scène, to be on the stage

— en compte avec, to hâve

a bill with; — par terre, to

be on the ground.

étroit, -e, adj.f narrow, small,

limited.

étude,/., study.

étudiant, m., student.

étudié, -e, adj.f affected.

étudier, tr., to study.

étui, tn.f case, box, sheath.

eu, p. p., had.

eux, pron., them, they.

évacuer, /r., to evacuate,

empty.

évaluer, /r., to value, esti-

mate, appraise (at).

évanouir, refl., to faint.

évaporer, refl.y to evaporate,

vanish.

évêché, m.f bishopric; bishop's

house.

éveiller, /r., to awaken.

événement m., event.

évéque, m.f bishop.

évidenmient, adv.f evidently.

éviter, tr.f to avoid.

exact, -c, adj.f exact, correct,

true.

exactement, adv.y exactly.

exaction,/., exaction, exagération, /., exaggeration.

exagéré, -e, adj.f fanatical,

given to exaggeration.

exagérer, ir. and intr., exag-

gérate, to grow more and

more acute.

exaltation, /., exaltation, en-

thusiasm.

exalter, /r., to exalt, enthuse,

spur on, stimulate.

examen, m., exami nation.

Origines de la France Contemporaine 215

examiner, /r., to examine.

exaspéré, -e, adj.j exasperated.

ex-avocat, m., ex-la wyer.

excéder, /r., to wear out.

excellence,/., excellence; par — , in its greatest perfection.

excellent, -e, adj., excellent, fine.

excentrique, n. m. and adj.j odd stick, eccentric.

excepté, prep., except.

exception, /., exception; partiality.

excès, m.f immoderation, excess, violence.

excessi-f, -ve, adj.j excessive, extrême.

excitable, adj. y excitable.

excitation, /., stimulus, influence.

exciter, /r., to stir up.

exclamation, /., exclamation.

exclure, /r., to exciude.

excroissance, /. , excrescence.

excuser, /r., to excuse, apologize for.

exécuter, /r., to exécute.

exécuteur, m., executor, tool.

exécuti-f, -ve, adj.^ executive.

exécution, /., exécution.

exemplaire, m., copy.

exemple, m., example; donner V — , to set the example.

exempt, -e, adj., exempt.

exemption, /., exemption (Jrom military service).

exercer, /r., to drill, practice, accustom.

exercice, m., drill, lesson, exercise.

exhalaison,/., exhalation.

exhaler, /r., to exhale; s* — ^ to be exhaled.

exhorter, fr., to exhort.

exigence, /., claim, demand,

requirement.

exiger, /r., to demand, re-

quire.

existence,/., existence, exister, intr., to exist.

exorde, m., exordium.

expansion, ^., expansion, de-

monstrativeness, effusion.

expédient, m., expédient.

expédier, /r., to dispatch,

send.

expéditi-f, -ve, adj., quick.

expédition, /., expédition.

e^>érience, /., expérience, ex-

périment.

expert, -e, adj., expert.

expliq|uer, /r., to explain.

exploit, w., feat.

exploitant, -e, adj. and n. m,,

managing, manager, explosion,/., explosion.

exportation,/., ex port, export

trade. exprès, adv., expressly.

expressément, adv., expressly.

expression,/., phrase, expression, exprimer, /r., to express, expulser, tr., to expei.

extérieur, -e, adj., exterior,

foreign, external.

exterminateur, m., extermi-

nator.

extermination, /., extermination.

extraction, /., extraction,

birth. , extraordinaire, adj., extraor-

dinary.

extravagance, /., foUy, ec-

centricity, crazy act.

extrême, m.^ extrême.

2i6 Origines de la France Contemporaine

extrêmement, adv.j eztreme-

ly.

extrémité, /., extremity, end, resort.

fable,/., fable, story.

fabricant, m., manufacturer, maker; inciter, breeder.

fabriquer, tr. and intr.f to manufacture.

face,/., front; face; en — de, before, in the présence of.

facile, adj.f easy.

facilité, /., easiness, ease, readiness, freedom from reserve.

façon, /., fasbion; manner, way, ceremony.

faconde, /., talkativeness.

factice, adj.f artificial.

factieux, m., factionist.

faction, /., faction.

facult^/., faculty, ability.

fagot, m.j bundle (usually of sticks or twigs)f fine wood, kindling.

faible, adj.y weak, faint; small.

faiblesse,/., weakness.

faillir, intr., to fail.

faim, /., hunger; avoir — , to be hungry.

faire, /r., to make, do, haVe, cause, play, tell, travel; — des prières, to offer up prayers; — feu, to fire; — la besogne, to do the bulk of the work; — la grimace, to make a face; — honte, to make one ashamed; — montre de, to display; — queue, to stand in line; — sauter, to blow up; — passer, admit, hold; se — , become, occur, happen, be

made; ne fait que manifester, merely indicates.

faisceau, m., bundle.

faiseur, m., maker.

fait, w., fact; en — , in fact; en — de, as for, in point of; mettre au — , to post, inform; de — , in reality, " de facto."

fait, -c, adj.y fit; constituted; calcula ted; suited; full grown.

falloir, impers. j must, should, ought, need, require.

famélique, m. or /., starveling.

familiariser, tr., to familiarize; se — avec, to be démocratie with.

familiarité, /., familiarity, intimacy.

familier, m., close friend.

famili-er, -ère, adj., familiar, private.

familièrement, adv.^ familiarly.

famille,/., family; père de — , head of a family.

famine,/., famine.

fanatique, adj. and n., fanâtical, fanatic.

fanatisme, m., fanaticism.

fangeu-x, -se, adj. y miry, filthy.

fantoccini (pr. fan-tot-sheenee)f m. pi., puppets; fantoche, m. y a person not to be taken seriously.

fantôme, m., specter.

fard, m. y complexion paint, artificial complexion, complexion powder; pretense.

fardeau, m., burden.

farine,/., flour.

Origines de la France Contemporaine 217

farouche, adj., wild, fierce.

faste, m.y pomp.

fastueu-x, -se, adj., pompous, imposing.

faty m.y fop.

fatal, -e, adj.y fatal, fateful.

fatigant, -e, adj., fatiguing.

fatigue, f.y fatigue, hardship, weariness.

fatigué, -e, adj.f fatigued.

fatiguer, /r., to tire.

faubourg, m., suburb.

faucher, tr., to mow; machine à — , mowing machine; guillotine.

fausser, /r., to bend; pervert, falsify.

faute,/., mistake; want; à — de, in default of ; — de, for not; prendre en — , to find delinquent.

fauteuil, m., armchair.

fauve, adj.j fawn-colored; reddish; wild; n. m., deer; bête — , fallow deer.

faux,/., Scythe.

fau-x, -sse, adj., false, artificial, counterfeit.

faux-saunier, m., contraband sait dealer.

faveur, /., boon; favor, protection, " pull."

favorable, adj.^ favorable.

favori, w., si de whisker.

favori, -te, adj.^ favorite.

favoriser, /r., to favor.

fébrile, adj,, feverish.

feindre, /r., to feign, prétend.

feinte,/., pretense.

féliciter, /r., to congratulate.

femelle,/., female.

fçmme, /., woman, wife,

lady; — de charge, house-

keeper; — de chambre,

chambermaid.

fendre, /r., to split, cleave,

rend.

fenêtre,/., wîndow.

féodal, -e, adj., feudal.

féodalité, /., feudalism.

fer, m., iron.

ferme,/., farm.

ferme, adj,y firm, fixed.

fermé, -e, adj. and p. p.,

closed, complète.

fermenter, intr.^ to ferment,

work.

fermer, /r., to close.

fermier, w., f armer, tenant,

renter.

féroce, adi.^ fierce.

férocité,/, ferôcity. ferré, -e, adj. y shod, pro-

vided with iron.

fertile, adj., productive, ferveur,/., fervor.

festin, m., feast.

fête, /., festival, célébration,

entertainment.

feu, m., fire; faire — , to fire;

marcher au — , to enter

battle; mettre le — à la

maison, to set the house on *fire; — x de Bengale, Ben-

gal lights, colored lights.

fiacre, m.^ carriage.

ficelle,/., twine, string.

fichu, w., neckerchief.

fidèle, adj.y faithful; w., be-

lieyer, devotee.

fidèlement, adv., faithfuUy.

fidéUté, /., fidelity.

fier, fière, adj., proud.

fièvre,/., fever.

figure, /., figure, face; figure

of speech.

2i8 Origines de la France Contemporaine

figurer, tr. and inir., to ap-

pear; se — , to imagine, fil, m. y thread; passer au —

de l'êpêe, to kill with a

sword thrust.

file,/., rank, file, procession, filer, /r., to spin out, turn

(phrases).

filet, m. y string, net.

filiation, /., séquence, relation.

fille,/., daughter, girl.

filou, m. y cheat.

fils, m. y son; — de famille,

minor; young man of good

family; — de France,

King's son.

fin,/., end; à la — , at last; in

the end.

fin, -e, adj.y fine; poli te; thin;

élever, crafty, subtle.

final, -e, adj.y final, last, con-

cluding.

finale,/., finale.

finalement, adv.y finally.

finance,/., finance.

finir, intr.y to finish; — par,

to end up with, finally

to. . . .

fixe, adj.y settled, fixed, pet-

rified, chronic.

fixer, tr.y to détermine, defint.

fixité,/., permanence.

flairer, tr.y to scent.

flambeau, w., torch.

flamber, intr.y to blaze, flash

out. flamme,/., flame.

flanc, m., flank, side.

flâneur, m. y stroUer.

flanquer, tr., to guard, stand

adjacent to, protect.

flatter, tr., to flatter, pat.

flatterie,/., flattery.

fléau, m., flail, scourge.

fléchir, intr.y to waver, stag-

ger.

flétrir, tr.y to wither, blight.

fleur,/., flower.

fleuve, m. y river, flexibilité,/., suppleness.

flibustier, m., freebooter,

crook.

florissant, -e, adj., prosper-

ous.

flot, m. y wave, billow; crowd.

flottant, -e, adj., floating,

wandering; train — , log-

raft.

flotte,/., fleet.

flotter, intr.y to float, waft.

flux (pr. Jlu)y m., flow, rising

tide, influx.

foi, /., faith, crédit; ma — ,

(upon tny) faith I foin, m. y hay.

foire,/., fair.

fois, f.y time; à la — , alto-

gether, ail at once, folie,/., madness. fonction, /., oflSce, duty,

function, position, fonctionnaire, m., oflâcial,

public employée.

fonctionner, intr., to work,

act.

fond, m., bottom; heart;

background, basis.

fondamental, -e, adj., funda-

mental.

fondateur, m. y founder.

fondation, /., basis.

fondé, -e, adj. and p. p.,

founded, well founded, stable.

fondement, m., foundation.

fonder, tr., to found; se — ,

to arisç,

Origines de la France Contemporaine 219

fondre, tr. and intr., to cast, melt; pounce.

fonds, m. y funds; cash; avance de — , loan.

fontaine, /., fountain.

forain, -e, adj., foreign.

forçat, m. y galley slave.

Force (la), a former prison in Paris.

force, /., strength; vigor, force, violence; à — de temps et de peine, by dint of much time and trouble; coup de — , violence; la — armée, the military.

force, adv.y much, many.

forcé, -e, adj.y inévitable.

forcément, adv.y forcibly; necessarily.

forcené, adj.y furious, mad; m. y madman.

forcer, tr.y to force, break open, break into, wear down; — nn cerf, to run down a deer.

forêt, /., forest.

forfait, m. y crime.

forger, /r., to forge, invent.

fomialité, /., formality.

forme,/., form.

former, /r., to form.

formule,/., formula.

fort, m. y strongest part of a thing; dans le — de la lutte, in the beat of the struggle; — de la Halle, porter; au plus — de, at the height of; in the thick of.

fort, -e, adj.y strong, stout, bad; fine; violent; great; severe; heavy.

forteresse, /., fortress.

fortune, /., fortune, fortunes;

bonne — , love affair.

fossé, m. y ditch.

fou, fol, -le, adj.y wild, mad,

crazy.

fou, m. y madman.

foudre, m. or/., thunderbolt.

fougue, /., fury, violence;

impetuosity; fire; — s de

cervelle, wild fancies.

fouiller, /r., to dig.

foule,/., crowd, throng, mob.

fouler, tr.y to trample; —

aux pieds, to trample un-

der foot.

four, m. y oven; au — , in the

oven.

f oturberie, /. , knavery .

fourbu, -e, adj.y unable to

walk; foundered.

fourche,/., pitchfork.

fourchette,/., fork.

fourmi,/., ant.

fotu*neau, m., stove, furnace.

fotu-nir, /r., to furnish, supply.

fournisseur, m., tradesman;

purveyor; — de la table,

provision dealer.

fourniture, /., supply; provision, goods.

fourrage, w., fodder.

foyer, w., fire grate; lobby;

center of disturbance; fire.

frac, m. y dress coat; — uni,

dress suit (of one color).

frais, m. pi. y expenses, costs,

expense.

franc, w., franc {coin worth

ig.5 cents).

franc, -he, adj.y frank.

franchir, tr.y to leap over,

clear.

franchise, /., freedom, frank-

ness.

220 Origines de la France Contemporaine

frapper, /r., to strike, knock,

overpower; — les regards,

to meet the gaze.

fraude,/., deceit.

frauduleu-x, -se, adj.^ fraud-

ulent.

frein, f»., bridle, check, re-

straint.

frelater, tr., to adulterate. frelon, m., homet.

frémissement, m,, shudder.

frénétique, adj., frantic, dis-

tracted, mad.

fréquent, -e, oJ/., fréquent.

fréquenter, /r., to keep Company with, associate with.

friche, /., waste land; en — ,

imcultivated, f allow ground.

fripon, m., knave.

frissonnant, -e, adj., shudder-

ing.

froid, m.f cold; faire — , to be

cold weather.

froid, -e, adj., cold.

froisser, /r., to bruise; offend,

ruffle.

fromage, w., cheese.

fronty w., forehead.

frontière, /., frontier.

frottement, m., friction.

fructidor, w., Fructidor

{twelflh month of the révolu-

tionary calendar^ Aug. i8 to

Sept. 17), fruit, f»., fruit, product.

fruiti-er, -ère, adj.^ fruitbear-

ing.

frustrer, /r., to frustrate, ren-

der fruitless.

fuir, intr.^ to flee, fly, escape.

fuite, /., flight; prendre la — ^

to take flight.

fumée,/., smoke. fumeu-z, -se, adj.y smoky.

fumier, m., rubbish, ofiFal.

ftmeste, adj.y fatal; baneful.

fureur, /., fury; rage, frenzy,

desperation.

furieu-z, -se, adj,, furious,

mad; n, m., madman.

fusil (pr.fu-si)j w., gun.

fusillade, /., fusillade.

fusiller, /r., to shoot, fire at.

futur, -e, adj.f future.

gabelle,/., tax upon sait; tax

on products (in gêner ci).

gabelou, m., collector of sait

tax.

gage, m.j pawn, pledge, se-

curity.

.gagnant, m., winner.

gagner, tr.y to win, gain, eam,

make money.

gai, -e, adj.y merry.

gaieté, A, gayety.

gaillard, w., jovial fellow;

fellow.

gaillardise, /., mirth; wan-

tonness, sport.

gain, m.t gain, profit.

gaine, /., sheath, scabbard,

coating.

galanterie, /., politeness, gal-

lantry. galère,/., galley, prison ship.

galerie,/., gallery.

galérien, m., galley slave, galetas, w., garret.

galeux, m.y one affected with

the itch, scurvy wretch,

leper.

galon, f»., lace, ofl&cer's

stripes, galloon.

gamin, m., urchin, black-

guard.

gant, w., glove.

garantie, /., guaranty.

Orîgînes de la France Contemporaine 221

garantir, tr., to assure, promise.

garçon, #»., boy; journeyman.

garçon-charron, m., wheelwright's apprentice.

garde, /., guard; watch; prenez — ! takf care; avoir — de, to take care not to; n'avoir — de, to be too

wise to; du-corps, body-

guard; — française, royal guardsman.

Garde-Meuble, m,, royal furniture warehouse.

garder, ir,, to keep, retain.

garde-robe, /., wardrobe.

gardien, -ne, m. and /., keeper, defender.

gare! interj,, look outi sans crier — , without warning.

garni, -e, adj.j trimmed, furnished; hôtel — , lodging house.

garnison,/., garrison.

gascon, -ne, adj.y Gascon.

gaspiller, /r., to waste, squander.

gâter, /r., to spoil, corrupt, pervert.

gauche,/., left sida; à — , on {to) the left; membre de — , member of the opposition party.

gauche, adj.^ left.

gaulois, -e, adj., Gallic; crude, coarse.

gaze,/, gauze.

gazette,/, gazette.

gazon, m.y turf.

gelée,/, frost.

geler, impers., to freeze.

gémir, intr., to groan.

gémissement, m., groan.

gênant, -e, adj., uncomfortable, disturbing.

gendarme, m., gendarme, policeman.

gendarmerie,/, gendarmery, police force.

gendre, w., son-in-law.

gêne, /, trouble, embarrassment; sans — ,unrestrained, free and easy.

généalogiste, m., genealogist, worshiper of rank.

gêner, /r., to impede; embarrass, worry, trouble.

général, -e, adj., gênerai, abstract; États généraux, national parliamentary assembly.

général, m., gênerai.

généralement, adv., generally.

généraliser, /r., to generalize.

généralité,/, generality; taxation district.

génération, /, génération, âge.

génereu-z, -se, adj., gracious, noble, generous, bounteous.

Gênes,/, Genoa.

génie, m., genius.

genou, w., knee; à — z, on one*s knees.

genre, w., kind; genus; — humain, mankind.

gens, m. or / pi. y people; — de service, servants; jeunes — , young folks; — d'esprit, people of sensé, intellect ual class; — sans aveu, vagrants; — de la maison, domestics; — du monde, Society people.

gentilhomme, m., gentleman, nobleman; — de la chambre, gentleman in waiting.

222 Origines de la France Contemporaine

geôle (pr.yo/),/.,jail.

geôlier {pr. jolie) ^ w., jailer.

gérer, /r., tô manage.

germe, m., germ.

germinal, m., Germinal {seo-

enth month of revolutionary

calendar, Mar. 21 to Apr,

gésir, intr., to lie.

geste, m., gesture; action,

feat, movement.

gibier, m., game.

gigantesque, aJ;., colossal.

Girondin, m., Girondist (mod-

erate repuhlican).

gît (3^ fers. sing. près, indic.

o/" gésir), lies.

gîte, m., lodging; resting

place, abode.

glace, /., ice; looking-glass;

plate glass.

glacer, tr., to freeze.

glaçon, m. , pièce of ice, icicle,

cake of ice.

glisser, intr., to slip, gloire,/., glory.

glorieu-z, -se, adj., proud,

boastful; glorious.

glorifier, refl., to boast, take

pride in.

gooer, /r., to swallow.

goguenard, -e, adj., jeering,

jesting.

golfe, w., gulf.

gonflé, -e, adj.f swollen,

stuffed.

gonfler, /r., to pufï up.

gorge, /., throat; neck and

shoulders.

gorger, /r., to gorge, stuff.

gouailleu-r, -se, adj., chaffing,

joking; n. w., jester.

gouffre, m. y whirlpool; cav-

ity, abyss.

goujat, m., laborer; soldier's

servant; camp folio wer.

gourdin, m., cudgel.

gourm^ -e, adj.^ affectedly

grave, gourmet, m., epicure.

goût, m., taste; manner.

goûter, /r., to taste, hâve a

taste for, get a taste of,

enjoy.

goutte,/., goût; drop.

gouvernant, m., ruler.

gouvernement, m., govem-

ment.

gouverner, /r., to govern.

gouverneur, w., governor,

commander.

grâce, /., favor; élégance, af-

fability; thanks; — à,

thanks to; par — , as a

favor.

gracieu-z, -se, adj., gracious,

gracef ul, courteous.

grade, m., rank; status.

grain, w., grain; small par-

ticle.

graine,/., seed.

grand, -e, adj., great, large,

tall; — jour, daylight; en

— , on a large scale, in

bulk; ». m. y noble.

grand-aumônier, m,, grand

almoner.

grandement, adv., grandly.

grandeur,/., greatness, huge-

ness, dignity, importance, grand'peine; à — , with great

difficulty.

grand-père, m,, grandfather.

granit, m., granité, grappillage, w., system of

spoils, grait.

grasj -se, adj., fat.

gratis {pr. gra-Hs), adv,, free.

Origines de la France Contemporaine 223

gratuit, -e, adj,, gratuitous,

useless.

grave, adj., sober, serious.

graver, /r., to engrave.

gré, m.j will, wish, likîng;

bon — mal — , whether he

will or not.

grec, -que, adj,, Grecian,

Greek.

grêle,/., bail, hailstorm.

grenadier, m, y grenadier.

grenier, m., cornioft; garret,

attic.

griffe,/., claw.

grimace,/., grimace, face.

grimper, intr., to climb.

grincer, tr., to gnash (teeih).

gris, -e, adj,, gray.

gronder^ tr. and intr.f to

scold, growl, grumble.

gros, -se, adj.f big, bulky,

coarse, gross, fat, huge;

numerous.

gros-acheteur, m., wholesale

buyer.

grossi-er, -ère, adj., coarse,

impoli te; homely; crude,

clumsy.

grossièreté, /., coarseness,

rudeness.

grossir, tr. and intr,, to in-

crease, grow, swell.

grossissant, -e, adj., swellîng,

increasing; verre — , mag-

nifying glass.

'grotesque, adj., grotesque.

grotte, /., grotto.

grouillement, m., rumbling,

swarming; swarm.

groupe, m.j group.

grue,^., crâne.

guemlle,/., rag.

guère, adv,\ ne ... —, hardly.

' indicates

guerre,/., war; être de bonne

— y to be legitimate means

of warfare.

guet-apens, m., ambush, foui

play.

guêtre, /., gaîter.

gueule,/., jaws, maw.

guichet, m., wicket.

guichetier, w., turnkey.

guide, m., guide.

guider, /r., to direct, guide, guillotine,/., guillotine.

guillotiner, /r., to behead.

guise, /., fancy; manner; en

— de, by way of ; in place of ;

as; à sa — , as one likes.

habile, adj., skillful.

habillement, m., clothes; dressing process.

habiller, tr., to dress.

habit, m., garment, dress; — habillé, full dress; — de cérémonie, costume for state occasions; cérémonial dress; grand — , full dress; — d'emprunt, borrowed finery.

habitable, adj., habitable.

habitant, m., résident.

habiter, tr. and intr., to inhabit, live, dwell.

habitude, /., habit, custom; avoir V — de, to be accustomed to.

habitué, m., fréquenter, regular customer.

habituel, -le, adj., habituai.

habituer, /r., to accus tom.

•hache,/., hatchet, ax.

'hacher, /r., to eut to pièces, hack.

*haie,/., hedge; row.

aspiratedA.

224 Origines de la France Contemporaine

'haillon, m., rag.

'haine,/., hâte.

'haineu-z, -se, adj., malignant.

*hâir, tr.f to hâte.

'hAle, m.j burning heat; dry

wind.

^halle,^., city market.

halluciné, m., one who has

hallucinations.

'hangar, w., shed, cart house.

'harangue,/., speech.

'harangueur, m., orator. 'harasser, /r., to harass,

harry.

'hardes,/ />/., clothes.

'hardi, -e, adj., bold.

'hardiment, adv., boldly.

'haro, m.f hue and cry; cri

de — , hue and cry; crier

un — , to set up a hue and

cry.

'hasard, m.j chance; cas-

ualty; par — , by chance.

'hasardé, -e, adj.y venture-

some; presumptuous; going

too far.

'hasarder, /r., to venture, go

too far.

'hasardeu-z, -se, a4j,j haz-

ardous, dangerous.

'hâte, /., haste.

'hâter, tr.f to hasten.

'haussement, m. y shrugging

(of shoulders).

'hausser, /r., to raise.

'haut, m. y top.

'haut, -e, adj.j high; en — ^

above; upstairs.

'haut, adv.j loud; up; tout — ,

out loud; remontant plus

— , going further back.

'hautain. -e, adj.y haughty.

'Haute -Ecosse, /., Upper

Scotland.

'hautement, aJv., loudly,

haughtily, highiy.

'hauteur, /., height; à la — ,

in a position, able.

hébétement, m., stupor.

herbe, /, grass; manger son

blé en — f to spend one's

money before one gets

it.

héréditaire, adj., heredita-

hérétique, w., heretic.

hérisse, -e, adj., brushy; brist-

ling.

hériti-er, -ère, n. m. and /.,

heir, heiress.

héroïque, adj.y heroic.

'héros (pr. -ro)y m. y hero.

hésiter, intr.y to hesit^te.

heure, /., hour, o'clock; tout

à V — , presently; de bonne

— , early.

heureusement, adv.y happily,

successfuUy, fortunately.

heureu-z, -se, adj.y happy,

successful, lucky.

'heurt, m.y collision, mishap,

jar.

'heurter, /r., to offend; strike,

collide with, ruflfle.

'hideu-z, -se, adj.y frightful.

hier, adv.y yesterday.

'hiérarchie,/, hierarchy.

histoire,/., history.

historique, adj.y historié, his-^

torical.

hiver, m., winter; il suffit de

1' — , winter is enough.

'hocher, /r., to shake.

homicide, adj.y homicidal.

hommage, m., homage,

courtesy, attention.

homme, m.y man^ husband;

— de cœur, wHole-souled

Origines de la France Contemporaine 225

man, man of courage; —

de parade, man of good

appearance; — en place»

ofl&cer of State; — fait,

grown man.

honnête, adj., honest, décent, honneur, m., honor; tenir à

— , to deem it an honor;

perdre d' — , to dishonor.

'honte, /., shame; mauvaise

— ^ bashfulness; avoir — ^

to be ashamed; faire — à

quelqu'un, to make one

ashamed, reproach.

hôpital, in,j hospital; work-

house.

'hoquet, m., hiccup; avoir le

— ^ to hâve the hiccups; entre

— s, between drinks.

horizon, w., horizon; à 1' — ^

on the horizon, horreur, /., horror; avoir —

de^ to dread to.

horrible, adj.y horrible.

horriblement, adv.^ terribly.

'hors, prep. and adv.^ out,

outside of, out of, beyond;

— de soi, beside one's self.

hospice, m., almshouse, asy-

lum, orphanage.

hospitalité,/., hospitality.

hostile, adj., hostile, hôtel, m.j hôtel, mansion;

— de ville, city hall; — d'invalides, military hospital, soldiers' home; — garni, lodging house.

'huée,/., hoot, shouting.

huile,/., oil; — d'aspic, oil of

spikenard; — d'œillette,

oil of poppies.

huissier, m., usher, bailiff.

huit, num, adj. y eight.

humain, -e, adj., human.

humanitaire, adj., hùmanitarian, benevolent.

humeur, /., humor, disposition, temper.

humide, n. m. and adj., moisture; damp.

'hurlement, m., howling, shout.

'hussard, m., hussar.

'hutte,/., hut.

hjrmne, m., hymn.

ici, adv., hère; bas, hère

below, down hère; jusqu' — , hitherto.

idéal, -e, adj., idéal.

idéaliste, m., îdealist.

idée, /., idea.

idéologue, m., ideologist.

idiot, m., idiot.

idylle,/., idyl.

ignoble, adj., ignoble, base, mean.

ignorance,/., ignorance.

ignorant, -e, adj., ignorant; n. m., ignorant person.

ignoré, -e, adj., unnoticed, ignored, unknown.

ignorer, tr., to be ignorant of.

il, pron., he, it.

île,/., island, isle.

illégal, -e, adj., illégal.

illimité, -e, adj., unlimited, unbridled.

illumination, /., illumination.

illuminé, m., visionary, one inspired.

illuminé, -e, adj., illuminated.

illuminer, ir. and intr., to illumine, to 'hâve an illumination.

illusion, /., illusion; delusion.

illustre, adj., illustrious.

226 Origînes de la France. Contemporaine

ils, pron.y they.

image, /.^ image; picture; figure of speech.

imagination, /., imagination.

imaginer, /r., to conceive the idea of ; s* — , to imagine.

imiter, tr.. to imitate.

immaculé -e, adj., spotless.

immédiat, -e, adj., immédiate.

immémoruil, -e, adj., immémorial.

immense, adj., immense, infinité, tremendous.

immobile, adj., immovable, indiffèrent, motionless.

immoler, tr., to immola te; slay.

immonde, adj., unclean.

immoralité, /., immorality, license.

immortalité, /., immortality.

impeccable, adj., impeccable, faultless, flawless.

imperceptible, adj., imperceptible.

impérieu-z, -se, adj., imperious, arbitrary.

impérissable, adj., imperishable.

imperturbable, adj., calm.

imperturbablement, adv., imperturbably.

implanter, tr., to implant.

implorer, tr., to imploré.

impoli, -e, adj., impoli te.

impolitesse, /., impoli teness.

importance,/., importance.

important, -e, adj., important.

importer, intr., to be of conséquence ; il nHmporte (pas) , it is no matter.

importun, -e, adj., irksome; tiresome, vexatious.

imposer, tr., to lay, tax; awe,

overawe, impress, imprint,

impose; s' — , to be imposed,

'make a deep impression.

impossible, adj., impossible.

impôt, m., duty, tax, taxation.

impotent, -e, adj., helpless.

imprévu, -e, adj. and n. m.,im-

foreseen, unexpected, sud-

den.

imprimer, tr., to imprint,

print, give, impart.

imprimerie,/., printing ofiSce. impropre, adj., improper; —

à, unsui table.

imiMX>viser, tr., to extempo-

rize, improvise, make up,

set up as.

improviste; à 1* — ^ adv., sud-

denly; unexpectedly.

impuissance, /., impotence;

swoon, helplessness.

impuissant, -e, adj., power-

less.

impulsion,/., impulse.

impunément, adv., with im-

punity.

impunité,/., impuni ty.

inacti-f, -ve, adj., inactive;

neutral.

inanition, /., inanition, faint-

ness from lack of food.

inassouvi, -e, adj., unsatiated.

incapable, adj., unable, incapable, incapacité, /., incapacity, in-

efficiency.

incendie, m., fire.

incendier, tr., to burn.

incertain, -e, adj., uncertain.

incertitude,/., uncertainty.

incessamment, adv., inces-

santly.

incessant, -e, adj,, incessant.

incivique, adj.^ unpatriotic.

inclémence, /., inclemency, harshness.

incliner, /r., to bow.

inclu, -e, p, p., included, comprised.

inclusi-f, -ve, adj.j inclusive.

inclusivement, adv,j inclusively.

incognito, adv., incognito, in disguise.

incohérence, /., incohérence.

incohérent, -e, adj., incohérent, uncertain.

incommode, adj., inconvénient, troublesome.

inconmioder, /r., to trouble, distress.

incomparable, adj,j incomparable.

incompétence, /., incompetency.

incompétent, -e, adj., unauthorized.

inconnu, -e, adj,, unknown; strange.

incontestable, adj.f incontestable.

incontesté -e, adj.y uncontested.

inconvénient, m., inconvenience, drawback.

incorrect, -e, adj., incorrect, inaccurate.

incorruptible, adj.y incorruptible, pure.

inculte, adj.j untilled.

incurablement, adv,y incurably.

indécis, -e, adj., undecided.

indéfini, -e, adj.j indefinite, interminable.

indéfiniment, adv.^ indehnitely, endlessly.

indépendance, /., independence.

indépendant, -e, adj.j independent.

indice, m., sign, mark, symptom.

indienne,/., printed calico.

indifférent, -e, adj.^ indiffèrent, of no interest, unmoved.

indigent, m., needy person

indignation, /., indignation.

indigner, refl., to be indignant.

indiquer, /r., to indicate.

indirect, -e, adj.^ indirect.

indispensable, adj., indispensable.

indistinctement, adv., indistinctly, without distinction.

individu,, m., individual.

individuel, -le, adj.f individual.

indubitable, adj., indubitable.

indulgence, /., lenity; leniency.

indulgent, -e, adj.f indulgent.

industrie, /., industry, skill.

industriel, m. y manufacturer.

industrieu-z, -se, adj.j industrious, industrial, laborious.

inégal, -e, adj.j unequal.

inégalité,/., inequality.

inépuisable, adj., in^austible.

inerte, adj., sluggish.

inexpérience,/., inexpérience.

infaillible, adj., infallible.

infamant, -e, adj., infamous.

infâme, adj.y infamous.

infamie,/., infamy.

infatigable, adj., indefatigable, tireless.

infatuation, /., înfatuation.

228 Origines de la France Contemporaine

infect, -e, adj.^ infectious; offensive, loathsome.

inférieur, -e, adj.^ inferior.

infime, aJ;., lowest.

infini, -e, adj.y infinité.

infiniment, adv.y infini tely.

infirmité,/., infirmity.

infliger, tr., to inflict.

influence,/., influence.

information,/., information.

informe, adj., shapeless, vague, imperfect.

informer, tr., to inform.

infus, -e, adj.^ intuitive, inborn.

ingénier, refl., to strive.

ingrat, -e, adj. and n. m., ungrateful, ingrate.

initiative,/., initiative.

initier, tr.\ to initiate, admit to the inner circle.

injecté, -e, p. p. and adj. y suffused, containing a solution of (de).

injecter, refl.y to become bleary.

injonction,/., injunction.

injure,/., insuit.

inné, -e, adj,, innate.

innomln-able, adj., numberless, countless.

inoculer, tr., to inoculate, engraft.

inoffensi-f , -ve, a^/;., harmless.

inondation,/., flood.

inouï, -e, adj., unheard of, unprecedented.

inqui-et, -ète, adj., uneasy, restless.

inquiétant, -e, adj., alarming.

inquiéter, refl., to be uneasy, worry.

inquiétude, /., anxiety.

inquisiteur, m., inquisitor.

insatiable, adj., insatiable.

insatiablement, adv., insatîably.

inscription,/., inscription.

inscrire, refl., to inscribe one's self, enroll, register.

insecte, m., insect.

insensiblement, adv., imperceptibly.

insermenté, adj., obdurate {refusing to accept the new clérical status of 1790).

insinuant, -e, adj., insinuating, subtle.

insistance,/., insistence.

insister, intr., to insist.

insolence,/., insolence.

insolvable, ad]., insolvent.

insomnie,/., wakefulness.

inspirer, tr., to inspire, beget.

installer, tr., to înstal.

instant, m., instant; à V — , at once.

instigateur, m., instigator.

instinct, m., instinct.

instituer, tr., to institute.

institut, m., institute, order.

institution, /., institution, establishment.

instruction,/., éducation.

instruit, -e, adj., instructed, educated.

insuffisance, /., insufficiency, inefficiency.

insuffisant, -e, adj., insufficient, scanty.

insulaire, ad]., insular.

insupportable, adj., insupportable.

insurger, refl., to revolt.

insurrection,/., insurrection.

intarissable, ad]., inexhaustible.

intellectuel, -le, adj., intellectual.

Origines de la France Contemporaîne 229

intelligence, /., intelligence; être d' — , to hâve an understanding.

intelligent, -e, adj,, intelligent.

intempérant, -e, adj., intemperate; unusual.

intendisuit, m., intendant, steward.

interdire, ir., to prohibit; déclare a man incapable of managing his own affairs.

intéresser, tr,, to interest.

intérêt, w., interest.

intérieur, m.y interior, home; à P — , at home.

intérieur, -e, adj,^ inner.

intérieurement, adv., within.

interlocuteur, m., interrogator, questioner.

interlope, adj.^ doubtful in character.

intermittant, -e, adj,^ intermittent, sporadic, fitful, occasional.

interposer, tr,, to interpose.

Interprète, m., expounder, interpréter; manifestation.

interpréter, tr,, to interpret.

interrogatoire, m,^ examina-

interrompre, tr., to interrupt, stop.

intervalle, m., interval.

intervenir, intr.^ to interfère.

intime, adj.^ intimate; inborn; private.

intimider, ir., to intimidate.

intolérable, adj,, intolérable, unbearable.

intolérant, -e, oJjl, intolérant.

intrigant, -e, adj,, intriguing.

introduire, tr,, to introduce, let in.

inutile, adj., nseless.

inutilité,/., uselessness.

invalide, m. and /., invalid; m., disabftfcd soldier.

invasion, /., invasion.

inventer, /r., to in vent.

inventeur, m., inventor,

invention, /., invention; scheme. device.

inverse; à 1* — de, in contradistinction to, the reverse of.

investir, /r., to invest.

invincible, adj., invincible.

inviolable, adj., inviolable.

inviter, tr., to invite, urge.

involuntaire, adj., involuntary, unintentional.

ironie,/., irony.

irrégularité, /., irregularity, lack of System.

irréprochable, adj., faultless, above criticism.

irrésistible, adj., irrésistible.

irresponsable, adj., irresponsible.

irriter, refi., to be irritated.

irruption, /., irruption; forcible entry.

isolé, -e, adj., isola ted.

isolement, m., loneliness, isolation. ,

issue, /., issue, outlet, resuit, avenue of escape, end.

italianisme, m., Italianism.

italien, -ne, adj., Italian.

ivre, adj., drunk.

ivresse, /., drunkenness, intoxication.

Jacobin, m.. Jacobin, ultraradical of the French Révolution; club des — s, radical revolutionary club.

230 Origines de la France Contemporaine

Jacobinière, f., révolu tionary

club.

Jacquerie, /., peasant upri«-

ing {in 1358) ; peasant domination.

jadis {pr. ja-dis)y adv.y for-

merly.

jaillir, inir.y to spout, spring,

burst forth, flash, issue,

gush.

jalou-z, -se, adj,^ jealous.

jamais, adv., ever; ne — ,

neyer.

janvier, m., Januaiy.

jardin, m., garden.

largon, m., jargon, lingo.

jaune, adj., yellow.

je, pron.f I.

jeter, /r., to throw, cast,

throw away; se — , to

fall.

jeu, f»., sport, action, run-

ning, game, working, gam-

bling.

jeun; à — , not having eaten

anything.

jeune, adj., young.

jeûne, m., fasting.

jeûner, intr., to fast.

jeunesse,/., youth.

joindre, /r., to join, unité; se

— à,.to unité with.

joli, -e, adj.f pretty.

jouer, tr. and intr.y to play,

prétend, sport; se — ae, to

make light of, make play-

things of; — de quelqu'un,

to manipulate some one.

joueur, m.y player, gambler.

jouffiu, -e, adj.f chubby-

c^eeked.

jouir, intr.y to enjoy.

jouissance,/., enjoyment.

jour, m,j day; petit — , dawn;

grand — , broad daylight; en plein — , in open daylight; par — . per day, daily; les — s de grand apparat, State occasions; vivre au — le — , to live from hand to mouth.

journal, m,, newspaper.

journalier, m., day laborer.

joumali-er, -ère, adj., daily.

Journaliste, m., journalist.

journée, /., day 's work, day 's journey, day's events, day's doings.

jovial, -e, adj.j joyous, jolly, merry.

joyeu-z, -se, adj.f joyous.

jucher, intr.j to roost, perch.

juge, f»., judge.

jugement, w., judgment, trial.

juger, /r., to judge; bring to triai; estimate, think, try.

juillet, w., July.

juin, m.f June.

jurer, tr,, to swear.

jurisprudence, /., jurisprudence.

juron, m.j oath.

jusqu'à, prep.y to, even, clear to, down to, until.

jusques, old form of jusque.

justaucorps, m,, close coat, jerkin.

juste, adv.j exactly, just, just in time.

juste, adj.f just, true, right, exact.

justement, adv., just, justly, precisely, and now.

justice,/., justice, court.

justifier, /r., to justify.

kermesse, /., fair; parish festival; amusement park.

Origines de la France Contemporaine 231

la, adj,^ the; pron,, her, its.

là, adv.j there; bas, yonder;

ce n'est pas — , that is not.

labeur, m.f work, labor.

laborieu-x, -se, adj., laborious, laboring, industrious.

labourer, /r., to plow, till.

laboureur, m,, husbandman.

lac, m.y lake.

lacet, m.j lace; noose.

Iflcher, tr., to let loose, release.

lacune,/., gap.

là-dessus, adv.y on it, on that, thereupon.

laideur,/., ugliness.

laïque, adj.^ lai cal, lay.

laisser, /r., to leave; allow; let; hâve; — faire, to let alone, riot to interfère; se — faire, not to resist.

lait, m., milk.

lambeau, m., rag, strip, tatter.

lame,/., blade.

lamp«,/., lamp.

lampion, m., torch.

lancer, /r., to fling, throw; utter; give (coup de pied); huri; lancé hors de sa voie, gotten out of his {pld prudent) ways.

langage, w., speech.

langue,/., language; tongue.

languir, inir.^ to languish.

lanterne, /., lantern; street light; lamp-post; à la — , to the lamp-post I

lapider, /r., to stone {to death); maltreat.

large, adj,y wide, broad.

largement, adv.^ grandly, liberally, generally.

larme,/., tear, drop.

laSi -se^ <idj., tired; fatîgued.

lassé, -e, adj.y weary.

lasser, tr,j to tire.

lassitude,/., weariness.

latin, m., Latin.

lauréat, m:, lauréate, victor,

winner.

laver, tr., to bathe, wash.

le, adj.y the; pron.j it, him.

leçon,/., lesson; —s de choses»

object lessons.

lectetu*, w., reader.

lecture,/., reading.

légal, -e, adj.y lawful.

légende, /., legend, mythical

story, " yarn." lég-er, -ère, adj., easy, light.

légèreté,/., frivolity.

législateur, m., legislator.

législation,/., législation.

législature, /., législature.

légitime, adj., just, lawful.

légitimement, adv., legiti-

mately.

légitimer, tr,, to recognize, le-

gitimize.

léguer, tr.y to bequeath.

lendemain, m., following day.

lent, -e, adj., slow, tardy.

lentement, adv., slowly.

lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles, pron., who, whom,

which.

les, adj., the; pron., they,

them.

lèse-majesté,/., hîgh treason. lest, m., ballast; les plus vides

de — f the shallowest, light-

est.

lettre, /., letter.

lettré, -e, adj., literary, edu-

cated; n. m., literary man,

educated man.

leur, poss. adj., their; pron.,

to them.

232 Origines de la France Contemporaine

lever, /r., to collect, raise, enforce; se — , to get up, rise.

lever, w., rising, levée, morning réception.

liaison, /., connection.

liane, /., 'bindweed, tropical creeper.

libérateur, m., deliverer.

liberté,/., liberty.

librairie,/., book trade, bookstore.

libre, adj., free.

librement, adv.^ freely; lightly.

licence,/., li censé.

lie,/., lees, dregs.

lié, -e, p. p. and adj., bound, intimate.

lien, f»., bond.

lier, /r., to bind.

lieu, m.y place, spot; — z communs, commonplaces; au — de, instead of .

lieue, /., league (about three miles).

ligne, /., line, rank; hors (de) — , out of the line, beyond comparison, exceptional.

liguer, /r., to league.

limite,/., limit, boundary.

limité, -e, p. p. and adj.^ limited.

liqueur,/., liquor.

lire, tr., to read.

liste,/., list.

lit, m.y bed.

litanie,/., litany, prayers.

littéraire, adj,, literary.

littérateur, w., literary man.

littérature,/., literature.

livide, adj., livid, lead-colored.