one subject, (G) for the sake of emphasis. In thp last case one of the conjuuctive pronouns, je, tu, il, elle, &c. , is usually inserted as the subject of the verb ; but sometimes, as hère, ■vv'hen it is intended to mark a distinction, the disjunctive pronoun is itself the subject of the verb. D. F. 4G3.
Line 9. — on eût dit — One would hâve said it was — i.e. He ap-
peared hke.
" Socrate — Socrates, the celebrated Athenian j)hilosopher,
who was put to death as the enemy of rehgion. He met
his fate with the greatest cheerfulness and composure.
Line 11. — qu'il lui fût — Subjunctive after demanda.
Line 13. — maiitlé — Summoncd.
Line 14. — tout eu lui cacliant — While concealing from her — cacher takes à — lui is used for both genders when it is the indirect object of a verb; but is masculine only when governed by a préposition. The following table shows the use of the pei-sonal prououus of the third pei-son :
UsK OF Pronoun.
SiNGULÂR.
Masc.
Plural
llasc.
Subject of verb il elle ils
Direct object of verb I le \ la | les
Indirect object of vevb 1 lui 1 lui I leur
Disjunctive (Note p. 38,1. 7; 1 L~i 1 elle 1 eux
elles les leur
elles
Line 16. — apprît — ^Informed — Apprendre means either to learn or
teach — learn is often used incorrectly for teach ia
Enghsh.
Line 17. — sans reproche — Bcing without reproach — having nothing
to l'eproaoh myself with.
Line 19. — i^ '»« *"« plaim pas— The différence in meaning of «3
plaindre anxdplaindre is well illustratcd in tins sentence,
Line 25.— moi— See Note p. 38, 1. 7 (6).
Line 26. — gviefs — Causes of complaiut — grievances. &rief in English had once the same meaning as —
" What private griefs tliey hâve, alas ! I know net That made thtin do it." — Shakspeare, " Julius César."
Line 30. — 1» chose publique — The public good— the common welfare, or conimonwealth — a Utei-al translation of the Latin respuhlica.
" Ciuciuuatos — A celebrated consul of aucient Eome
When the empire was in extrême danger, at the urgent Bolicitation of his countrymen lie allowed himself to be elected consul; but when, by his efforts, the danger had been averted, he returned at once to his fai'm.
Line 31. — labourer — To eultivate — Compare English, " to work a farm."
Line 33. — abaissemeut — Dégradation.
Line 35. — m'ont fait sortir — Hâve withdrawn me.
Page 3J.
Line 1. — qu'on dirait &c. — gwe Z'o«, if the rule had beenobserved.
The use of l'on or on is a mère question of euphony.
Hère lettre que Von would not sound well on account of
the répétition of the l. See Note, j). 38, 1. 9. Line 2. — beaux — Giorious.
Line 3. — on s'étoune — ^Because it was generally understood that
when a man was arrested, he would inevitably be con-
demned to death.
Line 7. — arrivait aux années — Eeached the armies. Line 14. — on vous fera &c. — You will soon get the justice which
you deserve.
Line 17. — Carmes — A monastery of Carmehte Friars in Paris, used
as a prison during the Révolution.
Line 19. — Conciergerie — Part of the Palais de Justice, originaliy
the résidence of the Judge, who in olden times was
called " Concierge du Palais de Justice " — Concierge novl
means a porter, and Conciergeiie, a porter's lodge, " d'où ou. ne sortait — From which no one issued.
Xiine 25. — on cliai-riait — Were carted.
Line 27. — la progression — The continuai increase. Line 29, — cliarrttes meurtrières — Slaughter carts — The carts in
which the condemued were taken to the guillotine. Line 32» — aqueduc — A covered draiu — rather a m.isuomer in thia
case.
Line 34. — vers les trois heures — About three o'clock.
Line 37. — voûtes — ^Arches, froin Latin volutum. English, vaulf.
Line 3. — fermiers généraux — Farmers gênerai — i.e., those wlio paid a-defiiiice sum to the governcient for the taxes of a certain district, and then collectedthem from thepeople,
Line 5. — Sedan — A town in the north of France, on the Meuse. It was the scène of the downfall of the Second Empire in 1S70. It also gives its name to Sedan chair.
Line 11. — fournées — Batches, from four oven. — The termination ée f orms a noun meaning the full of , as poignée, brassée, &c.
]jine 14. — plus de— ^Zms and moins take de, not que, before numbers.
Line 16. — Erienne — Proper names do not take the sign of the phu-al. D. F. 400. (1).
Line 13. — ce Q»* ** nature &c — Wliatever was most lovely in nature. (The most lovely of nature's children. Pernet).
Line 19. — candeur sans exainple — Unequalled purity.
Line 22. moissonnées — Cut down — literally, reaped.
Line 23. — ^^ cour des femmes — The court-yard for women (in th» prison).
Line 25. — Poitou — A province of France, on the Bay of Biacay.
Line 2S. — nuls — Of no conséquence — obscure.
Line 31. pour tm aristocrate &c. — For one aristocrat there
■were ten patriots. Patriotes was the name ■ren to those who f avored the Révolution. ■
Line 32. lo* des suspects — Carlyle says of this law : " Deputy
Merlin. ...cornes with his -world-famous Law of tht Suspects, ordering ail Sections by their Committees^ instantly to arrest ail Persons Suspect, and explaining Withal who the Arrestable and Suspect especiaUy are. 'Are suspect,' says he, 'ail who by their actions, by their connexions, speakings, writings hâve,' — in short
become Suspect If Suspect of nothing else, you
may grow, as came to be a saying, ' Suspect of being Suspect ' ! "
Page 41.
Line 8.— fût-ce— "When the conjunction is omitted, the subject cornes after the verb— as in English, were it, meaningif it were-.
Lijjg 7 pour lui appartenir &c. — For being too noarly related to
him.
«< se lança — Ruehed,
Liue 9. — sep»— The j? is silent, but the t is sounded, as it is also in huit, before a vowel, or wheu used as a noun.
Line 14. — coiuiuf rce &c. — Interconrse of a sélect circle. " entretiens — Conversation.
Line 16.— et qui — See Note p. 5, 1- 33.
Liue 20. — Josêpliine de Beanliarnais — Afterwards wife of Napoléon Bonaparte. Divorced in 1809. Her daughter, Horteuse, married Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland.
Line 23. — demandait au travail — Sought in hard Work.
Line 33. — ennuis — Vexations — In ennui aud its compounds, and
also in ennohler, the en hàs the nasal sound, but not in
ennemi.
Page 42.
Line 4. — dont elle &c. — ^From which it had so widely departed.
Line 6. — ©* de même que &c. — And just as the faithlul do not hold.
Line 9. — égares — Mistaken.
" de même — So.
Line 11. — forfaits — Crimes.
Line 13. — en les invoquant — While invoking them — or, by invoking them.
Line 14. — tout jeune — When he was young.
Line 18. — maudire — This verb differs in conjugation from the other compounds of dire, See D. F. 301.
Line 19. — de faire passer dans — To instill into — to impart to.
Line 21. — nia digne épouse — ^A wife worthy of me.
Line 23. — perspective — Prospect.
Line 29.— ne se dément pas — Does not belle itself — does not falter.
Line 35. — U a pu être — He might hâve been. Page 43.
Line 3. — quoi qu'il &c. — ^Whatever it may cost me — quoi que requires the subjunctive. Distinguish quoi que and quoique. In D. F. 576, the commas between qui and que, and between quoi and que, should be omitted.
Line 4. — ""ot — Saying.
" Kugèue — Prince Eugène, a Frenchman by birth, who, in
conséquence of the cruel treatment of bis mother by Louis XIV., renounced his country, and took service with the Emperor. He soon become commander-inchief, and distiuguished himself in many wars, chiefly against the Turks ; and in conjunction with Marlborough, against the French at Blenheim, Oudenarde, and Malplaquet. He died in 1736.
l68 NOTES.
Line 5. — •»'» point envie &c. — Has no désire to act — i.e., he calls a counoil of war so that he may be advised not to act lioldly, and may thus hâve an excuse for not doing so.
Line 7. — :l'eng:iger ma responsabilité — To assume the responsibii;ty.
Line 8. — la plus terrible — The most ten-ible (responsibility).
Line 10. — i« «l"»'* le «lire — l must say.
Line 12. — i-fimmerat uv— Recompensing.
Line 19. — puisse — When a wish or praj'er is expressed, the présent subjunctive is used without a conjunction.
Line 27.^onrs — Life.
Line 30. — «ion degui.sée — Unconcealed.
Line 33.— amer— r is sounded in this word, See Note, p. 3, 1. 18.
Line 36. — de tes non-velles — News of you — Tu is the pronoun of affection.
Page 44.
Line 2. — âge — Tonth. In Old French written aage : hence the
circumflex.
Line 3. — gniclietier — Tiunkey — froni guichet, door. Line 6. — traduits — Summoned — During the Eeign of Terror, it
was consideyed a matter of course that ail persons
brought to trial should be condemned and sent to the
guillotine.
Line 7. — tlont il faisait Sic. — With whoui he associated most in-
timately — i.e. , in the prison.
Line 8. — tour — Masculine, fiirn ; ieminine, tower. Line 10. — plws quUl nVÛt — rfe is used without pas, after que when
it is preceded by a comparative.
Line 13.— «« changea point de visage Did not change counten-
ance.
Line 17. — demeurée — Who remained^feminine, to agrée with the
nonn jjersonne ; when personne means "no one," it is
masculine.
Line 21. — on mourait ainsi &c. — It was thus that men died in
those days.
Line 26. — on dit — It is said.
Page 45.
Line 2. — preconnisë — Extolled.
Line 4. — eût été saisie— See Note, p. 9, 1. 19.
Line 5.— ferait école— Would be taught— would be a fundamental doctrine.
Line IL— lu» aussi— See Note, p. 38, 1. 7 (6).
Line 12. — intarissables — Inexhawstible.
Line 24.— «« supplice — The guillotine — invented by Dr. Guillotin, from whom it t:ikes its name. See Carlyle's Fr. Eev. Vol. I. Book IV. Chap. IV.
Line -26. — dévorame, — Destructive.
Liue 2^^. — ilécemvirs — Tue Decemviri in Roman history were t'en, men apjiointed to draw ap a code of laws. The year for which they were appointed having ended before their labors were finished, a new body of Decemvirs was appointed. In their magisterial capacity they acted with such tjrannical cruelty that the name has become a syuonym for outrageons and in^îolent tyrants. " ont promené (te. — Translate freely — The murderous
sworJ of the D c?mvirs fell.
Liue 30.— ils l'ont dirigé &c.— They preferred to direct it.
Liue 36. — on taxait à l'avance &c. — A réquisition was made beforehand on eaoh prison for a certain number of victims — i.e., it was settled beforehand how many victims for the guillotine each prison should fui-nish.
Line 37. — t.e -»"» était mis en réquisition — A levy was made of blood. — As when a levy , f sokliers was made, each district must f urnish a certain number ; so, at this time, each prison had to supply so much blood, i.e., so many lives.
Line 39. — déchirant — Distracting.
Line 41. — faisaient jailler — Evoked — literaUy, caused to spring up.
Page 46.
Line 2. — terroristes — The Reigfn of Terror — La Terreur — lasted about fourteen months, begiuniug vrith the fall of the Girondins, June 1793, and ending with the death of Robespierre, July 28, 1794. The leaders of the Convention during this period were caUed " terroristes."
Line 3.— apogée— Height.
Lise 5. — la loi de prairial — A degree wrung from the Convention by which the Revolutionary Tribunal was set free from aU checks, and " moral conviction " was made suf&cient proof of crime.
Line 15. — triumvirat — Triumvirate — an association of three men.
Line 17- — assouvi — Satiated.
Line 19. — devancés — Anticipated.
Line 22. —les plus compromis — Who were most exposed to danger
I yo NOTES.
Line 26. — acolytes — Followers — partisans.
Line 27. — 9 thiermidor — For an account of the fall of Robespierre and the Terrorists, consnlt a liistory of the Eevolution. Line 29. — ait eu — Subjunctive, depending on pensé. Line 36. — a uon<3 brûler (fec. — To blow out our brains. Line 38. — la toute-puissance — The suprême power.
Page 47.
Line 2. — 'a veille — The eve — from Latin vigil.
" en permanence — A pennanent institution.
Line 3. — fonctionnait — Was doing its work. Line 12. — savant — Skilful. .
Line 13. — o» dressait &c. — The scaffold was being prepared Line 16.— eussent—See Note, p. 9, 1. 19. Line 21.— retentit — Eesounded.
Line 24. — garrottés — Bound.
Line 25. — affidé- — Adhérents. Line 28. — se vengea — See page 39, 1. 14. Line 31. — enrayé — Checked — Enrayer is to put the drag on the
wheel of a carriage going dovm hill.
Line 33. — soulevé— "Which had risen.
Line 35. — dont la Convention — Whom the Convention ordered to
be set at liberty.
Line 37. — caution — Guaran tee — responsibUity. Line 39. — le fit relaclier — Procured his release.
Page 48.
Line 1. — à ce point &o. — Tosuch an estent thatit was impossible
for him to pay his fare, and go by coach. Line 4. — se peint — Is depicted.
Line 12. — d'étouffer — To quell.
Line 13.— «liouans— See next Chapter, Note p. 51, 1. 20l Line 14. — a l'unaalmité — Unanimously.
PART n.— CHAPTER L
dîstjbitectioî; is la vendee — the rotaxist leaders — first paciticatiok ûf the cocxtry — resumption of hostilities — the chouans — pcisate — efforts to obtain aid fboh ekgland — hoche ix commakd of the arilt of the cherbourg coasts.
Page 49.
Line 4. — La Vendée — See Note. p. 19, 1. 32. In transiating use
La Vendée as the name of the department; not Vendée, or
The Vendée.
" gagné—Eeached.
" l'Anjou (ce. — For the position rf thèse constilt a map of
France giving the old provinces, not the modem de-
partments. Line 6. — très.boisées — "Well-vroocleà — from hois, ■vrood. Line 12. — frappés — Womided.
Line 16. — en permanence — See Note p. 47, 1. 2. Line 18. — se sonleva la première — Was the first to rise. Line 19. — enfanta — G".ve birth to — produced. Line 20. — roturiers — Plebeians.
Line 21. — voitnrler — Carrier — teamster.
" garAe-cbasse — Game-keeper. See Note p. 1, 1. 9.
Line 24. — l'Achille — The AchiUes — Achilies, a Thessalonian Prince,
was the most distinguished of the Grecian leaders at
the time of the Trojan War.
" battirent — Defeated — battre, to beat — se battre, to fight.
Line 27- — fougne — Ardoiir.
Line 29. — les foudroyaient — Destroyed them — mo-wed them down
— ^literally, thtmderstmck. Froia foudre — thunderbolt.
Page ô
Line 1. — toar à tour — ^By tums — one after another.
Line 4. — Loire — A large and important river of France, rising in
Languedoc, flowing North as far as Orléans, whence it
flows "West into the Bay of Biscay.
Line 19. — Kléber — One of the most famous French gênerais — after-
wards a favorite officer of Napoléon.
Line 20. — épronvèrent — Lxperieuced.
Line 25. — pour obtenir Sec. — In order to obtain assistance from
her.
Line 26.-1» Manclie— The English Channel.
172 NOTts.
Line 29. — faute de — For want of.
" luiâe en déroute — Eouted,
Line 30. — en essayant — Whiie auemptiug.
Line 31. — Savenay — A map of France on a larger seale than is fotind in most school atlases, vnil he necessary to sho-w the position of ail the places mentioned in this and the following chapters. Most of them may be fonnd in Keith Johnston's Handy Eoyal Atlas.
Line 33.— tues — Who had been killed.
Line 35. — »»iis en œuvre — Put in opération.
Page ûl.
Line 1. — en tons sens — ^In ail directions. Line 2. — le fer et la flamme — In English, we change the order
and say — fire and s'-vord.
Line 3. — ils ranimèrent — They thus rekindled the flame of insnr-
recîion which -was on the point of dying ont. Line 13.— guerre de partisans — A party war — a guérilla warfare. Line 14- — fondant &:c. — Fa.ling unexpectedly on. Line 15. — de derrière jjc. — From behind the hedges, from the
shelter of copses, from the bottom of ravines. Line 18. — cliouannexie — This kind of warfare is generally knovm
as guérilla v,-ar.
Line 19. — contrebandiers pour le sel — Salt-smngglers. As there
was a heavy duty on this necessary of liie, it was one
of the articles most industriously and persistently
smuggled.
*• iUux sauniers — literally — false salters — i.e., contra band
dealers in sait.
Line 21. — cliouette — Owl — diminitiTe of chouan, which is a cormp-
tion of chat-huant — literally, hooiing-cat. Line 24. — couru — Sconred.
Line 25. — réquisition — Levy — a demand made by the govemment
for men or money.
Line 29. — doué — Endowed.
Line 30. — dès l'origine — ^From the very begiçning. Line 32. — tl« Perclie — An old province of France, on the Eure and
Loire.
»• La Constituante — The National and Constituant As-
sembly — the name taken by the représentative élément
of the States-General in 1789.
Line 34. — plus tard — Afterwards.
Line 3G. — ont fait preuve de — HaVe sho\nu
Line 37. — souplesse — Adaptability — power of aclaptiug himsflf to
circumstauces.
Line 30. — propre — Well ûtted.
Page 52.
Line 1. — w» grand ascendant — A powerful ascendancy. The
form " ascendant " was commonly used by English
writers of last century.
Line 7. — a enlever — To eut off.
Line 10. — et nouant &c. — And skilfully uniting ail the threads of
the insurrection.
Line 12. — faisant défaut — Failing.
Line 16. — Monsieur — The eldest brotlier of the King of France waa
generally known by this name.
Line 25. — s'était propagée — Hud spread — propar/ée agrées with se,
which is the direct object. See Note, p. 57. 1. 5. Line 31. — ne dépassaient pas — Did not exceed. Line 33.— le long d'un &c. — Along a hilly coantry. Line 36. — exaltée — Excited.
