acte, m., act, deed, proceeding

acteur, m., actor.

acti-f, -ve, adj., active.

action, /., action, activity.

activité, /., activity.

actuel, -le, adj., actual, présent.

Adam, m., Adam.

adapter, tr., to adapt

adhérer, intr., to adhère.

adieu, adv. and n., adieu, farewell; good-by.

adjudant, m., adjutant.

adjuger, tr., to award.

admettre, tr., to admit, receive, accept.

administrateur, m., officiai.

administrati-f, -ve, adj., administrative.

administration, /., administration.

administrer, tr., to administer, préside over.

admirable, adj., admirable, remarkable, wonderful.

admirateur, m., admirer.

admirati-f, -ve, adj., of admiration.

admiration, /., admiration.

admirer, tr., to admire.

adolescence, /., adolescence, vouth.

adolescent, m., lad.

adopter, tr., to adopt.

adorable, adj., charming.

i8o Origines de la France Contemporaine

affronter, /r., to face.

affubler, /r., to dress (oddly),

deck out, rig oui.

afin de, prep.^ in order to;

afin que, conj., in order that.

âge, w., âge.

flgé, -e, adj., aged, old.

agenouiller, refl., to kneel

down.

agent, m. y agent. aggraver, /r., to aggravate.

aggressi-f, -ve, adj., aggres-

sive.

agile, adj., quick, nimble.

agioter, intr., to speculate.

agir, intr.j to act, do; s' — ^ to

be in question; il s'agit de,

the question is, it is a matter

of.

agitateur, m., agitator.

agiter, tr., to put in motion,

excite; agitate; discuss; wag.

agonie,/., agony, pain.

agrafer, /r., to hook, fasten,

hook on.

agrandir, /r., to enlarge; ag-

grandize; s' — ^ to become

larger, become greater; s' —

toujours, to become greater

and greater.

agréable, adj.y pleasant.

agréablement, adv., pleas-

antly.

agréer, /r., to accept; intr., to

piease.

agrément, m.j pleasure, charm,

adornment, refinement.

aguets, m. pi., watch; être

aux — s, to lie in wait, be on

the alert. aheurter, refl., to be obstinate,

persist in, collide.

aide, /., aid, help, indirect tax;

venir en — , to aid.

aider, tr., to aid.

aigrir, tr., to embitter.

aifuillon, m., goad, spur.

ailletu-s, adv., elsewhere; d* — ^

besides, moreover.

aimable, adj., agreeable, love-

ly, amiable.

aimer, tr., to love, like, be fond

of.

aîné, -e, ». and adj., elder,

firstbom.

ainsi, adv., thus, therefore.

air, m., air, look, appearance;

en plein — ^ in the open;

avoir r — de, to look like,

seem to.

aisance, /., freedom, easi-

ness.

aise,/., gladness; comfort, ease;

à r— , easily, comfortably.

aise, adi., glad, joyful, pleased;

être Dien — de, to be very

glad to.

aisé, -e, m. and /., well-to-do

person; adj., easy; in com-

fortable circumstances.

aisément, adv., easily.

Aix-la-Chapelle, /., Aix-la- Chapelle, Aachen.

ajouter, tr., to add, join.

ajuster, tr., to adjust, regulate,

fit, trim, deck out.

alarme,/., alarm.

alarmer, tr., to alarm.

alentotu*, adv., around, round

about.

alentours, m. pi., environs,

neighborhood, environment.

alerte, adj., alert.

Alger, m., Algiers.

aliénation,/., aliénation; confiscation.

aliéné, -e, adj., lunatic, ma-

niac.

Origines de la France Contemporaine i8i

aliment, m,, aliment, food.

alimentaire, adj., aUmentary;

régime — ^ diet.

aUécher, ir., to allure, entice.

alléguer^ tr,, to allège; produce.

Allemagne,/., Germany.

allemand, -e, adj., German.

aller, intr., to go; s'en — , to go

away.

alliance, /., alliance, union,

affinity.

allonger, tr,, to stretch out.

allouer, /r., to allow, grant.

alltuner, /r., to light, kindle.

allusion, /., allusion, alors, adv.f then, at that time.

altérer, /r., to change, alter.

ambassadeur, m., ambassa-

dor.

ambiant, -e, adj., ambient,

surrounding.

ambitieu-z, -se, adj,y ambi-

tious.

ambition,/., ambition, flme,/, soûl.

aménagement, m., forestry or-

ganization.

amener, /r., to bring in; bring

about.

am-er, -ère, adj., bitter; harsh.

amertume,/., bittemess; grief.

ameublement, m., furniture,

fumishing.

ami, m., -e, /., friend; — de

cœur, dear friend.

amitié,/., friendship.

amollir, ir., to soften.

amorce, /., bait; tinder, cap;

sans brûler tme — ^ without

firing a shot. • amour, m., love, ardor.

amour-propre, m., self-love,

vanity, dignity.

amphigouri, m., rigmarole.

ample, adj., vast, large.

amplification, /., essay, trea-

tise.

amplifier, /r., to expatîate

upon, amplif>.

amusant, -e, adj., amusing,

entertaining.

amuser, /r., to amuse, trifle

with.

amuser, refl,, to amuse one's

self, hâve a good time.

an, m.j year.

analogie, /., analogy.

analogue, adj., analogous, sim-

ilar.

analyse,/., analysis.

anarchie, /., anarchy, lack of

government.

anarchique, adj.^ anarchical.

ancien, -ne, adj., ancient, old;

former.

ancrer, /r., to ànchor; s' — , to

intrench one's self.

âne, m.f ass.

s^Z^i w., angel, spirit.

anglais, -e, adj., English.

Angleterre,/., England.

angoisse, /, anguish, pàng,

great distress.

anguleu-z, -se, adj.j angular.

animal, n. m., an^a(/;., animal,

brute; brutish.

annales, /. pi. y annals.

année,/, year.

annoncer, /r., to announce,

indicate, prophesy.

annuel, -le, adj. y annual.

anon3rme, adj. y anonymous.

anti-français, w., anti-French-

man, a hâter of French-

men.

anti-normal, -e, adj., abnor-

mal.

i82 Origines de la France Contemporaine

antiquité, /.y antiquity.

antithèse,/., antithesis.

anxiété,/., anxiety.

août m., August.

apathie,/., apathy; indolence, indifférence.

apercevoir, tr., to perceive, discover, notice.

aplomb, m., self-possession.

Apollon, m., Apoilo.

apostrophe, /., apostrophe.

apothéose,/., déification.

apôtre, m., apostle.

apparaître, jn/r., to appear.

apparat, m., préparation; show, ceremony, parade; un discours d' — f a studied speech.

appareil, m., apparatus, System, pièce of machinery.

apparence,/., appearance.

apparent, -e, adj.f apparent; remarkable, obvious, visible.

apparition, /., apparition; appearance.

appartement, m., apartment.

appartenir, intr., to belong to.

appât, m., bait.

appauvrir, /r., to impoverish.

appel, m.y appeal; call.

appeler, /r., to call, summon.

appendice, m., appendix; appendage.

appétit, m.f appetite.

applaudir, to applaud; s' — ^ to glorjr in.

applaudissement, m., applause; praise.

application, /., application, mdustry.

appliqué, -e, oJ;., întent, sedulous, industrious, active.

appliquer, /r., to employ, apply.

apporter, /r., to bring; introduce; iet in.

apprécier, /r., to appredate, judge the worth of, estimate.

apprendre, /r., to leam, hearof; teach.

apprenti, m., apprentice.

apprê^ m., affectation; préparation.

apprêté, -e, adj., prepared; studira; afiected.

appris, -e, adj., leamed, taught.

apprivoiser, /r., to tame (animals).

approche, /., approach; coming; aux — s de, at the approach of ; toward.

approcher, tr. and itUr,, to approach, rival.

approfondir, tr., to examine thoroughly.

approprie, -e, adj., suited.

approprier, tr., to appropriate, adapt.

approuver, /r., to approve.

appui, m., prop, support.

âpre, adj.f rough, harsh, fierce.

après, fi'ep,, after; about; nezt; d' après, according to.

après, adv.f afterwards.

â présent que, conj., now that.

après que, conj., after.

aptitude, f., aptitude, aptness, ability.

aquarelle,/., water-colorpainting.

araignée,/., spîder.

arbitraire, adj., arbitraiy; w., arbitrariness.

arbre, m., tree.

archéologie, /., archaeology.

archevêque m., archbishop.

Origines de la France Contemporaine 183

archichanceliery m,, archchancellor.

architecte, m., architect.

ardent, -^ adj.y fiery, violent, ardent, burning.

ardeur, /., fervenqr, spirit, intensity, fire.

argent, m., money; silver.

aristocrate, m. orf.y aristocrat.

aristocratie,/., aristocracy.

arme,/., weai)on.

armé, -e, adj., armed.

armée, /., army; corps d' — , anny corps.

armer, tr., to arm.

armoire, /., closet, cupboard, cabinet.

armure,/., armor.

aromate, m., aromatic.

arracher, /r., to snatch; pluck off, uproot, tear out, pull out.

arranger, tr., to arrange, set in order, contrive.

arrangeur, m., one who arranges, combiner.

arrêt, m., decree, stop.

arrêté, m., resolution, order, decree, décision.

arrêter, /r., to arrest, stop, decree, fasten; s' — , to stop.

arrière, m., back; en — I backl — succès, second success.

arriéré^ -e, adj., in arrears; backward.

arrière-pensée,/., mental réservation, reflection; sans — , rashly.

arrière-successeur, m., second successor.

arrivage, m., arrivai.

arrivée,/., arrivai.

arriver, intr,, to arrive, happen, chance, attain.

arrogant, -e^ adj.y haughty, assertive.

arroger, refl., to arrogate to one's self, assume.

arrondi, -e, adj., rounded; double, rounded out, extended.

art, m.j art; — s de luxe, fanciful art.

artésien, -ne, adj.y Artesian (of the province of Artois).

article, m., article, section, I>art.

articulation, /., joint, articulation.

articulé, -e, adj.y articulate.

artificiel, -le, adj.y artificial.

artillerie, /., artillery.

artisan, m., artisan.

artiste, m. and /., artist.

ascendant, m., ascendancy; influence, power; ancestor.

ascendant, -e, adj.y ascending, mounting.

asile, m. y asylum, refuge.

aspect, m.y aspect, sight, look, appearance.

aspic, m.y spike-lavender, aspic, spikenard.

aspirant, m.y candidate.

aspirer, intr.y to aspire.

assaillant, m., aggressor, assailant.

assaillir, tr., to attack, assail.

assaisonnement, m., seasoning. ^

assassin, m., assassin.

assassinat, m.y murder, assassi nation.

assassiner, /r., to slay.

assaut m.y assault, storm.

assemolée, /., assembly; — constituante, constitutional convention.

184 Origines de la France Contemporaine

assembler, ir., to collect, combine, meet.

assentiment, m., assent.

asseoir, tr., to seat; s' — ^ to sit down.

asservir, /r., to enslave.

assez, ctdv.y enough, rather, quite.

assidu, -e, adj., punctual, assiduous.

assidûment, adv.f assiduous-

assiégé, w., one who is be-

sieged, attacked.

assiégeant, m., one who be-

sieges; besieger.

assiette,/., plate; usual state;

humor; être hors de son — ,

no longer to be one's every-

day seB .

assignat, m., assignat (French

paper money). assis, -e, p. p. y seated.

assise,/., a course of masonry;

foundation; pi. (sometimes),

sessions.

assistant, m., assistant; one

who is présent, assister, t«/r., to be présent

at, attend, witness.

associé, m.j associate, fellow,

partner.

associer, tr.j to associate; s' — ^

to enter into partnership,

take into partnership.

assombrir, refl.^ to become

dark.

assommer, /r., to beat to death,

belabor, smite, kill.

assommeur, m., slaughterer.

assouvir, /r., to satiate.

assurer, /r., to assert, afl5rm,

insure, assure; s' — ^ to make

^ure of.

astreindre, tr.^ to force, com-

pel, levy.

atelier, w., workshop; manu-

factory; — de charité, institution for the help of the Cr, workhouse, industrial le. athée, m.y atheist.

Athènes,/., Athens.

Athénien, m., Athenian.

atome, m., atom.

atour, m. {used in pi, only),

woman's attire, finery; dame

d' — f lady of the bedcham-

ber.

âtre, m.f fireplace, hearth.

atroce, adj.j atrocious, cruel, attabler, /r., to set to table, attacher, /r., to fasten, attach,

put on; bind.

attaque,/, attack.

attaquer, /r., to attack.

attemdre, tr., to reach, hit, at-

tain.

attendre, tr. and intr., to wait

(for), expect.

attendri, -e, adj., moved.

attendrir, /r., to soften; s' — ^ to

be moved.

attendrissement, m., émotion,

tenderness, emotional period.

attentat, m., attempt at crime;

crime, outrage, attente, /., expectation, wait,

waiting, hope; salon d' — ^

waiting room.

attention, /., attention; faire

— , to heed.

atténuer, /r., to weaken; pal-

liate, tone down.

attirer, /r., to attract; lure.

attitude,/, attitude, manner.

attraction, /, afiSnity.

attrait, m., allurement; charm.

Origines de la France Contemporaine 185

attraper, /r., to entrap; over-

take.

attribuer, /r., to attribute; s' — ^

to assume.

attroupement, m., mob, as-

sembly.

attrouper, refl.f to flock to-

gether, lorm a mob.

aube, /., dawn.

auberge,/., inn, public house.

aubergiste, m., innkeeper.

aucun, -e, adj., any; (négation)

none, no.

audace, /., audacity, bold-

ness.

audadeu-x, -se, adj.f auda-

cious.

au delà de, prep.j beyond,

farther.

au-dessous, adv.; — de, prep.,

below, beneath.

au-dessus, adv.; — de, prep.j

above. audience, /., audience, interview, auditeur, m., hearer.

auditoire, m., audience.

augmenter, tr. and intr.^ to

augment, increase.

aujourd'hui, adv., to-day, now.

au milieu de, prep.^ among.

aumône, /., alms; charity;

être (réduit) à V—. to be re-

duced to beggary; faire 1' — ^

to give alms.

atunônier, m., almoner, chap-

lain.

auparavant, adv. y before.

aupès de, prep., before, near,

in the présence of.

aussi, adv.y too; also; as,

equally; — • • • que, as

... as.

aussi, conj,^ therefore.

aussitôt, adv., immediately,

directly; — que, as soon as.

austérité,/., severity.

autant, adv.^ as much, as

manv, so many; d' — mieux

or d'— plus, adv. phrase, the

more so, the rather; — que,

conj., as much as, as well as. autel, m., altar.

auteur, m., author.

authentique, adj., authentic.

automate, m., automaton.

automatisme, m., automatic

character.

autoriser, tr., to authorize;

legalize; justify.

autoritaire, adj., authorita-

tive, arbitrary; dogmatic.

autorit^ /., authority; rule;

d' — , m spite of everything.

autotu- de, prep., about;

around.

autre, adj., other.

autrefois, adv., formerly.

autrement, adv., otherwise;

en être — , to be otherwise.

Autriche,/., Austria.

autrui, m., pron., others; other

people.

avaler, tr., to swallow.

avance, /., advance; d'— ^ be-

forehand, in advance; — de

fonds, loan.

avancé, -e, adj,, past, ad-

vanced; early.

avant, adv. and prep., before

{referring to titne and order);

— que, conj., before; en — ^ adv. phrase, ahead, forward;

— dans la nuit, far mto the night.

avantage, m., advantage.

avant-corps, m., fore part.

avant-cour, /., lower court.

i86 Origines de la France Contemporaine

avant-liiery adv,, day before

yesterday.

avare, m., miser.

aveCy prep.f with; among.

avenir, «., future; à V — ^ in

future.

aventure, /., adventure; à

V — f at a venture, at ran-

dom.

aventurier, m^ adventurer.

averti, -e, adj,^ informed,

wamed, notified.

aveu, m., approval; acknowl-

edgment, admission; gens

sans — f vagrants.

aveugle, adj.y blind; deluded;

à F—, blindly; en —^

blindly.

aveuglement, m., blindness.

aveugler, ir.^ to blind.

avide, adj.f greedy.

avidité, /., avidity, eager-

ness. avilir, ^r., to déprave, avilissement, m., dégradation,

humiliation.

avis, m, y opinion.

aviser, refl.j to take a fancy

to.

avocat, m., lawyer.

avoir^ /r.,to hâve; hold; y — ^

be; — beau faire auelque

chose, to do sometning in

vain.

avoir, i»., substance, prop-

erty.

avortement, m., miscarriage.

avorter, irUr., to miscarry, be

stunted.

avorton, w., dwarf, runt.

avoué, m. y attorney.

avouer, tr.j to avow, admit, avril, m.f April.

axiome, m., axiom.

badaud, m., gazer, înquisitive

person, quionunc.

badiner, intr,, to trifle, sport,

jest.

bague,/., ring.

baguette, /., switch; passer

par les — s, to run the

gauntlet.

baigner, /r., to bathe, dip,

duck.

bâillonner, /r., to gag.

bain, m., bath; bathtub.

baïonnette,/, bayonet.

baissé, -e, adj.y iowered; donner tête — e, to plunge head-

long.

baisser, /r., to lower.

bal, m., bail.

balai, m. y broom; donner un

coup de — f to sweep up;

coup de — f sweep of the

broom.

balancier, m., balancing pôle;

pendulum, die.

balayer, /r., to sweep.

balcon, m., balcony.

balle,/, bail; buUet.

balotu-dise,/., stupidity, stupid

remark.

banal, -e, adj.y commonplace,

hackneyed, trivial.

banc, m.y bench, seat.

bande, /., band, company,

coterie, bandit, m.y vagrant, ruffian, banlieue,/., outskirts, suburbs.

bannir, /r., to banish.

banaueroute, /., bankruptcy,

failure, panic.

banquette,/, bench.

banquier, m.y banker.

barbare, adj. and n., savage.

barbarement, adv., barbar-

ously.

Origines de la France Contemporaine 187

barbarie, /., barbarism, barbarity.

barbarisme, m., barbarism.

barbe, /., beard, whiskers; faire la — à quelqu'un,

. to shave; get the better oî some one.

barbier, m., barber.

baril {pr, bari), m., barrèl.

barqu^/., boat, craft.

barre, /., bar, courts.

barreau, m., bar.

barrière /., rail, bar, barrier; taz-omce; hurdle; . tollgate; commis aux — s, clerk of customs.

bas, -se, adj,, low; à voix basse, in an undertone.

bas, adv,f down, low; en — ^ below; être à — ^ to be ruined; à — , down; au — , de l'escalier, at the foot o{ the staircase.

bas, m.f stocking.

bas-fond, m,, shoal; lowest depths.

basoche,/., basoche (company qf lawyers)f the bar (coUectively) ; league of law clerks.

basse,/, (mus.)^ bass; — continue, thorough bass.

bassesse,/., baseness, villaîny; fault.

bassin, m., pond, basin, réservoir.

bastille,/., Bastile; fortress.

bas-ventre, m., lower part of the abdomen, belly.

bataille, /., battle; en — ^ in battle array.

bataillon, m., battalion.

bateau, m., boat.

batelier, w., boatman, waterman.

bâtiment, m., building; ves-

sel.

bâtir, /T., to build.

bâtisse,/., structure.

bâton, m,f stick, club.

battre^ /T., to beat,'pound; de-

feat; se — ^ to fight.

bavard, m., chatterer, babbler.

bavardage, m., babbling, waste

of words. béant, -e, adj.j gaping.

beau or beL -le, adj., beauti-

fui, handsome, fine, fair;

— monde, fashionable sodety; avou* — faire, to do in vain, waste one's time; de plus belle, still more.

beaucoup, adv., many, much.

beauté,/., beauty.

beaux-arts, m. pi,, fine arts.

bégayer, /r., to stammer, bab*

belles-lettres,/. pL, polite lit-

erature.

bénédictin, m.. Bénédictine

monk.

bénéfice, in,f profit, benefit.

bénéficier, m., clergyman

holding a church preferment;

incimibent.

bénéficier, intr., to profit.

bénitier, m., holy-water basin.

béquille,/., crutch.

berceau, m., cradle.

berger, w., shepherd.

besogne, /., work; task.

besogneu-x, -se, adj., needy.

besoigneu-x, -se, ohsol. adj.y

needy.

besoin, m., need, want; dis-

tress; au — y in case of need;

si — est, if necessary; avoir

— (de), to need; être — , to be necessary.

i88 Origines de la France Contemporaine

bestial, -e, adj., bestial, brut-

ish.

bête, /., beast; blockhead; —

de somme, beast of burden.

biaiser, intr., to use évasion;

hedge, pursue a diagonal

course, bibliothèque,/., library.

bien, m., weal; goods, property,

possession; — public, public

weal.

bien, adv., well; very much,

properly, very.

bien-être, m., comfort.

bienfaisance,/., beneficence.

bienfait, m., kindness; boon.

bienfaiteur, m., benefactor.

bienséance, /., décorum, pro-

priety.

bientôt, adv,^ soon.

bienveillance^/., benevolence,

good will, kindliness.

bièvre, w., beaver.

bijou, f»., jewel; trinket.

biUeu-x, -se, adj,, bilious,

bilious looking.

billet, m., note, letter.

bise, /., north wind; wîntry

blasts.

bistre, m. (paint)^ bister; soot

color; portrait au — ^ wash

drawing.

bîvac, m. bivouac.

bizarre, adj., fantastîc.

blafard, -e, adj., pale, dull.

blâme, m.y blâme, reproach.

blâmer, tr., to blâme, find

fault with.

blanc, -he, adj.f white.

blanchâtre, adj.t whitish.

blanchetu-, /., whiteness.

blasphème, m., blasphemy;

oath.

blé, m., wheat; manger son —

en herbe, to spend one's

money before one bas it; i

count one's chickens before I

they are hatched.

blessant, -e, adj.y offensive, in-

sulting, painful.

blesser, /r., to wound, hurt.

blessure,/, wound.

bleu, -e, adj.y blue.

bloc, m., lump; block; mass.

blouse,/, smockfrock.

bœuf, m.y ox, beef. i

boires /r., to drink; payer â — , !

to Duy drinks.

bois, m.y wood, forest, timber,

wooded park; — flotté, float I

wood; — de lit, bedstead.

boiserie,/, wainscoting.

boisseau, m., bushel; (three- \

eighths of an English bushel.) boisson,/, drink.

bon, -ne, adj.y good, sound, i

hard, real; de — ^ne heure, I

early; â — droit, rightly,

justly.

bond, m.y bound, leap.

bonhetu*, m.y happiness; good

fortune; par — ^ luckily.

bonhomie, /, good nature, bonnet, m., cap.

bonté,/, goodness, kindness.

bord, m.y shore; à pleins bords,

on the level with its banks,

brimful; à — , on board.

borne,/, landmark, boundary,

milestone, fence.

borné, -e, adj.y limited, narrow.

bosse,/, hunch; bunch.

bossu, -e, adj.y hunchbacked.

botte,/, boot; bundle, truss.

bouche,/, mouth; lips; avoir

à la — , to mention.

boucher, /r., to stuff, choke up,

stop, block.

boucher, w., butcher.

boucherie,/., slaughter.

boucle, /., buckle; ringlet; — d'oreille, earring; — de soulier, shoe-buckle.

boucler, tr., to buckle.

bouclier, m., shield.

boue, /., dirt, mud; stxeet refuse.

bouge, m., hole; wretched lodging.

bouillement, m., boîling, effervescence, agitation.

bouillon, m., broth.

bouillonnement, m., effervescence, agitation.

boulanger, m., baker.

bouledogue, m., bulldog.

boulet, m.j bullet, bail.

boulevard, m., boulevard.

bouleversement, w., destruction, overthrow, complète change.

bouleverser, tr., to agitate.

bouquet, m., bouquet, cluster.

bourdonnant, -e, adj.^ buzzing, humming.

bourdonner, intr,, to buzz, hum.

bourgeois, m., citizen, commoner, tradesman, business man.

bourgeoisie,/., middle class.

bourreau, m., hangman, executioner, tormentor.

bourreler, tr., to torment.

bourrer, /r., to ram, cram, stuff.

bourse,/., purse, funds.

botu-sier, m., student {on scholarship).

botu-soufim-e, /., bloatedness; bag, bagginess; puff.

bousculade,/., jostling.

bousculer, /r., to jostle.

bout, w., end; en venir à — ^ to finish it; accomplish it.

boutade, /., whim, outburst; par — f by fits and starts.

bouteille,/, bottle.

boutique,/., shop; gens de — ^ clerks.

boutiquier, m.y shopkeeper, clerk.

bouvier, w., drover.

braconnier, m., poacher.

braise./, embers.

farancney /., branch; prong, tine.

branle, m., motion; être en — f to be in motion.

bras, m., arm.

brasseur, m., brewer.

brave, m., courageous man; en — f courageously.

braver, /t., to dare, defy, endure, face.

bravo (pi. bravi), m,, hired assassin.

bravoure,/., bravery.

brèche,/, gap, breach.

bref, adv.y in short.

bref, brève, adj,y brief, short.

brevet, w., brevet, patent; knight of the order of the Holy Ghost; certificate; — d'entrée, admission certificate.

bréviaire, w., breviaiy.

bribe, /., odd ends; scraps; quatre — s, smattering.

bride, /., bridle; laisser la — sur le cou, to give a free hand; serrer la — ^ to take firm measures.

brigand, m., brigand.

brigandage, m., robbery, extortion.

iQo Origines de la France Contemporaine

brillant, -e, adj., bright,

showy.

brilleTi inir.y to shine.

briser, /r., to break, shatter.

broc {ffr. bro)f m., jug.

broche,/., spit, rod, pike.

brochure,/., pamphlet.

broderie,/, embroideiy.

brosser, /r., to bnish.

brouiller, /r., to jumble, confuse.

broussailles,/ pl.y bushes.

bruire, inir., to nistle, roar.

bruit, m.f noise; report, sound.

brûlé, -e, adj., burned, hot.

brûler, /r. and intr., to bum,

fire.

brusque, adj., blunt; sudden,

unexpected.

brusquement, adv., suddenly,

rudely.

brut, -e, adj.f rough, coarse,

crude.

brutal, -e, adj., brutal, brut-

ish.

brutalement, adv., brutally.

brutalité, /., brutality, stu-

pidity.

brute,/, brute.

Bruxelles,/., Brussels.

bruyamment, adv., noisily,

conspicuously.

bruyant, -e, adj., noîsy.

bûche,/, log.

budget, tn.f budget, prospectus

of expenses.

bureat^ f»., ofl5ce, desk, board.

bureaucratie,/, bureaucracy.

buste, tn.y bust.

but {pr. bu)j m.y goal.

butin, tn.y booty.

buvette,/, refreshment room.

byzantin, -e, adj., Byzantine;

loquacious.

c'a» cela a.

cabale,/, cabal.

cabareL m., tavern.

cabaretier, m., tavem keeper.

cabinet, m., study, private apartment; — de lecture, reading room; — d'affaires, office; — de physiaue. physical laboratory; — littéraire, reading room.

cabriole]^ m., cab.

cacher, /r., to hide; on se cachait de soufÉrir par bonne éducation, good manners made people conceal their sufferings.

cacheter, (r., to seal.

cadastrer, ir., to survey and appraise.

cadavre, m., corpse.

cadeau, m., présent, gîft.

cadre, m., frame; limit; hors — ^ unique.

café, m., cofifee; coffeehouse; saloon; politique de —, drink-begotten political théories; — au lait, coffee with milk.

cahier, m., copy book, mémorial; brief.

Gain, m.j Gain.

calcul, m., calculation; par

— d'intàrét privé, out of selfish considérations.

calculatetu:, m., calculator,

watchful observer.

calculer, ir., to calculate.

calibre, m., caliber.

calme, adj., still, calm, tran-

quil.

camarade, m., comrade. camaraderie, /., comradeship.

camisole, /, dressing jacket;

— de nuit, nightgown.

Origines de la. France Contemporaine 191

campagnard, m., countryman.

campagne, /., country; cam-

paign.

canaille,/., rabble, riffraff.

canal, m.y canal, channel.

candeur, /., candor, upright-

candidat, m., candidate.

canne, /., walking stick, cane;

— à epèe, sword cane.

cannibale, m., cannibal.

canon, m., gun, cannon.

canoniser, /r., to canonize,

sanctify.

canonnier, fif., gunner, artil-

leryman.

cantate,/., cantata.

cantique, m., canticle, song,

hymn.

canton, m., canton.

cantonner, refl., to fortify one's

self; justify one's self.

cantonnier, m., road laborer.

capable, adj., capable, able.

capacité,/., capacity.

capitaine, m., captain. capital, m., capital, stock, capitale,/., chief city, capital.

capitaliste, m., capitalist.

capitulation, /., capitulation.

capter, /r., to court, coax,

wheedle, win (pver), car, conj., for, because.

carabinier, m., rifleman.

caractère, m., character, char-

acteristic.

caractérisé, -e, adj,, marked,

acute.

caractériser, /r., to charac-

terize, describe.

cardinal, f»., cardinal.

caresse, /., caress, endear-

ment.

caresser, /r., to caress.

carmagnole, /., carmagnole (a revoluiionary song and dance).

carnage^ m., slaughter.

camassi-er, -ère, adj,^ carnivorous.

carpe,/., carp.

carré, -e, adj., square.

carreau, f»., cushion.

carrefour, m., cross roads; Street corner; les — s d'une ville, public places of a town.

carrière,/, career; donner — ^ to give free course; se donner — f to indulge one's fancy.

carrosse, m., coach.

Carrousel (place du), large square between the Louvre and the Tuileries in Paris.

carte,/, ticket, bill.

cas, w., case, event; dans le — oî^ in case that; en tout — , anyway.

cascade,/, waterfall, cascade.

caser, /r., to ûnd a place for, file away.

caserne,/., barracks.

casquette,/., cap.

casser, /r., to break; nullify.

casserole,/, saucepan.

catapulte,/, catapult

catégorie,/., category, class.

Caucase, f»., Caucasus.

cauchemar, m., nightmare.

cause,/, cause.

causer, intr.y to cause; chat.

causeu-r, -st^ adj.y talkative; «. m.f talker.

cavalier, m., cavalier, escort, rider.

cave,/, cellar.

caverne,/, den.

192 Origines de la France Contemporaine

ce, dem. pron.y he, she, ît.

ce, -ty -tte, —-Bf dem. adj,, this,

that, thèse.

ce {for cela), i^ that; he, she.

ceci, pron,, this.

ceinture,/., belt, girdle.

cela, pron., that, this; par —

seul, by the very fact.

célèbre, adj,, famous.

célébrité,/., famé.

ceUule,/, cell.

celui, m., celle,/., ceux, celles,

pl.f dem. pron,, he, she;

him, her; they, them; that,

those; the one(s).

cendre,/., ashes.

censeur, m., censor.

cent, adj.f hundred; pour — ^

percent centaine,/., hundred.

central, -e^ adj., central.

centralisation, /., centraliza-

tien, centraliser, Ir., to centralize.

centre, w., center, core; au —

in the center.

cependant, adv., meanwhile,

in the meantime, however.

ce qui, ce que, that which,

what.

cercle, m., drcle, ring, cercueil, m., cofi&n.

cérémonie, /., ceremony;

maître de — s, master of

cérémonies, cerf (Jtr. sair), m., stag.

certam, -e, adj., certain, certainement, adv., certainly.

certes, adv., indeed, certainly.

certitude,/., certainty.

cerveau, m., brain.

cervelle,/, brain.

cesse, /, ceasing; sans — ^ în-

cessantly.

r, /t., to cease.

c'est-à-dire, that is.

chacun, -e, pron., every one.

chagrin, m., sorrow, grief, trouble, discontent.

chaîne,/, chain.

chair,/, flesh.

chaise,/, chair.

chaleur,/, beat, zeal, warmth.

chaloupe,/, long boat.

chambellan, m., Chamberlain.

chambre, /, chamber, room; valet de — , private servant; gentilhomme de la — , gentleman in waiting; femme de — , chambermaid.

champ^ m., field; sur le — ^ at once; — d'action, field j of action. i

Champagne, m., Champagne.

chance,/., luck, likelihood.

changement, m., change.

changer, /r., to change.

chanoine, m., canon.

chanson,/, song.

chanter, /r., to sing.

chapeau, w., hat; — de paiUe, straw hat.

chapelle, /, chapel; maître de — f precentor.

chaque, adj., each, every.

charoon, m., coal, embers, charcoal; — allumé, lighted coal.

chardon, m., thistle.

charge,/, load; charge; commission; duty, task; femme de — ^ housekeeper.

charger, /r., to charge, accentuate, load, fill; refl., to undertake, take upon one's self, become laden.

Origines de la France Contemporaine 193

charité,/., charity; faire la — ^

to give alms.

charlatanisme, m., quackery,

imposture.

charmant, -e, adj.y charming,

delightful.

charme, m., charm.

charnier, m., charnel house.

charpentier, tn.y carpenter.

charretier, m., carter.

charrette,/., cart.

charron, m., wheelwright.

charrue,/, plow.

chasse,/, chase; partie de —,

hunting party.

chasser, tr. and intr., to drive,

expel, hunt, chase.

chasseur, m., hunter.

chaste, adj., chaste.

chat, -te, m, andf.^ cat.

châtaignier, m., chestnut tree.

château, m., castle, palace.

châtelain, m., castellan; lord

of the manor.

chat-tigre, m., tiger cat.

chaud, m., beat, warmth.

chaud, -e, adj.y warm; tierce,

violent; hot.

chauffer, /r., to beat, warm.

chaume, m., stubble; thatch.

chaumière,/, cottage, but.

chausser, /r., to put on (shoes).

chaux,/, lime.

chef, tn.y chief, ringleader; —

de cuisine, head cook; —

d'État, statesman.

chemin, m., road; faire son

— f to get along; make one's

way.

cheminée, /, chimney, fire-

place.

chemise,/, shirt.

chenapan, f»., vagabond, chêne, m,, oak.

cher, chère, adj., dear, expensive.

chercher, /r., to seek; try.

chéti-f, -ve, adj., pitiful; wretched.

cheval, m., horse; — de meule, horse in a treadmill; toujours à — sur les principes, always mounted on a hobby, always theorizing.

chevaucher, intr.y to ride horseback; to bestride.

cheveu, m., hair.

chez, prep., to; among; at the house of ; with, of, into, in the case of.

chicane, /., cavil, quibble; aboyeurs de — ^ gens de — ^ pettifoggers.

chien, m., dog.

chiffon, m., rag.

chiffre, m., figure, digit.

chimère, /., chimera, hobby, fancy, dream.

chirurgien, m., surgeon.

chœur, m., chorus.

choisi, -e, p. p. and adj. y chosen, sélect.

choisir, /r., to choose, sélect.

choix, tn.y choice, option.

chômer, intr., to abstain from work, be out of work, idle; to be shut down.

chopper, intr., to falter, stumble.

chose,/, thing, matter; autre — f anything else; — publique, public affairs; repub-

chrétien, -ne, adj. y Christian. ciel, tn.y heaven; sky.

cierge, tn.y wax taper.

ciguë [pr. si-gu)yf,y bitterhemlock {poison).

194 Origines de la France Contemporaine

cime,/., top, summit, goal.

cinqi num. adj., five.

Cinq-iCents; ConBeil des — , political assembly which, with les Anciens, constituted the législative body of the republican government.

cinquante, num. adj., fifty.

dnquante-siZi num, adj., fifty-six.

cinquième, m., fifth part; fifth.

circonspect, -e, oJ;., circumspect, wary, cautious.

circonstance,/., circumstance; — s, environment.

drctdt, m. y circuit.

cité,/., city.

citer, /f., to cite.

citoyen, m., -ne, /., citizen.

civière,/., litter, stretcher.

civilj -e, adj., civil.

civilisation, /., civilization.

civisme, m., patriotism.

clair, -e, adj., clear.

clairement, adv., clearly.

clairvoyance, /., acuteness; clairvoyance; inspiration, intuition; exceptionally acute vision.

clameur,/, clamor.

clan, m., clan.

clarté,/., splendor; light, glow.

classe, /., class.

classique, adj., classic.

clause, /., clause.

clerc (pr. klair), m., clerk.

clergé, m., clergy.

clientèle, /, clients; retainers, foUowing.

clignoter, intr., to blink.

climat, m., climate.

cloche,/, bell.

clopiner, inir., to limp.

clore, tr., to fence in, shut in. clos, -e, adj., shut, closed;

portes closes, secretly.

clôture,/, closing.

club, m., club.

clubiste, m., club member,

clubman.

cochon, m., hog.

code, m., code; law.

cœur, m., heart, courage; ami

de — , bosom f riend.

cohérent, -e, adj., cohérent,

consistent.

cohésion,/., cohésion, coi, -te, adj., quiet.

coine,/, headdress.

coiffé, -e (de), adj., wearing

(on the head).

coiffer, tr., to dress the hair,

put on the head.

coiffure, /, féminine headdress, coif, hood, hairdress.

coin, m., corner.

coL m., neck.

colère,/, anger.

colérique, adj., toleric, pas-

sionate.

collaborateur, m., assistant,

coworker, colleague.

coUecti-f, -ve, adj., collective,

joint. .

coUège, m., boarding school,

collège, collègue, m., colleague.

collier, m., coUar.

colonel, m., colonel. colonial, -e, adj., colonial, colorier, tr., to color.

colossal, -e, adj., colossal, in-

ordinate.

colosse, m., colossus, gîant.

colporter, tr., to spread; re-

tail; peddle.

combat, m., combat.

Origines de la France Contemporaine 195

combattant, m., combatant, fighter.

combattre, /r., to fight.

combien, adv.y how much?

how many? how?

combinaison,/., combination, permutation, scheme, plan.

combiner, tr.y to combine, unité.

comble, m., zénith, top, peak; pour — f in addition, as a last straw; à leur — , at their work.

combler, /r., to heap, crown, crowd.

combustible, adj,, combustible.

comédie,/., comedy.

comédien, m., ce médian, actor.

comestible, m., provisions.

comices,/, pi. (antiq.), comitia, élections.

comité, m., committee.

commandant, m., major, commander.

commande,/., conmiand.

commandement, m., command; order; law.

commander, /r., to order, govern, be in control of.

comme, adv.^ as, like, as it were.

commencement, m., beginning.

commencer, /r., to begin.

comment, adv.y how?

commenter, tr., to comment upon.

commerçant, m., business man.

commerçant, -e, adj., commercial; busy.

commerce, m., trade.

commercer, intr., to trade, engage in commerce.

commercial, -e, adj. y commercial.

commettre, tr.y to commit.

commis, m., clerk; bookkeeper.

commissaire, m., commissioner.

commode, adj.y commodious, convenient.

commun, -e, adj. y common; m. y common people, averâge; en — , together with the rest.

communauté, /., community, public.

compagnie, /., company, Society; être de bonne — ^ to be well bred.

compagnon, m. y fellow, companion, journeyman.

comparable, adj. y comparable, to be compared with.

comparaître, intr. y to appear.

comparse, m., supernumera-

ry-

compartunent, m., division.

compassé, adj. y formai, stiff, stilted.

compatriote, m. or f.y compatriot.

compenser, /r., to compensate; balance.

compétence, /., competency.

compétent, -e, adj. y compétent, able.

complaisamment, adv.y compiacently, obligingly.

compl-et, -ète, adj. y complète.

complication, /., intricacy.

complice, m. or f.y accomplice.

compliqué, -e, adj.y intricate.

complot, m.y plot.

196 Origines de la France Contemporaine

comploter, /r., to scheme.

comporteTi Ir., to permit; require ; include, involve; carry with it.

composer, /r., to form; compose; se — f to be reserved, composée.

composition, /., composition, make-up.

compréhension, /., compréhension.

comprendre, /r., to comprehend; comprise; understand; include.

comprimé, -e, adj., compressed; repressed.

compromettant, adj.y dangerous; compromising.

compromettre, ir., to compromise, endanger.

comptable, m., accountant.

compte, m.j reckoning; esteem; acçount; être en — avec l'Etat, to bave a bill with the State, be involved with the State; — rendu, report; se faire rendre — ^ to profit by, avail one's self of.

compter, /r., to reckon, count, dépend.

comte, m., count.

conception,/., idea.

concert, w., concert; de — avec, in concert with.

concerter, /r., to contrive, effect.

concevoir, /r., to conceive.

Conciergerie, /., prison in Paris for the confinement of political prisoners con-

^ demned to death.

concile, m., council.

conciliabule, m., conventicle, cabal, secret conférence.

conciliant, --e, adj.f conciliat-

ing, conciliatory.

concitoyen, m., fellow-citizen.

conclave, m., conclave.

concordant, -e, adj., harmo-

nious.

concordat, m., concordat, concorde,/., concord.

concourir, intr., to conspire,

compete; combine, cooperate;

concur.

concours, m., coopération,

contest, conpetition.

concurrent, m., competitor.

condamné, m., convict.

condescendance, /., conde-

scension, complaisance.

condition, /., condition, call-

îng, requirement; rank; cir-

cumstances; à ces — s, un-

der thèse conditions.

condottiere (/to/.), m., leader.

conducteur, f»., leader, guide;

— de train, driver, log-raft

runner.

conduire, ir., to conduct,

carry on, drive, bring; se — ^

to behave, be one's own

master.

conduite,/., conduct, demean-

or, guidance.

confédération,/., league.

conférer, tr., to bestow, grant,

confer.

confesser, /r., to confess, hear

confession of ; refl,, to make

confession.

confiance,/., confidence, confiant, -e, adj.f sanguine,

confiding.

confier, /r., to confide, trust, confiner, intr.y to border upon.

confirmer, /r., to confirm.

confiscation,/., forfeiture.

Origines de la France Contemporaine 197

conflity tn.f strife, conflict.

conforme^ adj,f conformable, in comformity with, suited, adapted.

conformément, adv., conformably, accordingly ; — à, in accordance with, suitably.

confrère, w., fellow-member, colleague.

confusément, adv.y vaguely, confusedly.

conjointement, adv.^ conjoîntly, altogether.

conjugal, -e, adj.y conjugal.

connaissance, /., knowledge; acquaintance.

connaître, /r., to know.

connivence, /., connivance.

connu, -e, adj.y known, well known.

conquérant, -e, adj.y conquering; n. w., conqueror.

conquérir, tr., to conquer.

conquête,/., conquest.

consacrer, /r., to consecrate.

conscience, /., conscience, consciousness.

conseil, m., council; ad vice.

conseiller, m.j ad viser.

conseilletu:, m., ad viser (who gives advice unasked).

consentir, tr. and intr., to consent, approve; vote.

conséquence, /., conséquence.

conséquent, m.; par — ^ consequently.

conserver, /r., to préserve.

considérer, tr., to consider, regard, esteem; examine.

consigne,/., order (mil.),

consigner, /r., to keep in, detain.

consister, intr., to consist.

consoler, /r., to console.

consommation, /., consummation; consumption.

conspirateur, m., conspirator.

constamment, adv., constant

ly.

constance, /., constancy, fixity.

constant, -e, adj., unchanging.

constituant, -e, adj., constitutional.

Constituante, /., Constitutional convention.

constituer, /r., to form or change a constitution, establish a constitution.

constitution, /., constitution, original make-up.

constructeur, m., builder.

construction, /., construction.

construire, /r., to construct.

consul, m., consul.

consulaire, adj., consular.

consulter, tr., to consul t, consider.

consumer, /r., to use up, spend.

contagieu-z^ -se, adj., infectious.

contagion,/., contagion.

conte, f»., story.

contemplation,/., contemplation; stargazing.

contempler, /r., to contemplate.

contemporain, -e, n. and adj., contemporary, modem.

contenance, /., air, deportment.

contenir, tr., to restrain, contain, hold.

content, -e, adj.^ glad.

contenter, tr., to satisfy; se — (de), to be satisfied (with).

contenu, m,, the contents.

contenu, -e, adj.y self-controUed, reserved.

conter, tr.^ to relate.

contestation, /., litîgation, suit; les — s qu'ils ont comme parties, the suits in which they are interested.

contester, tr.^ to contest, dispute.

continu, -e, adj.y continuai, enduring, lasting; consistent.

continuer, intr., to continue.

contour, m^ outline.

contracter, tr.^ to contract.

contraction,/., contraction.

contradictoire, adj.j contradictory.

contraindre, ir., to constrain, overcome, control, compel.

contraint, -e, adj.j stifF, unnatural.

contrainte,/., constraint, cornpulsion.

contraire, adj. and n. m., contrary, opposed, adverse; au — , on the contrary.

contrariété, /., annoyance, vexation.

contraste, m., contrast.

contrat, w., contract.

contre, pi^^p-t against.

contrebandier, m., smuggler.

contre-coup, m., counterblow, efiFect; par — , as an indirect conséquence.

contre-révolutionnaire, adj.^ antirevolutionary.

oontre-vârité, /., irony; absurdity.

contrôle, w., control; vérification, check.

contrôler, tr., to control.

check; meddle wîth; supervise.

contrôleu-r, -se, m. and /., controller, registrar, sui>ervisor; — général, controller in chief.

controuver, tr.j to forge, contrive falsely.

convaincu, -e, adj., convinced, convicted.

convenance, /., fitness, congniity, formality, propriety; convention, compatibility.

convenir, intr., to agrée; suit, fit; admit, seem fitting.

convention, /., convention, form, formality.

conventionnel, m., member of the National Convention.

convenu, -e, adj., agreed upon, generally accepted.

conversation, /., conversation.

convertir, tr., to convert, transform.

convive, m. orf., guest.

convoi, w., convoy, train, procession, shipload.

convoquer, /r., to convoke.

convulsé, -e, adj.^ convulsed.

convulsi-f, -ve, adj,, convulsive, fitful.

convulsivement, adv., convulsively.

coordination, /., coordination.

copie, /., copy, imitation.

copieu-z^ -se, adj,, copious, boimteous.

coq, m., cock; — de bruyère, m., grouse.

coquin, m., knave.

Coran, m., Koran.

corbeille,/., wide basket

Origines de la France Contemporaine 199

corde,/., cord, rope.

CordeUers, Club des — ,

Danton's Club, cordial, -e, adj.^ cordial, cordon, w., ribbon; — bleu,

sash indicating membership

in the order of the Holy

Ghost.

comac, fff., éléphant driver,

mahout.

corporel, -le, adj., corporal,

pnysical.

corps, w., body; garde du —,

Ixxiyguard.

Corps législatif, the législative branch of the repub-

lican government, consist-

ing of the Conseil des

Anciens and the Conseil

des Cinq- Cents, correct, -c, adj,^ correct, irre-

proachable.

correction, f., correction; en

— y for punishment.

correspondance, /., corre-

spondence.

corrompre, /r., to corrupt, per-

vert, debase.

corsaire, t»., privateer.

Corse,/., Corsica.

Corse, m., Corsican.

cortège, t»., procession, corvée, /., irksome toil; un-

remunerated labor due the

lord of the manor from the

vassal.

costume, m., costume; man-

ners.

costumer, /r., to costume.

cote, /., quota, ûgure, assess-

ment, tax.

côte, /., rib; coast; — à — ^

side by side.

côt^ w., side, respect; — droit,

administration party; à — de, by, near, beside.

coteau, m.f declivity, slope, hillside.

coterie,/., coterie, club.

cou, m., neck; — de taureau, bull neck; couper le — , to eut o£E the head.

couche, /., bed, layer, stratum.

coucher, tr, and intr,, to lay (lie) down; sleep; se — ^ to go tobed.

coude, m.f elbow.

coudre, /r., to sew.

coulant, -e, adj., flowing.

couler, inir.f to flow; run.

couleur,/., color.

coup^ m., blow, knock, deed; shot; un plus grand —, a greater haul; — de balai, sweeping; — de pied, kick; — de fusil, shot; faire de beaux — s, make a good haul; du même — ^ at the same time; — de pistolet, pistol shot; — de canne, blow with a stick; après — ^ too late; — de force, violence; tout d'un — ^ suddenly; — de main, act of daring, violence; — de vin, draf t of wine.

coupable, m., criminal, culprit.

coupable, adj., guilty.

coupé, -e, adj., eut, short.

couper, /T., to eut off, lop off, eut.

coupe-téte, m,, executioner.

cour, /., court; faire — à, to pay court to.

courage, m. y courage.

couramment, adv., fluently, glibly.

200 Origines de la France Contemporaine

couranty -e, adj., running; cur-

rent.

courbé, -e, adj., bent.

coureur, m., hunter.

courir, intr., to nin; scour;

drive, travel rapidly, be cur-

rent; — (le) risque, to run

the risk.

couronne,/., crown.

couronnement, m., corona-

tien.

courroie, /., strap.

cours, m.f course, race course,

rate; avoir — au march^

to hâve market value.

course, /., chase, race; — à

cheval, ride, horse race.

court, -e, adj., limited, short.

courtisan, m., courtier; fiat-

terer.

cousu, -e, adj., sewed, stitched. couteau, m., knife.

coûter, inlr., to cost; coûte

que coûte, at ail hazards.

coutil {pr. koo-ti), m., ticking,

canvas.

coutume, /., custom, habit;

avoir — , to be accustomed.

couture,/., seam.

couturer, tr., to seam.

couvent, m., convent.

couver, tr. and intr., to smolder,

prépare in secret.

couverture,/., cover, blanket.

couvrir, tr., to cover.

craindre, tr., to fear.

crainte,/, fear.

crapaud, m., toad.

crapule, /, low class; vulgar-

ity.

craquer, intr., to creak, crack,

rip.

crasseu-x, -se, adj., dirty.

cravate,/., cravat.

crayon, m., chalk; portrait in

crayons; pencil, crayon, créancier, m,, creditor.

créat-eur, -rice, adj,, inventive, créative.

créature, /., créature, brute, credo {pr. credo), m., belief,

creed.

crédulité, /., credulity.

créer, tr., to créa te, beget,

produce. ,

crémaillère,/., pothook. !

crépuscule, m., twilight.

creuser, tr., to dig, hollow.

creu-z^ -se, adj., hollow.

crevasser, tr,, to split, crack.

crevé, -e, adj., crippled.

crever, tr., to burst; se — ^ to

kill one's self, wear one's

self out.

cri, m., cry, loud threat;— de

guerre, war cry; pousser un

— de haro, to raise a strong

objection.

crier, tr., to cry, shout, ex-

claim.

crime, m., crime.

crisper, tr., to shrivel, fidget,

twitch.

critique, m., critic.

croc {pr. kro), m., hook, pôle,

beat hook.

crocheteur, m., porter.

croire, tr., to believe, think.

croître, intr., to grow, swell,

increase.

croix,/., cross, crouler, intr., to crumble,

come down.

croupe,/, crupper; en — ^ be-

hind {on horseback).

croûte,/, crust. croyance,/, belief.

croyant, m., believer.

Origines de la France Contemporaine 201

cru, -e, adj,f crude, hard, rough, harsh, raw.

crudité, /., crudity.

cmtyf.f increase, rise, freshet.

crael, -le, adj.f cruel.

cuir, m.f leather, skin.

cuire, tr., to cook; bake.

cuisine,/., kitchen.

cuisinier, m., (man) cook.

cuistre, m.f pedantic fellow, pédant.

cuivre, m., copper.

culminant, -e, adj.j culminâting.

culte, m., creed, worship, cuit.

cultiver, /r., to cultivate.

culture, /., culture, agriculture.

cupidité,/., cupidity.

cur^ m., rector, vicar, parish priest.

curée, /., hunting rights, perquisites.

curieux, m., inquisitive person.

curieu-z, -se, adj.f inquisitive.

curiosité, /., curiosity; article de — , curio, bric-a-brac.

cuver, tr., to appease; — son vin, to sleep one's self sober.

cyclope, m.f Cyclops.

cynisme, m., cynicism.

czar, m,y czar.

d'abord, adv,j at first.

daigner, intr.y to deign.

d'aiUeurs, adv.y besides.

dame, /., lady; — d'atour, /., lady in waiting; — d'honneur,/., maid of honor.

iançer^ m., danger.

dangereu-x, -se, adj., dan-

gerous.

dans, prep.f in, into.

danse, /., dance; midtre de

— , dancing master. danser, inir.y to dance.

d'après, prep.y according to.

dartre,/., tetter.

date,/., date.

dater, tr., to date.

dauphin, m., dauphin {eldest

son of the kings of France).

dauphine,/., dauphiness {wife

of the dauphin).

davantage, adv.^ more.

de, prep.j of, for, in, at, by,

with, to, than.

débâcle, /., downfall; rain,

bail.

débandade, /., confusion, dis-

order.

débardeur, w., wharf porter;

unloader of wood.

débarqué, -e, adj.^ disem-

barked.

débarquement, m., landing.

débarrasser, /r., to rid, clear.

débat, m., debate, discussion.

débattre, refi., to struggle.

débauche,/., debauchery.

débaucher, /r., to debauch,

corrupt.

débiter, /r., to report, utter, de-

liver.

débiteur, w., debtor.

débonnaire, adj., good-na-

tured.

débordant, -e, adj.y master-

ful; overbearing. débordement, m., irruption,

overflow, invasion, outpour-

ing.

déborder, intr., to overfloW;

tum out, pas$.

202 Origines de la France Contemporaine

débouché, m,, opening; out-

let.

debout, adv., upright, erect,

stanmng.

débraillé, -e, adj.f careless,

indécent, slovenly.

débris, m., ruins; nibbish, remains.

décembre, m,, December.

décent, -e, adj., décent, fit-

ting.

décerner, tr,, to award, bestow.

déchaîner, /r., to unchain, un-

loose; se — , to break out,

go on.

décharge, /., discharge, voiley.

décharger, tr.y to unioad.

déchausser, /r., to lay bare the

roots of trees.

déchéance, /., forfaiture.

déchirement, m., rending.

déchirer, /r., to rend, tear.

déchirure,/., rent, tear. déchu, -e, adj., sunk, fallen.

décider, intr. or tr., to décide.

décisi-f, -ve, adj., décisive,

crucial.

déclamation, /., déclamation,

style of delivery.

déclamer, inlr. or tr., to de-

claim, recite, déclaration,/., déclaration, déclaré, -^ adj., open, de-

clared.

déclarer, tr., to déclare; refl.,

to take sides, déclare ones*

dévotion, show one's self.

déclassé, m., one who bas

lost his position or status;

outcast.

déclassé, -e, adj., degraded,

low.

décliner, /r., to state; — son

nonii to give one's name.

décomposition, /., dissolution.

décoCf m,f décoration, adomment; setting, order {pièce o} stage setting),

décorati-f, -ve, adj., décorative, showy, ornamental.

décoration, /., décoration.

découper, tr,, to eut into pièces, eut out.

découvrir, tr,, to discover.

décrépit, -e, adj,, décrépit.

décret, m,, decree.

décréter, tr,, to decree, ordain.

décrira tr,, to describe.

décrocher, tr,, to unhook, take dbwn.

dédain, m., disdain, scom.

dedam^ m,, interior.

dédier, tr., to dedicate.

défaillir, intr,, to grow faint, give way, break down.

défaire, tr., to undo, break up, break down.

défaite,/., defeat.

défaut, m., default; want; à — de, for want <rf; à leur — ^ in their absence.

défendre, tr., to défend; forbid.

défense, /., défense, prohibition.

défenseur, m., defender.

déférence, /., déférence, respect.

défi, m., défiance; mettre au — ^ to set at défiance.

défiance, /., distrust.

défiant, -e, adi., distrustful.

déficit (pr. -sit), m,, déficit.

défier, tr., to challenge, defy; se — de, to distrust.

défiler, intr., to défile, pass in procession, file out.

Origines de la France Contemporaine 203

définir, ir., to define, explain.

définiti-f, -ve, adj., definite,

final.

dâoncer, /r., to stave in (a

cask).

déformation, /., déformation,

distortion.

déformé, -e, adi.f deformed,

out of form, distorted.

déformer, refl,, to distort, lose

the proper form, become

deformed.

défricher, ^., to clear {afield).

défroquer, tr,^ to unfrock.

dégager, /r., to free; evolve,

liberate, emancipate, give off. dégât, m., damage, destruction.

d^orger, reft., to empty itself.

dégourdir, refl., to become pol-

ished, lose one's nimibness

or clmnsiness.

dégoûter, /r., to disgust.

d^outter, irUr.^ to trickle.

degré, m., degree, step, extent;

si fort par — s, so perfectly

suited to the occasion.

d^rossir, /r., to chip off; clear

up; se — f to become pol-

ished.

déguenillé, -e, adj., tattered,

ragged.

déguiser, ^., to disguise.

denors, aJv., without.

dehors, f»., outside, exterior.

dehors de, prep.y outside of,

without.

déjà, adv,, already.

déjeuner, f»., breakfast, lunch.

déjeuner, intr., to breakfast;

lunch.

déjouer, tr., to baffle, thwart.

delà; au — de, pep., beyond;

au — ^ adv,y more; par — ^

beyond.

délabré, -e, adj,, tattered, dilapida t'ed.

délecter, /r., to delight.

délégation, /., proxy, délégation, transference.

délibérer, tr. and intr.j to deliberate.

délicat, -e, adj.y délicate.

délicatesse, /., delicacy.

délicieusement, adv., deliciously.

délideu-z, -se, adj., delightfui.

délictueu-x, -se, adj., unlawful.

délié, -e, adj., untied, loose, acute.

délire, m., delirium, frenzy.

délivrance,/., deliverance.

délivrer, /r., to deliver.

démagogue, m., démagogue, popular leader.

demain, adv.j to-morrow.

demande,/., demand.

demander, /r., to ask; want.

démangeaison,/., itching.

démarche, /., gait, walk, demeanor, action.

démasquer, /r., to unmask.

démêler, /r., to disentangle, undo, discover.

démesuré, -e, adj.y huge, immoderate, extravagant, misshapen, inordinate.

d^ettre, tr.y to dislocate; nonsuit; se — , to resign.

demeurant, m., residue, rest.

demeure,/., abode, dwelling.

demeurer, «»/r., to dwell, remain.

demi, -e, adj.j half.

demi-badaud, m., sort of inquisitive idler.

demi-botu-geois, m., petty

204 Origines de la France Contemporaine

tradesman, man of the lower middle class.

demi-botirgeoisie, /., lower middle class.

demi-brute, /., sort of blockhead, half-baked person.

demi-fou, m., sort of maniac, half-crazy person.

demi-mort, adj., half dead.

demi-siècle, m., half century.

démon, m., devil, demo^.

dénaturé, -e, adj., unnatural.

dénier, tr., to deny.

dénomination, /., dénomination; désignation.

dénoncer, /r., to denoimce, proscribe, inform.

dénonciation, /., denunciation, report.

dénoter, /r., to dénote.

dénouement, m., event; outcome.

denrée, /., commodity, wares, goods.

dent,/., tooth.

départ, m., departure.

département, m., distribution; department.

dépasser, /r., to go beyond, exceed; — le cadre convenu, to be outside of conventional form, violate the proprieties.

dépaysié, -e, adj., away from home, exiled; homesick.

dépecer, /r., to eut up.

dépêcher, refl.j to make haste.

dépendre, intr.y to dépend.

dépens, m. pi. y expense.

dépense, /., expense, expenditure.

dépenser, /r., to spend, expend; se — , to find an outlet for one's énergies.

dépit, m.f spite, vexation.

déplac^ -e, adj.f displaced, out of place, in bad taste.

déplacement, m,, displacement, change, journey, confusion.

déplaire intr., to displease, offend.

déplier, Ir., to unfold.

déployer, /r., to unfold, dîsplay, open.

déportation, /., déportation.

déporté, m., exile.

déporter, tr., to déport.

déposer, tr,, to deposit; lay down.

dépdt, m.f deposit, trust/ garder en -^, to hâve deposited with one.

dépouiller, ir,, to despoil; strip.

dépourvu, -e, adj., destitute.

dépraver, tr,, to déprave, vitiate.

dépression, /., dépression.

depuis, ffrep., since, for, from.

députation, /., deputation.

député, m., deputy, représentative.

déraison, /, unreasonableness.

dérangement m., disorder, stoppage, disturbance.

déranger, /r., to put out, disturb.

dériver, inir,, to dérive, originate.

demi-er, -ère, adj., last, latter,v récent, lowest.

dérober, tr., to take away; conceal; se — f refl., to steal away; shun, escape.

d^ouler, tr., to unroll; bring to pass.

derrière, pref., behind; par

. — , from benind.

Origines de la France Contemporaine 205

dès, prep.y from, since; — que,

conj,y when, as soon as,

since, from the moment

that; — lors, from that

time onward.

désaccordé, -e, adj,, discordant.

désaccorder, /r., to put out of

tune, make discord in.

désagréer, /r., to displease.

désagréger, tr., to disaggre-

gate, disperse.

désarmer, /r., to disarm.

désastre, m., disaster.

descendre, i»/r., to descend,

get off, be handed down.

désert, -e, adj,, deserted.

désertetir, m., déserter.

désespéré, -e, adj., desperate,

hopeless.

désespoir, m., despair.

désigner, tr., to désigna te,

point out.

désin m., désire.

désobligeant, -e, adj.y unkind.

désœuvré, -e, adj., idle, fanci-

ful, futile, out of power; ».

m.f idler.

désolation, /., désolation.

désordre,^ m., disorder.

désormais, adv.^ henceforth.

despotique, adj., despotic.

despotiquement^ adv., despot-

ically.

despotisme, adj., despotism.

dessécher, /r., to dry up, hard-

en, parch, suck dry, im-

poverish, wither.

dessiner, /r., to delîneate, plan,

draw up; stand out; set off;

se — ^ to assume a form.

dessus, adv.y thereupon; upon

it (them).

destinée, /., destiny.

destiner, /r., to destine, intend.

destruct-eur, -rice, ». and adj. y destroyer; destructive.

destruction,/., destruction.

détacher, tr,, to detach, separate.

détail, 9»., particular circumstance, détail; de — y petty.

détenir, /r., to detain, imprison.

détente, /., trigger; relaxation.

détenu, m.y prisoner.

déterminer, /r., to détermine, induce.

détraquer, /r., to put out of order, dérange.

détresse,/., dîstress.

détromper, refl., to be undeceived.

détruire, /r., to destroy; ruin.

dette, /., debt; être perdu de — s, to be deeply in debt.

deux^ adj., two.

devant, prep.y before (place); in the présence of.

dévaster, /r., to devastate.

développer, /r., to develop, open, deliver, extend.

devenir, intr.y to become; à y — quelque chose, to hâve some part in it.

dévergondage, m., shameless life; unbridled excess.

déverser, /r., to throw, cast, scatter, deliver.

dévêtir, tr.f to undress.

deviner, /r., to divine, guess.

devis, w., estimate, chat.

devise,/., emblem, motto.

devoir, m. y duty; rendre ses — s, to pay one*s respects.

2o6 Origines de la France Contemporaine

devoir, tr.^ to owe; must, be to, ought, hâve to.

dévoran^ -e, adj., ravenous.

dévorer, /r., to devour.

dévouer, /r., to dévote.

dextérité,/., clevemess.

diable, m.f devil, deuce.

diabolique, adj., diabolical.

diamant, m., diamond.

dictateur, m., dictator.

dictature, /., dictatorship.

dicter, /r., dictate.

Dieu, m., God; dieu en chambre, idol in a sanctuary.

différemment, adv.f differently.

différence, /., différence.

différent, -e, adj., différent

différer, tr., to differ.

difficile, adj., difficult.

difficilement, adv., with difficulty.

difficulté,/., difficulty.

difformité,/, deformity, monstrosity.

digérer, tr., to digest.

digne, adj., worthy.

dignitaire, m., dignitary.

dignité,/, dignity.

diligence, /., stagecoach.

dîme,/., tithe.

diminuer, tr., to lessen, diminish taxes of.

dîner, m., dinner.

dîner, intr., to dine.

diplomate, m., diplomat.

diplomatie,/, diplomacy.

dire, tr., to tell, say, mean; vouloir — , to mean; se — , to call one's self.

directement, adv., directly.

directeur, m., director.

direction,/, direction, leadership.

directoire, m., directorate.

diriger, tr., to direct; se — , to go towards.

discernement, m., judgment

disciple, m., disciple.

discipline,/, discipline.

discipliné, -e, adj., well disciplined.

discipliner, tr., to discipline, train.

discontinuer, tr., to discontinue, stop.

disconvenance, /., incongruity, impropriety, incom- . patibility.

discordant, -e, adj., discordant, warrinç.

discorde,/, discord, strife.

discoureur, m., babbler.

discours, m., discourse, address, discussion.

discrétion, /., circumspection; à — ^, at discrétion, ad libitum; à sa — , at one's mercy.

discuter, tr,, to examine, discuss.

disette, /., dearth, famine, want.

disloquer, tr., to disorganize; se — , to get out of order; go to pièces.

disparidtre, intr., to disappear.

disparate,/., incongruity.

disparate, adj., incongruous.

disperser, tr., to disperse.

disponible, adj., free, at one's disposai.

dispos, -e, adj., active; cheerful, lively, vivacious.

disposé, -e, adj., disposed.

disposer, tr., to make ready.

disposition, /., disposai, ap-

Origines de la France Contemporaine 207

propriation, ability, attitude.

disproportion, /., disparity.

disproportionné, -e, adj., disproportionate, ill-fitting; eut of step.

disputer, ir. and intr., to dispute, compete for.

disputeur, m., wrangler.

dissimulé» -e, adj., dissembling.

dissipateur, m., spendthrift.

dissiper, tr., to dissipa te, waste the énergies of .

dissolution,/., dissolution.

dissoudre, /r., to dissolve.

distance,/., distance.

distiller, /r., to distil.

distinguer, /r ., to distinguish.

distraction, /., amusement, absent- mindedness; sans — , without neglecting the business of the moment.

distraire, /r ., to divert.

distribuer, /r., to distribute.

district, m., district.

dit, -e, adj., surnamed, called.

divergent, -e, adj., divergent.

divers, -e, adj., divers, varions.

diversité, /., diversity.

diviser, tr., to divide, be hésitant.

division,/., division.

dix, num. adj., ten.

dix-huit, num. adj., eighteen.

dix-huitième, num. adj., eighteenth.

dix-sept» num. adj., seventeen.

docile, /., docile.

doctrine, /., doctrine.

dogmatique, adj., positive.

dogme, m., dogma, tenet.

doigt» m., ûnger.

domaine, m., domain.

domestique, m. or/., servant, domestique, adj., domestic,

private, homely, tame.

domicile, m., home.

dominant, -e, adj., dominant.

domination»/., domlnion.

dompteur, m., tamer, sub-

duer.

don» m., gift.

donc» conj., then; therefore.

donner, tr., to give.

dont, pron., whose, of whom,

of which, with which.

doré, -e, adj., gilt, gold-

laden.

dorénavant» adv., henceforth.

dormir» intr., to sleep.

dos» m., back.

double, adj. and adv., double,

doubly.

doucement, adv., gently,

gradually; sweetly. douceur» /., sweetness, har-

mony, joy, charm, delight;

mildness.

douche, /., shower bath.

douer, tr., to endow.

douleur, /., pain, grief, suf-

fering.

doute, m., doubt; sans — ^ no

doubt.

dou-x, -ce, adj., gentle, sweet,

pleasant.

douze» num. adj., twelve.

drap, m., cloth, sheet.

dresser, tr., to erect, prépare,

draw up, lay, raise, make

out (accounts) ; train.

droit, m., right; due, impost;

law; à bon — , with good

reason, justly; de — , at

law, rightfully.

droit» adv., straight on.

2o8 Origines de la France Contemporaine

droit, -e, adj., straight, right,

just. • droite, /., right hand.

droiture,/., integrity.

dû, due, p. p.f due.

duc, m., duke. duchesse,/., duchess.

duel, m., duel.

du moins, adv,y however, at

least.

dupe,/., dupe.

dur, -e, adj,, hard, harsh,

cruel, severe.

durant, prep., during.

durer, intr,, to last.

eaxL^f.f water; — qui monte,

rising stream.

eau-de-vie,/, brandy.

ébranlement m., shock, trouble, tendency, degree of

dérangement.

ébranler, refl., to move, get

in motion, start.

ébullition,/., ebullition.

écailler, refl.f to peel o£F.

écart, m., digression, error,

vagary, variation; à V — ,

aside, to one side, at one

side, away.

écarté, adj., remote, lonely.

écarter, /r., to remove, lay

aside; s* — , to avoid, de-

viate.

ecclésiastique, m., clergyman;

pl.f clergy; adj.f ecclesias-

tical.

échafaud, m., scaffold.

échange, m.f exchange. échanger, /r., to exchange.

échapper, intr., to escape.

échauffé, p. p.^ heated, ex-

cited.

échauffement, m., over-ez-

citement, heated condition; heating.

échauffer, /r., to warm, excite, stimulate.

échec, m., check, reverse; faire — et mat, checkmate.

échelle,/, ladder, scale.

écho (pr, e-ko), m., écho.

échoppe,/., booth, stall, shed.

éclaboussure,/, splash.

éclairé, -e, adj.j enlightened.

éclairer, tr. and intr,, to light; enlighten, furnish light; s* — , to become enlightened.

éclat, m., pomp, splendor, style, burst, explosion, noise.

éclatant, -e, adj., bright, dazzling, sensational, striking.

éclater, intr.y to burst; burst forth, break out, eut loose.

éclipser, /r., to éclipse, throw in the shade.

école,/, school.

écolier, w., scholar; en — ^ scholarlike; in a scholarly manner; like a schooiboy.

économe, adj.y economical.

économique, adj.y économie.

écorce,/., bark; outside; d' — ^ skin-deep.

écorcher, /r., to flay.

écouter, /r., to listen, hear.

écraser, /r., to crush.

écrier, refl.y to exclaim.

écrire, /r., to write, set down.

écrit, m., writing, article, essay.

écriteau, m., poster.

écriture,/., hand writing, doc^ ument, writing.

écrivain, m., author.

Origines de la France Contemporaine 209

écuiner, intr., to foam, froth at the mouth.

éctirie,/., stable.

écuyer, m., squire; rider.

édifice, m.f édifice, structure.

édit| m.f edict.

édredon, w., eider down, eider-down coverlet.

éducation,/., éducation.

effaré, -e, adj., wild, frightened.

effarement, m. y distraction, fright, bewilderment.

effaroucher, ir.j to frighten, scare.

effecti-f, -ve, adj.y efficient, relîable, in effect.

effectivement, adv., actually, really, in fact.

efféminer, /r., to enervate.

effet, m. y effect; pi., things, clothes, goods; en — , in reality, in fact; à V — de, for the purpose of ; à cet — , for this purpose; à — , for effect, pretentious.

efficace, adj., efficacious.

efficace, /., efficacy.

efficacité, /., efficacy, efficiency.

effieurer, tr., to graze, skim over.

effondrer, refl.y to give way, coUapse.

efforcer, refl,, to make an effort, strive.

effort, m., effort, endeavor.

effrayant, -e, adj.y frightful.

effrayer, /r., to frighten.

effréné, -e, adj.y unbridled, immoderate, intemperate.

effiroi, m., fright, terror.

efErontéy -e, adj., brazenfaced.

effroyable, adj., frightful.

effusion, /., effusion, démonstration.

égal, m. y equal.

égal, -e, adj. y equal, uniform, even.

également, adv.y equally.

égaler, /r., to make even, equalize, equal.

égaliser, /r., to equalize, level.

égalité,/., equality.

égard, m.y considération, respect, courtesy, regard.

égaré, -e, adj.y strayed, misguided.

égide, /., iEgis {shield qf Jupiter or ofPallas).

église,/., church.

égolsme, m.y egotism, selfishness.

égoïste, m.y egotist; adj.y selfish.

égorger, tr.y to kill; eut the throat.

égorgeur, m., cutthroat, executioner.

égout, m.y drain, sewer.

égoutier, w., sewer-tender.

égratigner, /r., to scratch, claw.

élaborer, /r., to elaborate, work out, refine.

élan, m.y start; dash; soaring, zest; impulse, impetus, in spiration.

élancer, refl.y to dash forth rush.

élargir, /r., to widen; extend release, expand.

électeur, w., elector.

élection, /., subdistrict of tax ation; élection.

élégance,/., élégance.

élégant, m., dandy.

2IO Origines de la France Contemporaine

élégant, -e, adj., élégant, élément, m.^ élément, éléphant, m., éléphant.

élève, m. y pupil, student.

élever, /r., to raise up, edu-

cate; s' — , to rise, progress,

be raised; increase, amount

to.

élire, /r., to choose, elect.

élite,/., choice, pick, flower.

elle, pron.f she, it, her.

elles, pron.f they, them.

élpcution, /., manner of

speech, delivery.

éloge, m. y eulogy, praise.

éloigner, tr., to remove, take

away; s' — , to départ, éloquence,/., éloquence, élu, -e, adj.f elected, chosen.

embarasser, /r., to burden,

embarrass.

embarquer, refl., to embark.

embauchage, m., enticing

away; recruiting soldiers.

embaucheur, m., one who en-

tices away; recruiting oflS-

cer; employer.

embourbé, -e, adj.y bemired.

embrasser, /r., to embrace;

s* — , to embrace one an-

other.

embrasure, /., embrasure;

porthole.

embuscade, /., ambuscade.

embusquer, refl.y to lie in

wait.

émeute,/., riot.

émeutier, w., rioter.

émigré, -e, adj. and w., emi-

grant, exile; one having

lef t Paris to escape the ter-

ror.

éminent, -e, adj.y eminent,

promiuent.

emmagasiner, /r., to ware-

house, store away.

emmener, /r., to lead away.

émotion,/., émotion, émouvoir, tr., to move, excite, emparer, refl., to seize, empêcher, tr., to prevent,

keep from.

empereur, m., emperor.

empêtrer, refl., to become en-

tangled.

emphase, /., pomposity, em-

phasis, stress.

emphatique, adj., emphatic,

pompons, empiétement, m., encroach-

ment.

empUer, tr., to pile up.

empire, m., empire, dominion.

emplir, tr., to fill up.

emploi, m., place, use, position, investment, func-

tions.

employé, m., employée, clerk;

officiai.

employer, tr., to eraploy.

empoigner, tr., to grasp, seize, empoisonneur, m., poisoner.

emportement, m., passion,

excitement, ardor.

emporter, tr., to carry away,

run off with, capture, take;

— smr les autres, to con-

quer, or prove superior to

others.

empreindre, tr., to imprint;

impress.

empreinte, /., mark, stamp,

impress.

empressé, -e, adj., eager,

zealous, attentive.

empressement, m., eagerness,

zeal, attention.

Origines de la France Contemporaine 21 j

emprisonnement, m., imprisonment.

emprunt, m., loan, borrowing; d* — , borrowed.

emprunter, tr., to borrow.

ému, -e, p. p. and adj.y stirred, excited.

émulation,/., rivalry.

émule, m. y rival, competitor.

en, pron.y of it, by it, about il; some, any, of them.

en, prep.y in, within, with, to, by, as, while.

encadrer, /r., to frame.

enceinte, /., circuit, inclosure, precincts, place.

encens, m., incense.

encensoir, m., censer; donner de 1' — par le nez, to flatter fulsomely.

enchaîner, /r., to chain down.

enchant-eur, -eresse, adj., enchanting.

enchérir, /r., to bid, outbid, bid up, outdo.

enchevêtré, -e, p, p., entangled, interrelated.

enchevêtrer, /r., to put on a halter.

enclin, -e, adj., inclined, prone.

enclore, /r., to inclose.

encombre, m., impediment, hindrance.

encombrement, m., obstruction, blockade.

encore, ctdv.f yet, again, still, nevertheless, after ail.

encouragement, m., encouragement, moral support.

encourir, /r., to incur.

encyclopédique, adj.f encyclopédie, of encyclopedists.

endolori, -e, adj., painful, aching.

endormir, refl.y to fall asleep.

endosser, ir.^ to put on the

back, put on; shoulder.

endroit^ m., place.

endurci, -e, adj., hardened.

énergie, f., energy.

énergique, adj,, energetic.

énergumène, m., demoniac,

one possessed, a "crank." enfance, /., infancy, child-

hood.

enfant, m., infant, child; les

— s perdus, reckless ad-

venturers, members of the

f orlorn hope ; — s de France,

King's children.

enfanter, /r., to bring forth.

enfermer, /r., to shut in, lock

up.

enfin, adv., finally, any ho w,

well!

enfoncer, tr. and intr,, to

plunge, bury, pierce, rush,

break in, sink.

engageant, -e, adj., fascinât-

ing.

engager, tr., to engage, invite, start, begin, urge; la

guerre est engagée, war is

on.

engin, m., machine; tread-

mill; equipment.

engloutir, tr., to engulf.

en|;ouer, refl., to be infatuated.

emvrant, -e, adj., intoxicat-

ing.

enivrer, /r., to intoxicate.

enjoué, -^adj., sprightly.

enlacer, tr,, to lace, interlace,

enmesh, entangle.

enlèvement, m., abduction,

removal.

enlever, tr., to carry off, take

away, deprive of.

212 Origines de la France Contemporaine

ennemi, m., enemy, foe.

ennemi-né, m., natural enemy.

ennoblir, /r., to ennoble.

ennui, m., tediousness, boredom; grief.

énorme, adj., enormous, huge, gréa t.

énormité, /., hugeness, enormity.

enrichir, /r., to enrich; s' — , to grow rich.

enrôler, refl., to enlist.

enseigne,/., mark, sign.

enseignement, m., instruction.

enseigner, tr.y to teach.

ensemble, adv.j together.

ensemble, m., whole, ensemble, combination, unity.

ensuite, adv., afterwards, then, and then.

entamer, /r., to encroach upon, broach, touch, affect, begin.

entassement, m., accumulation.

entasser, /r., to pile up.

entendre, /r., to hear, understand, mean, intend; s' — avec, to act in concert with, get along with, agrée.

entente,/., understanding.

enterrer, /r., to bury.

entêté, -e, adj.^ stubborn.

entêter, refl.f to take a strong fancy to, be obstinate.

enthousiasme, m., enthusiasm.

enthousiaste, adj.y enthusiastic.

enti-er, -ère, adj., entire, whole, devoted.

entourer, /r., to surround, entraînement, m., enthusiasm.

entraîner, /r., to sweep off,

entail, carry away, drag

off, lead.

entrave, /., clog, obstacle,

hobble, restraint.

entraver, /r., to hinder, im-

pede.

entre, prep., between, among.

entrée^ /., entry; réception;

free access; brevet d' — ,cer-

tificate of admission; —

familière, family réception, entreprendre, tr., to under-

take, begin, try.

entrepreneur, m., manager, entreprise, /., enterprise.

entrer, i»/r., to enter; — en

possession, to take possession; — en branle, to

star t.

entresol, m., entresol (between

the ground fioor and the firsi

fioor). ♦

entretenir, tr.y to maintain;

s* — , to converse, entrevoir, tr., to hâve a

glimpse of, suspect.

envahir, /r., to invade, over-

run; pervade.

envahisseur, m., invader.

enveloppe,/., exterior.

envelopper, /r., to envelop,

wrap about, involve, envers, frep., toward.

envi ; à r — ^ adv.f in émulation

of one another.

envie,/., désire, envieu-x, -se, m. and /., en-

vious person.

environ, adv., about.

environnant, -e, adj\, sur-

rounding.

Origines de la France Contemporaîne 213

enwonner, tr., to beset,

surround, enwons, m. pLj neighbor-

hood; aux — de, about,

near.

envoyé, m., envoy, emis-

sary.

envoyer, tr., to send; il se

fait — , he sends for.

épais, -se, adj., thick; duU.

épancher, refl.f to open one's

heart.

épargne,/., saving.

épargner, /r., to save, spare.

épaule,/., shoulder.

épée,/., sword.

épicerie,/, grocery.

épicier, m., grocer. épier, tr., to watch, watch

for, spy upon, reconnoiter.

épithète,/, epithet.

épouvante,/, terror, affright.

épouz^ m., husband.

épreuve, /., proof, test, trial,

hardship.

éprouver, /r., to try, prove,

exhibit, feel, test.

épuisé, -e, adj.y worn out, ex-

hausted.

épuisement^ m., exhaustion.

épuiser, tr., to exhaust, drain

dry.

épuration,/, purification.

épuré, -e, adj. and p. p., puri-

fied, sublimated.

épurer, /r., to purify, elimi-

nate the troublesome mem-

^-rs of.

rrisseur, m., flayer, acker.

bre, m., equilibrium.

brer, tr., to poise, bale.

îT, /T., to equip.

équivaloir, intr.j to be équivalent.

ériger, /r., to erect, raise, set up.

errant, -e, adj., wandering, stray.

erreur, /., error, mistake.

érupti-f, -ve, adj.y eruptive, volcanic, explosive.

escabelle,/, stool.

escalader, /r., to scale.

escalier, m., staircase.

esclave, m. andf.y slave.

escorte, /., convoy, escort, retinue.

escouade,/, squad.

escrime,/, fencîng.

espace, m., space.

espèce, /., species, kînd, " odd person," " freak."

espérance,/., hope.

espérer, /r., to hope.

espion, m., spy.

esprit, m.j mind; spirit, wit, intellect; — de vin, spirits, alcohol.

essai, m., essay, attempt.

essaiim, m., swarm.

essayer, /r., to attempt.

essentiel, -le, adj., essential.

essor, m.y flight, impetus.

estampe,/., engraving; print.

estime, /., esteem.

estimer, /r., to estimate, esteem.

estomac (pr. -ma), m., stomach.

estompe, /., stump (art); portrait à P— , pastel portrait.

estrade,/., stage, platform.

et; conj., and; — ... — , both . . . and.

établi, -e, adj., established.

établir, /r., to establish.

214 Origines de la France Contemporaine

établissement, m., establishment.

étage, w., story.

étalage, m., laying out, exhibition, display, appearance.

étaler, /r., to spread, spread out, set forth, display.

étang, m. y pool, bog, pond.

état, m. y State; profession, calling; esta te; condition; tiers — , third estate, the common people, the nobility being the first esta te, and the clergy the second estate; hors d' — , unable; étant donné leur — d'esprit, having corne to this State of belief from their point of view; — s généraux, national parliamentary assembly; homme d* — , statesman.

état-major, w., staff oflSce, staff, cabinet.

éteindre, /r., to quench, to put out; s* — , to go out.

étendre, /r., to stretch, extend.

étendue,/., extent.

étemel, -le, adj., eternal.

étiquette, /., label, étiquette, procédure.

étoffe,/., cloth.

étonnant, -e, adj.y astonishing, amazing, surprising.

étonné, -e, adj.f astonished.

étourdi, w., madcap.

étrange, adj., strange.

étrang-er, -ère, adj. y foreign, strange; n. w., foreigner, stranger; passer à V — , to go abroad.

étrangler, /r., to strangle.

être, tn.f being.

être, intr.y to be; — d'intelligence, to be agreed; — en